교신 저자는 장학금의 제공을 위해 과학 기술 CONACYT의 멕시코 정부의 국가위원회를 인정하고 싶습니다.

참고 : 아래의 지침은 프로토콜 (그림 1)에 대한 것입니다. 프로토콜 B, C 및 D에 대한 수정도 나열되어 있습니다. 1. 알루미늄 바 준비 <ol><li> 도가니에 상업 순도 알루미늄 잉곳 - (1kg 500g) 큰 조각을 놓습니다. </li><li> 용융 될 때까지 약 1 시간 동안 800 ° C에서로에서 도가니를 놓습니다. </li><li> 퍼니스에서 도가니를 취하여 약 ½ mm의 간극을 제공 침윤 (51mm)을 위해 사용되는 챔버의 최종 직경보다 약간 작은 직경 50mm를, 통 형상 주형에 용융 알루미늄을 붓는다. </li><li> 막대가 식을 때까지 1 시간 정도 기다립니다. </li><li> 금형에서 줄을 제거합니다. </li><li> 띠톱를 사용하여, 4- 동일한 크기의 조각으로 잘랐다. </li><li> 모래 각 조각의 가장자리는 침투 형에 잘 맞는을 보장합니다. </li></ol> 2. 전기로 준비 <ol><li> # 740에 도달하는 노 프로그램(176) 적어도 2 시간 동안 C 고원. </li><li> 20 ° C / 분 노의 가열 속도를 설정한다. </li></ol> 3. 프리폼 준비 위한 목적 발포체의 높이에 따라 100g 및 300g 사이 침윤 사용할 염화나트륨의 양을 변화 : 참고. <ol><li> 직경 (1.4 mm와 1.7 mm 사이의 범위 등) 요구되는 기공 크기 범위에 대응하여, NaCl을 사용 침윤을 선택한다. 재료는 고순도 화학 물질 공급자로부터 얻을 수있다, 또는 슈퍼마켓 구입 식염 (예 : 물질은 요오드 및 고결 제와 같은 첨가물을 가질 것이지만, 이러한 상당한 정도로 실제로 영향의 처리를하지 않음) 사용할 수있다. </li><li> 적절한 크기 범위의 체를 선택하고 하단의 작은 구멍 크기의 기본 컨테이너 스택. </li><li> 염화나트륨의 공급 업체 &#39;가방에서 약 500 g을 적층 체에 부어. </li><li> 체를 선동또는 수동으로 1 분 동안 체 진탕을 사용. </li><li> 염화나트륨이 큰 구멍 크기의 체 및 용기 저부에 남아 버린다 염화나트륨 침윤에 사용되는 작은 조리개 체에 남아. </li><li> 획득 침투 염화나트륨의 양을 달아. </li><li> 양이 부족하면, 반복 3.7 3.4 단계를 반복합니다. 참고 : 프로토콜 B, C 또는 D의 경우, 미세 염화나트륨 (&lt;500 μm의) 100 g을 얻었다. 이 프리폼에 공기가 적절하게 실을 탈출하지 않는 경우에 침투 동안 프리폼에 갇힌 공기의 금형에 여분의 공간을 만듭니다. </li></ol> 4. 금형 준비 <ol><li> 모두 위쪽과 아래쪽 가장자리에 대한 특별한 고려를 복용, 사포 및 실험실 용지 롤, 깨끗한 금형 실린더 (그림 2)을 사용하고, 이전 사용에서 눈에 띄는 불순물을 무료로 금형을 유지. </li><li> 얇게 피복을 생성 질화 붕소 에어로졸 스프레이 형 실린더의 내부에 스프레이몰드의 내부. 주 : 몰드의 원래 색상이 스프레이의 백색 층으로 대체 될 때 달성된다; 그것의 특정 농도를 측정 할 필요가 없다. </li><li> (원하는 경우 추가 건조에 적용될 수있다 최대 1 시간 동안 약 100 ° C까지 가열) RT에서 적어도 5 분 동안 주형 실린더 마른하자. </li><li> 미세 사포를 사용하여, 실린더 몰드 몰드베이스 사이의 밀봉을 개선하기 위해, 실린더 몰드의 에지로부터 질화 붕소 중 어느 잔사를 제거한다. 주 : 다음의 3 단계 프로토콜 A와 B위한 것입니다; 프로토콜 C와 D의 뚜껑에 대해 하나의 개스킷 링을 잘라. </li><li> 노동 조합에 대한 다른 1mm 두께의 흑연 시트 2 개스킷 링 (OD = 60mm, ID = 51mm), 금형 실린더의 위쪽 가장자리와 밸브 시스템에 이르기까지의 금형 뚜껑 사이의 노동 조합에 대한 하나를 잘라 몰드 실린더의 하부 에지와베이스 사이에 몰드. </li><li> 몰드베이스 홈에 개스킷 중 하나를 놓습니다. </li><li> 맥주 냉각 및 맥주를 따르는 것용 배치가스켓 홈에 실린더의 금형 OM. </li><li> 베이스 홈에 바닥을 고정 금형 실린더의 상단에 망치로 깬다. 주 : 프로토콜 B, C, 또는 D의 경우, 다음의 단계를 더 추가한다. <ol><li> 금형 실린더에 좋은 염화나트륨 (&lt;500 μm의)의 100g을 붓고 미세 염화나트륨이 높은 밀도로 포장되어 있는지 확인하기 위해 망치로 가볍게의 상단을 눌러 포경 알루미늄 막대 상단을 평평. 참고 : 프로토콜은 다음과 같은 단계를 추가 D의 경우. </li><li> 미세 염화나트륨에 대해을 눌러 포경 알루미늄 바, 망치를 사용, 금형 지름 (51mm)의 크기를 담요와 미세​​ 염화나트륨의 상단에 배치 부드러운 2mm 두께의 세라믹 Kaowool의 2 원을 잘라. </li></ol></li><li> 염화나트륨을 따르는 데 금형 실린더에 침투한다. 참고 : 프로토콜은 다음과 같은 단계를 추가 D의 경우. <ol><li> 기본 홈에서 이동하지 않도록 금형 실린더를 제작, 진동 테이블에 몰드베이스를 연결합니다. 진동0.01 m의 진폭이 50 Hz에서 1 분. </li></ol></li><li> 베이스를 선택하고 곰팡이가 상단에 평평한 표면을 형성하는 내부의 염화나트륨 때까지 가볍게 흔들어 장소에서 실린더의 상단을 들고. </li><li> 염화나트륨 프리폼의 상단에 제조 된 알루미늄 막대를 놓습니다. </li><li> 금형 뚜껑의 홈에 흑연 가스켓을 놓습니다. </li><li> 손으로베이스에 4 스테인레스 스틸 스터드 나사 렌치를 사용하여베이스의 상단에 스테인레스 스틸 너트와 와셔 4 세트로 고정하고 스터드를 통해 금형 실린더의 상단에있는 금형 뚜껑을 배치합니다. </li><li> 토크 렌치 (16) N · m로 설정하면, 4 스레드 봉베이스에 나사와 너트가 제자리에 금형 뚜껑을 잠 조여 뚜껑을 통해 확장에 대한 스틸 너트와 와셔의 4 세트 나사. </li><li> 가스켓, 클램프, 볼트와 나비 너트, 밸브 시스템에 뚜껑의 상단을 연결합니다. </li><li> 시스템의 모든 밸브를 닫습니다. </li><li> t 선도 밸브를 열고그 진공 펌프와 몰드 (밸브 (3)). </li><li> 밸브 시스템의 다이얼 게이지가 가능한 최저 압력을 표시 할 때까지 진공 펌프를 켭니다. </li><li> 진공 펌프의 전원을 끄십시오. </li><li> 진공 시스템에서의 손실이 시일 진공 펌프 종료 후 처음 10 초 동안 50 토르 / 초의 속도보다 낮 으면 충분히 침투 좋다. </li><li> 진공 펌프 밸브 (밸브 1) 주위 압력에서 시스템을 유지하고 닫습니다 뚜껑 밸브 개방 (밸브 3)를 둡니다. </li><li> 밸브 시스템을 분리하지 않고, 예열로에서 금형을 배치하고, 1 시간 동안 기다린다. </li></ol> 5. 침투 <ol><li> 시스템 (그림 3)의 모든 밸브를 닫습니다. </li><li> 아르곤 가스 실린더 (밸브 2)로 이어지는 밸브를 엽니 다. </li><li> 아르곤 가스 탱크 주밸브를 열고 조절 밸브와 침투 압력 설정 (염화나트륨 입경 1.7 mm 1.4 mm의 범위를, 3.5 바의 압력을 사용한다). 참고 : 프로토콜 B의 경우, 3 줄의 침투 압력이 사용된다. 프로토콜 C와 D 1 bar의 압력을 사용하여 </li><li> 신속한 방식으로, 리드 밸브 (밸브 (3))를 연다. </li><li> 1 분 후,로에서 금형을 제거하고 (이 경우, 구리 블록)의 냉각 표면 위에 올려 놓는다. 주 : 냉각 동안, 시스템 내의 압력을 변경한다. 이 프로세스의 제 5 분 동안, 레귤레이터로 나타낸 압력에주의하고 필요한 경우 다시 침투 압력에 조정한다. </li></ol> 6. 샘플 추출 <ol><li> 곰팡이가 빛 내열 장갑으로 처리 할 수​​있을만큼 멋진 30 분, 후, 밸브 시스템을 분리하고 워크 벤치 바이스에 몰드베이스를 배치합니다. 실린더의 상단에서 뚜껑을 풉니 다. </li><li> 뚜껑으로 가볍게베이스 홈에서 금형 실린더를 풀어 바이스의 그립에 수직 방향으로 망치와 금형 실린더의 상단을 누릅니다. </li><l난&gt; 바이스에서 몰드베이스를 제거하고 바이스​​ 그립 형 실린더를 배치합니다. </li><li> 망치로 금형 실린더 밖으로 밀어 샘플의 상단에 남아있는 알루미늄을 누릅니다. </li><li> 띠톱를 사용하여 잉여 알루미늄을 제거 발포체 샘플의 바닥 부분을 잘라. </li><li> 여기서, 소망하는 근접 샘플의 위로, 컷, 발포체의 필요한 높이에 따라. </li><li> 물을 비이커와 염화나트륨 프리폼을 용해 교반 핫 플레이트에 자기 교반 막대에 침투 거품을 놓습니다. </li><li> 60 ℃로 핫 플레이트의 온도를 설정한다. 더 염화나트륨이 거품에 남아 있지 때까지 물마다 10 분을 변경합니다. 참고 : 염화나트륨이 거품에 남아있는이 약 10 배를 물을 변경할 수 없다 보장합니다. 그것은 간단히 건조 단계 이후 샘플 중량의 주기적 검사를하는 것도 가능하다. 이것이 더 침지하여 크게 변화되지 못할 때, 염화나트륨을 완전히 제거되어야한다. </li><li> 마지막으로 전기를 사용하여공기가 건조 거품에 남아있는 모든 물을 제거합니다. 폼 샘플은 준비가되어 있습니다. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

여기에 설명 된 기본적인 방법은 다른 연구자들에 의해 상이한 형태로 사용되어왔다. 다른 종류의 폼을 생성 할 수 있도록 키 변종 중 일부는 설명합니다. 이들 발포체의 특성에서는이 같은 기공 크기, 표면적이나 두께는, 발포 특성의 완전한 이해를 획득하는 데 필요할 수있는 스트러트 등의 다른 구조적 특성, 신속하고 용이하게 평가하지만 특성화 한, 다공성을 측정하고 다른 응용 프로그램. ?...

A journal reference was corrected in the publication of <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/52268">Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity</a>. Reference 21 and 22 were originally merged together as one reference. They have been separated into references 21 and 22 in the article. The reference numbers have been updated in the article to reflect this additional reference citation. It has been updated from:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>
to:
<ol start="21"><li>LeMay, J.D., Hopper, R.W., Hrubesh, L.W., &#38; Pekala, R.W. Low-Density Microcellular Materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin. 15 (12), 19&#8211;20 (1990).</li>
<li>Seliger, H., &#38; Deuther U. Die Herstellung von Schaum- und Zellaluminium. Feiburger Forschungshefte. 103&#8211;129 (1965).</li></ol>

Erratum: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

넓은 예컨대 Banhart 1과 종설 징에 인용 작업하는 큰 몸체 같이 금속 발포체 최근 관심과 연구 노력의 많은 양이 많다 콘드 등. 2 개 이상의 최근 구달 모텐슨 3. 재료의 제조에 사용되는 방법 중, 복제 프로세스는 실험적인 단순성 및 제공 될 수있다 최종 발포체 구조 제어의 정도에 따라 구별된다. 그것은 그들이 가스의 기포에 의해 생성되지 않는 한 문헌에서 이러한 물질은 액체 내에 종종 발포체로서 기술 (및 위치) 되더라도 그들이보다 적절하게 미세 다공성 금속 또는 금속이라는 것을 주목해야한다. 복제 프로세스의 최초보고는 1960 년대 초 4이고, 그것은 에콜 폴리텍 모텐슨에서의 연구 그룹에 의해 현저한 진보와 함께 보낸 후 또 다른 단계에서 개발 된스위스 hnique Federale 드 로잔. 이 프로세스는, 5. 프리폼 냉각수 침출 용매 또는 열분해에 의해 제거 될 수 후 산화를 일으키는 최종 다공성 재료의 형상을 정의하는 입자의 주위 모재 금속의 주조에 의존한다. 이 기술의 사용은 인기 5-10 알루미늄 또는 알루미늄 합금 11-14 발포체를 생성하기 위해 공간 홀더로 염화나트륨을 이용한다. 염화나트륨은 비 독성, 용이하게 액세스 가능하고 물에 용해하여 발포체로부터 제거 될 수있는 바와 같이 여러 가지 이점을 갖는다. 801 ° C의 융점으로,이 값이 가장 일반적으로 알루미늄보다 낮은 융점 금속을 사용할 수 있지만, 실시 예는 또한 혼합을 가습함으로써, 이러한 벌크 금속 유리와 같은 물질로 이용의 존재 액체 팔라듐 계 벌크 금속 유리 합금 및 염화나트륨 15 과립. 높은 융점 물질과 염화나트륨의 교체는 P 허용높은 융점 금속 (16)에서 폼의 roduction. 이는 기타 수용성 물질, 또는 모래를 포함한 다양한 유형의 불용성 것을들 수있다. 이러한 형태의 처리는 더 모래, 고압 워터 제트 (17), (18) 또는 세탁기 (19)의 다른 형태 또는 20이 요구되는 교반을 제거하도록 종래의 사형 주조 같이된다. 필수적인 프로세스의 NaCl 그레인을 취하여 몰드 넣어서 21로 진행 4, 22, 23. 기본적인 방법은 발포 거동 조사 광범위한 알루미늄 및 알루미늄 합금 발포체 24-26을 확인하는 데 사용되어왔다. 추가 단계는 상기 밀도를 제어하고 기공의 상호 연결성을 증가시키기 위해 도입되었다; 이러한 프리폼의 치밀화를 포함한다. 예비 성형체를 치밀화 소결 27 채용되어, 28의 소결 거동과, 13 년 이후 다양한 실험에 사용 된염화나트륨 구달 등. (29)에 의해 설명 온도, 과립의 크기와 밀도에 따라. 이러한 목적으로 사용되는 또 다른 방법은 (CIP) 5, 30 냉간 등방이고; 이 비교 밀도의 큰 스펙트럼을 달성 할 수있는 빠른 기술이다. 절차는 또한 금속 분말 및 염화나트륨 입자와 고체 상태로 수행 될 수 있으며, 그러면 때때로 용해 소결 공정 (31)라고한다. 날짜 및 다른 기술과의 비교에 복제 기술의 사용의 완전한 조사 구달 모텐슨 3에 주어진다. 본 연구에서 우리는 세부 설비에보고하고 복제 방법에 의해 금속 발포체의 처리를 위해 사용되며, 한 실험 프로토콜 연구 실험실 환경에서 구현하기가 비교적 쉽다. 다른 기능은 다른 연구 g에 존재와이 장비의 다른 버전을 인정하는 것이 중요하다roups하고, 여기에 제시된 장비 재료를 처리하는 데 적합하지만,이 전용 ​​버전 또는 작동하도록 만들 수있다 프로토콜이 아님. 어떤 경우에, 임의의 특정 방법의 완전한 이해 실험 성공에 필수적이다. 사용되는 정확한 프로토콜이 아래에 자세히 설명되어있다. 프로토콜의 변화 (A, B, C 및 D)은 주로 제조 발포체의 밀도를 변경하기위한 그들 사이의 약간의 변화가있다. 기공률은 벌크 샘플의 중량, 부피 및 알루미늄의 농도를 측정하여 산출 된 (2.7 g / cm 3). 복제에 의해 알루미늄 발포체 제조에 기술 된 방법을 개발, 시도 방법은 가능한 구현하기 용이하도록, 가능한 한 작은 범위까지 첨단 장비의 양을 감소시키기 위해 이루어지고있다. 다른 단계에서 사용될 수있는 다른 변형은 나중에 논의된다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Salt</td><td>Hydrosoft</td><td>Granular Salt 25 kg 855754</td><td>http://www.travisperkins.co.uk/p/hydrosoft-granular-salt-25kg/855754/3893446</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum</td><td>William Rowland</td><td>Aluminum Ingots 99.87% pure 25&amp;nbsp;kg drum</td><td>http://www.william-rowland.com/products/high-purity-metals#product-id-1</td></tr><tr><td>Crucible</td><td>Morgan Advance Materials</td><td>Syncarb Crucible</td><td>http://www.morganmms.com/crucibles-foundry-products/crucibles/syncarb/</td></tr><tr><td>Furnace</td><td>Elite Thermal Systems</td><td>TLCF10/27-3216CP &amp;amp; 2116 O/T</td><td>http://www.elitefurnaces.com/eng/products/furnaces/1200%20Top%20Loading%20Furnaces.php</td></tr><tr><td>Bar Mold</td><td>The University of Sheffield</td><td>Custom Made</td><td>Stainless Steel 304, 15&amp;nbsp;cm height, 5&amp;nbsp;cm inner diameter, 6&amp;nbsp;cm outer diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Band Saw</td><td>Clarke</td><td>CBS45MD (6&quot; x 4 1/2&quot;) 370W 060710025</td><td>http://www.machinemart.co.uk/shop/product/details/cbs45md-41-2in-x-6in-metal-cutting-ban</td></tr><tr><td>Sandpaper</td><td>Wickes</td><td>Specialist wet &amp;amp; dry sandpaper 501885</td><td>http://www.wickes.co.uk/Specialist-Wet+Dry-Sandpaper-PK4/p/501885</td></tr><tr><td>Sieves</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>Fisherbrand test sieves 200 mm diamater</td><td>http://www.fisher.co.uk/product/brand_listing.php/F/Fisherbrand/Sieve</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Precisa</td><td>XB 6200C</td><td>http://www.precisa.co.uk/precision_balances.php</td></tr><tr><td>Boron Nitride</td><td>Kennametal</td><td>500 ml spray can</td><td>http://www.kennametal.com/content/dam/kennametal/kennametal/common/Resources/Catalogs-Literature/Advanced%20Materials%20and%20Wear%20Components/B-13-03401_ceramic_powders&lt;br/&gt; _brochure_EN.pdf</td></tr><tr><td>Infiltration Mold, Base and Lid</td><td>The University of Sheffield</td><td>Custom Made</td><td>Stainless Steel 304, 15&amp;nbsp;cm height, 5.1&amp;nbsp;cm inner diameter, 6&amp;nbsp;cm outer diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Cylindrical Mold</td><td>The University of Sheffield</td><td>Custom Made</td><td>Low carbon steel 1020, 15 cm height, 5 cm inner diameter, 6 cm outer diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Graphite Gasket</td><td>Gee Graphite</td><td>Geegraf Stainless Steel Reinforced Graphite 1&amp;nbsp;mm thick</td><td>http://www.geegraphite.com/steel_reinforced.html</td></tr><tr><td>Mallet</td><td>Thor Hammer Co. Ltd.</td><td>Round Solid Super Plastic Mallet</td><td>http://www.thorhammer.com/Mallets/Round/</td></tr><tr><td>Wrench</td><td>Kennedy Professional</td><td>13 mm Ratchet Combination Wrench KEN5822166K</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/KEN5822166K</td></tr><tr><td>Nuts</td><td>Matlock</td><td>M8 Steel hex full nut galvanized</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6400068J</td></tr><tr><td>Washers</td><td>Matlock</td><td>M8 Form-A steel washer bzp</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6451208H</td></tr><tr><td>SS Nuts</td><td>Matlock</td><td>M8 A2 st/st hex full nut</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6423008F</td></tr><tr><td>SS Washers</td><td>Matlock</td><td>M8 A2 st/st Form-A washer</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6464008H</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Studding</td><td>Cromwell</td><td>M8 x 1 Mtr A2 Stainless Steel Studding QFT6397080K</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/QFT6397080K</td></tr><tr><td>Valves</td><td>Edwards</td><td>C33205000 SP16K, Nitrile Diaphragm</td><td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=C33205000</td></tr><tr><td>Fitting Cross</td><td>Edwards</td><td>C10512412 NW16 Cross Piece Aluminum</td><td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512412/View.aspx</td></tr><tr><td>Fitting T</td><td>Edwards</td><td>C10512411 NW16 T-Piece Aluminum</td><td>https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512411/View.aspx</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum Pump</td><td>Edwards</td><td>A36310940 E2M18 200-230/380-415V, 3-ph, 50 Hz</td><td>http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=A36310940</td></tr><tr><td>Dial Gauge</td><td>Edwards</td><td>D35610000 CG16K, 0-1,040 mbar</td><td>http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=D35610000</td></tr><tr><td>Argon Gas</td><td>BOC</td><td>Pureshield Argon Gas</td><td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/industrial-gases/inert-gases/pureshield-argon/pureshield-argon.html</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Hose</td><td>BOC</td><td>Stainless Steel Hose</td><td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/hoses-and-pigtails/index.html</td></tr><tr><td>Regulator</td><td>BOC</td><td>HP 1500 Series Regulator</td><td>http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/regulators/single-stage-regulators/hp1500-series/hp1500-series.html</td></tr><tr><td>Copper Block</td><td>William Rowland</td><td>Copper Ingot 25 kg</td><td>http://www.william-rowland.com/products/high-purity-metals#product-id-18</td></tr><tr><td>Vise</td><td>Record</td><td>T84-34 H/Duty Eng Vice 4 1/2&quot; Jaws REC5658326K</td><td>https://www.cromwell.co.uk/REC5658326K</td></tr><tr><td>Beaker</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11567402 - Beaker, squat form, with graduations and spout 800 ml</td><td>https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812&lt;br/&gt; D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA&lt;br/&gt; 5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11567402&amp;amp;resultSet&lt;br/&gt; Position=0</td></tr><tr><td>Stirring Hot Plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>Corning stirring hot plate Model 6798-420d</td><td>http://www.corning.com/lifesciences/us_canada/en/technical_resources/product_guid/shp/shp.aspx</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td>Stir Bar</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11848862 - PTFE Stir bar + Ring 25x6 mm</td><td>https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812&lt;br/&gt; D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA&lt;br/&gt; 5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11848862&amp;amp;resultSet&lt;br/&gt; Position=0</td></tr><tr><td>Air dryer</td><td>V05</td><td>V05 Max Air Turbo Dryer DR-120-GB</td><td>http://reviews.boots.com/2111-en_gb/1120627/v05-v05-max-air-turbo-hair-dryer-dr-120-gb-reviews/reviews.htm</td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic Sheet</td><td>Morgan Advance Materials</td><td>Kaowool Blanket 2 mm thick</td><td>http://www.morganthermalceramics.com/downloads/datasheets?f[0]=field_type%3A84</td></tr><tr><td>Vibrating Table</td><td>Peveril Machinery</td><td>Pevco Vibrating Table 1.25&amp;nbsp;m x 0.625&amp;nbsp;m x 0.6&amp;nbsp;m</td><td>https://peverilmachinery.co.uk/equipment/vibrating-tables</td></tr></tbody></table>

casting protocols for the production of open cell aluminum foams by the replication technique and the effect on porosity

금속 폼은 기본적인 이해와보기의 실용적인 응용 지점 모두에서 흥미있는 물질이다. 제안 된 용도는, 많은 경우에 임플란트 본체로서, 높은 표면 영역 열 교환기 또는 전극으로서, 경량 구조 또는 충격 에너지 흡수에 대한 실험적으로 검증, 및 많은되었다. 실력이 그들의 구조 특성 관계를 이해 하였지만, 다른 처리 기법의 다수, 다양한 특징과 구조와 각각의 생성 물질은 구조물의 모든 측면의 개별 효과의 이해가 완료되지 않은 것을 의미한다. 용탕 이동식 프리폼 물질의 입자 사이에 침투 복제 프로세스는, 제어의 높은 정도를 현저하게 할 수 있으며 이러한 관계의 일부를 명료하게 좋은 효과를 위해 사용되어왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 각각의 프로세스는 &quot;노하우&quot;에 의존하는 많은 단계를 갖고,이 논문은 연구 환경에 비교적 쉽게 설정 될 재료 및 장비를 사용하여, 이러한 처리 방법의 일 실시 예의 모든 단계의 상세한 설명을 제공하는 것을 목적으로한다. 이 프로토콜 및 그 변형의 목적은 프로세스 내의 특정 단계를 수정하여 샘플의 결과를 조정할 수있는 가능성을 제공하는, 효과적이고 간단한 방법으로 금속 발포체를 제조하는 것이다. 이 다음으로, 1-2.36 mm 직경과 77 %의 기공율 61 %의 기공 크기를 갖는 개방 셀 알루미늄 발포체를 얻을 수있다.

도 4의 염화나트륨 입자의 형태는 예시적인 목적을 위해, (각도 및 구면)을 알 수있다. 프로토콜 얻은 발포체 모난 형상 입자를 사용하여 제조하고, 나머지는 구형 입자로 이루어졌다. 이것은 다른 형태의 NaCl 입자의 사용은 샘플에서 얻어진 다공성에는 관찰 된 효과가 없었다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과에서 우리는 샘플 (프로토콜로 만든) A, B, C의 벌크의 무게와 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity at JoVE.com

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

복제 기술에 의해 오픈 셀 알루미늄 발포체의 생산 및 기공의 효과에 대한 프로토콜 캐스팅

Metal foams are interesting materials from both a fundamental understanding and practical applications point of view. Uses have been proposed, and in many ...

casting-protocols-for-production-open-cell-aluminum-foams-replication

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.5K 조회수.  The University of Sheffield. Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

비디오: Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

In recent years &pi;-conjugated organic semiconductors have emerged as the active material in a number of diverse applications including large-area, low-cost displays, photovoltaics, printable and flexible electronics and organic spin valves. Organics allow (a) low-cost, low-temperature processing and (b) molecular-level design of electronic, optical and spin transport characteristics. Such features are not readily available for mainstream inorganic semiconductors, which have enabled organics to carve a niche in the silicon-dominated electronics market. The first generation of organic-based devices has focused on thin film geometries, grown by physical vapor deposition or solution processing. However, it has been realized that organic nanostructures can be used to enhance performance of above-mentioned applications and significant effort has been invested in exploring methods for organic nanostructure fabrication.	
A particularly interesting class of organic nanostructures is the one in which vertically oriented organic nanowires, nanorods or nanotubes are organized in a well-regimented, high-density array. Such structures are highly versatile and are ideal morphological architectures for various applications such as chemical sensors, split-dipole nanoantennas, photovoltaic devices with radially heterostructured "core-shell" nanowires, and memory devices with a cross-point geometry. Such architecture is generally realized by a template-directed approach. In the past this method has been used to grow metal and inorganic semiconductor nanowire arrays. More recently &pi;-conjugated polymer nanowires have been grown within nanoporous templates. However, these approaches have had limited success in growing nanowires of technologically important &pi;-conjugated small molecular weight organics, such as tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq3), rubrene and methanofullerenes, which are commonly used in diverse areas including organic displays, photovoltaics, thin film transistors and spintronics.	
Recently we have been able to address the above-mentioned issue by employing a novel "centrifugation-assisted" approach. This method therefore broadens the spectrum of organic materials that can be patterned in a vertically ordered nanowire array. Due to the technological importance of Alq3, rubrene and methanofullerenes, our method can be used to explore how the nanostructuring of these materials affects the performance of aforementioned organic devices. The purpose of this article is to describe the technical details of the above-mentioned protocol, demonstrate how this process can be extended to grow small-molecular organic nanowires on arbitrary substrates and finally, to discuss the critical steps, limitations, possible modifications, trouble-shooting and future applications.

We report a simple method for fabricating an ultrahigh density array of vertically ordered small-molecular organic nanowires. This method allows for synthesis of complex heterostructured hybrid nanowire geometries, which can be inexpensively grown on arbitrary substrates. These structures have potential applications in organic electronics, optoelectronics, chemical sensing, photovoltaics and spintronics.

임의 기판에 수직으로 정렬 작은 분자 유기 나노 와이어의 초 밀도 배열

In  recent years &pi;-conjugated  organic semiconductors have emerged as the active material in a number of  diverse applications including large-area, ...

연구

공학

Microfabrication of Chip-sized Scaffolds for Three-dimensional Cell cultivation

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell cultivation. These technologies offer a wide spectrum of advantages not only for manufacturing but also for different applications. The size and shape of formed cell clusters can be influenced by the exact and reproducible architecture of the microfabricated scaffold and, therefore, the diffusion path length of nutrients and gases can be controlled.1 This is unquestionably a useful tool to prevent apoptosis and necrosis of cells due to an insufficient nutrient and gas supply or removal of cellular metabolites.
Our polymer chip, called CellChip, has the outer dimensions of 2 x 2 cm with a central microstructured area. This area is subdivided into an array of up to 1156 microcontainers with a typical dimension of 300 m edge length for the cubic design (cp- or cf-chip) or of 300 m diameter and depth for the round design (r-chip).2
So far, hot embossing or micro injection moulding (in combination with subsequent laborious machining of the parts) was used for the fabrication of the microstructured chips. Basically, micro injection moulding is one of the only polymer based replication techniques that, up to now, is capable for mass production of polymer microstructures.3 However, both techniques have certain unwanted limitations due to the processing of a viscous polymer melt with the generation of very thin walls or integrated through holes. In case of the CellChip, thin bottom layers are necessary to perforate the polymer and provide small pores of defined size to supply cells with culture medium e.g. by microfluidic perfusion of the containers.
In order to overcome these limitations and to reduce the manufacturing costs we have developed a new microtechnical approach on the basis of a down-scaled thermoforming process. For the manufacturing of highly porous and thin walled polymer chips, we use a combination of heavy ion irradiation, microthermoforming and track etching. In this so called "SMART" process (Substrate Modification And Replication by Thermoforming) thin polymer films are irradiated with energetic heavy projectiles of several hundred MeV introducing so-called "latent tracks" Subsequently, the film in a rubber elastic state is formed into three dimensional parts without modifying or annealing the tracks. After the forming process, selective chemical etching finally converts the tracks into cylindrical pores of adjustable diameter.

We present two processes for the microfabrication of porous polymer chips for three-dimensional cell cultivation. The first one is hot embossing combined with a solvent vapour welding process. The second one uses a recently developed microthermoforming process combined with ion track technology leading to a significant simplification of manufacture.

입체 세포 배양을위한 칩 크기의 공사장 공중 발판의 Microfabrication

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell ...

생물학

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

After reporting on the two-step anodization, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) have been widely utilized in the versatile fields of fundamental sciences and industrial applications owing to their periodic arrangement of nanopores with relatively high aspect ratio. However, the techniques reported so far, which could be only valid for mono-surface anodization, show critical disadvantages, i.e., time-consuming as well as complicated procedures, requiring toxic chemicals, and wasting valuable natural resources. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile, efficient, and environmentally clean method to fabricate nanoporous AAOs in sulfuric and oxalic acid electrolytes, which can overcome the limitations that result from conventional AAO fabricating methods. First, plural AAOs are produced at one time through simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization (SMSA), indicating mass-producibility of the AAOs with comparable qualities. Second, those AAOs can be separated from the aluminum (Al) substrate by applying stair-like reverse biases (SRBs) in the same electrolyte used for the SMSAs, implying simplicity and green technological characteristics. Finally, a unit sequence consisting of the SMSAs sequentially combined with SRBs-based detachment can be applied repeatedly to the same Al substrate, which reinforces the advantages of this strategy and also guarantees the efficient usage of natural resources.

A protocol for fabricating nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides via simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization followed by stair-like reverse biases detachments is presented. It can be applied repeatedly to the same aluminum substrate, exhibiting a facile, high-yield, and environmentally clean strategy.

동시-표면 Anodizations와 황산에 양극 알루미늄 산화물 및 괭이밥에서 채취한 산 성 전해질의 계단 처럼 역방향 바이어스 분리

After reporting on the two-step anodization, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) have been widely utilized in the versatile fields of fundamental ...

Procedure for the Transfer of Polymer Films Onto Porous Substrates with Minimized Defects

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support substrates. Accomplishing this transfer in a highly controlled, mechanized, and reproducible manner can eliminate the creation of macroscale defect structures (e.g., tears, cracks, and wrinkles) within the thin film that compromise device performance and the usable area per sample. Here, we describe a general protocol for the highly controlled and mechanized transfer of a polymeric thin film onto an arbitrary porous support substrate for eventual use as a water filtration membrane device. Specifically, we fabricate a block copolymer (BCP) thin film on top of a sacrificial, water-soluble poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layer and silicon wafer substrate. We then utilize a custom-designed, 3D-printed transfer tool and drain chamber system to deposit, lift-off, and transfer the BCP thin film onto the center of a porous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) support disc. The transferred BCP thin film is shown to be consistently placed onto the center of the support surface due to the guidance of the meniscus formed between the water and the 3D-printed plastic drain chamber. We also compare our mechanized transfer-processed thin films to those that have been transferred by hand with the use of tweezers. Optical inspection and image analysis of the transferred thin films from the mechanized process confirm that little-to-no macroscale inhomogeneities or plastic deformations are produced, as compared to the multitude of tears and wrinkles produced from manual transfer by hand. Our results suggest that the proposed strategy for thin film transfer can reduce defects when compared to other methods across many systems and applications.

We present a procedure for highly controlled and wrinkle-free transfer of block copolymer thin films onto porous support substrates using a 3D-printed drain chamber. The drain chamber design is of general relevance to all procedures involving transfer of macromolecular films onto porous substrates, which is normally done by hand in an irreproducible fashion.

결함이 최소화된 다공성 기판에 폴리머 필름 을 이송하는 절차

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support ...

Fabrication of Extracellular Matrix-derived Foams and Microcarriers as Tissue-specific Cell Culture and Delivery Platforms

Cell function is mediated by interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which has complex tissue-specific composition and architecture. The focus of this article is on the methods for fabricating ECM-derived porous foams and microcarriers for use as biologically-relevant substrates in advanced 3D in vitro cell culture models or as pro-regenerative scaffolds and cell delivery systems for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Using decellularized tissues or purified insoluble collagen as a starting material, the techniques can be applied to synthesize a broad array of tissue-specific bioscaffolds with customizable geometries. The approach involves mechanical processing and mild enzymatic digestion to yield an ECM suspension that is used to fabricate the three-dimensional foams or microcarriers through controlled freezing and lyophilization procedures. These pure ECM-derived scaffolds are highly porous, yet stable without the need for chemical crosslinking agents or other additives that may negatively impact cell function. The scaffold properties can be tuned to some extent by varying factors such as the ECM suspension concentration, mechanical processing methods, or synthesis conditions. In general, the scaffolds are robust and easy to handle, and can be processed as tissues for most standard biological assays, providing a versatile and user-friendly 3D cell culture platform that mimics the native ECM composition. Overall, these straightforward methods for fabricating customized ECM-derived foams and microcarriers may be of interest to both biologists and biomedical engineers as tissue-specific cell-instructive platforms for in vitro and in vivo applications.

The tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key mediator of cell function. This article describes methods for synthesizing pure ECM-derived foams and microcarriers that are stable in culture without the need for chemical crosslinking for applications in advanced 3D in vitro cell culture models or as pro-regenerative bioscaffolds.

조직 특이 적 세포 배양 및 전달 플랫폼과 같은 세포 외 기질 유래 거품과 마이크로 담체의 제조

Cell function is mediated by interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which has complex tissue-specific composition and architecture. The focus ...

생체공학

Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block co-polymers featuring cholesterol units as side-chain pendant groups, resulting in smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Foam-like scaffolds, prepared using metal templates, feature interconnected microchannels, making them suitable as 3D cell culture scaffolds. The combined properties of the regular structure of the metal foam and of the elastomer result in a 3D cell scaffold that promotes not only higher cell proliferation compared to conventional porous templated films, but also better management of mass transport (i.e., nutrients, gases, waste, etc.). The nature of the metal template allows for the easy manipulation of foam shapes (i.e., rolls or films) and for the preparation of scaffolds of different pore sizes for different cell studies while preserving the interconnected porous nature of the template. The etching process does not affect the chemistry of the elastomers, preserving their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. We show that these smectic LCEs, when grown for extensive time periods, enable the study of clinically relevant and complex tissue constructs while promoting the growth and proliferation of cells.

This study presents a methodology to prepare 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffolds based on biocompatible side-chain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Confocal microscopy experiments show that foam-like LCEs allow for cell attachment, proliferation, and the spontaneous alignment of C2C12s myoblasts.

3D 공간 세포 배양을위한 세포 발판으로 생체 적합성 액정 엘라스토머 거품의 합성

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block ...

Fabrication of Gradient Nanopattern by Thermal Nanoimprinting Technique and Screening of the Response of Human Endothelial Colony-forming Cells

Nanotopography can be found in various extracellular matrices (ECMs) around the body and is known to have important regulatory actions upon cellular reactions. However, it is difficult to determine the relation between the size of a nanostructure and the responses of cells owing to the lack of proper screening tools. Here, we show the development of reproducible and cost-effective gradient nanopattern plates for the manipulation of cellular responses. Using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as a master mold, gradient nanopattern plates with nanopillars of increasing diameter ranges [120-200&#8239;nm (GP 120/200), 200-280&#8239;nm (GP 200/280), and 280-360&#8239;nm (GP 280/360)] were fabricated by a thermal imprinting technique. These gradient nanopattern plates were designed to mimic the various sizes of nanotopography in the ECM and were used to screen the responses of human endothelial colony-forming cells (hECFCs). In this protocol, we describe the step-by-step procedure of fabricating gradient nanopattern plates for cell engineering, techniques of cultivating hECFCs from human peripheral blood, and culturing hECFCs on nanopattern plates.

Here, we present a protocol for the fabrication of gradient nanopattern plates via thermal nanoimprinting and the method of screening responses of human endothelial progenitor cells to the nanostructures. By using the described technology, it is possible to produce a scaffold that can manipulate cell behavior by physical stimuli.

열 Nanoimprinting 기술과 인간의 내 피 식민지 형성 세포의 응답의 심사에 의해 그라데이션 Nanopattern의 제조

Nanotopography can be found in various extracellular matrices (ECMs) around the body and is known to have important regulatory actions upon cellular ...

Initial 3D Cell Cluster Control in a Hybrid Gel Cube Device for Repeatable Pattern Formations

The importance of in vitro 3D cultures is considerably emphasized in cell/tissue culture. However, the lack of experimental repeatability is one of its restrictions. Producing few repeatable results of pattern formation deteriorates the analysis of the mechanisms underlying the self-organization. Reducing variation in initial culture conditions, such as the cell density and distribution in the extracellular matrix (ECM), is crucial to enhance the repeatability of a 3D culture. In this article, we demonstrate a simple but robust procedure for controlling the initial cell cluster shape in a 3D extracellular matrix to obtain highly repeatable pattern formations. A micromold with a desired shape was fabricated by using photolithography or a machining process, and it formed a 3D pocket in the ECM contained in a hybrid gel cube (HGC). Highly concentrated cells were then injected in the pocket so that the cell cluster shape matched with the fabricated mold shape. The employed HGC allowed multi-directional scanning by its rotation, which enabled high-resolution imaging and the capture of the entire tissue structure even though a low-magnification lens was used. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells were used to demonstrate the methodology.&#160;

We present a procedure for controlling the initial cell cluster shape in a 3D extracellular matrix to obtain a repeatable pattern formation. A cubic device containing two different hydrogels is employed to achieve multi-directional imaging for tissue pattern formation.

반복 패턴 형성을 위한 하이브리드 젤 큐브 장치에 초기 3D 셀 클러스터 제어

The importance of in vitro 3D cultures is considerably emphasized in cell/tissue culture. However, the lack of experimental repeatability is one of its ...

Fabricating Highly Open Porous Microspheres (HOPMs) via Microfluidic Technology

Compared to bulk scaffolds and direct injection of cells alone, the injectable modular units have garnered enormous interest in repairing malfunctioned tissues due to convenience in the packaging of cells, improved cell retention, and minimal invasiveness. Moreover, the porous conformation of these microscale carriers could enhance the medium exchange and improve the level of nutrients and oxygen supplies. The present study illustrates the convenient fabrication of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based highly open porous microspheres (PLGA-HOPMs) by the facile microfluidic technology for cell delivery applications. The resultant monodispersed PLGA-HOPMs possessed particle sizes of ~400 &#181;m and open pores of ~50 &#181;m with interconnecting windows. Briefly, the emulsified oil droplets (PLGA solution in dichloromethane, DCM), wrapped with the 7.5% (w/v) gelatin aqueous phase, were introduced into the 1% (w/v) continuous flowing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aqueous solution through the coaxial nozzle in the customized microfluidic setup. Subsequently, the microspheres were subjected to solvent extraction and lyophilization procedures, resulting in the production of HOPMs. Notably, various formulations (concentrations of PLGA and porogen) and processing parameters (emulsifying power, needle gauge, and flow rate of dispersed phase) play crucial roles in the qualities and characteristics of the resulting PLGA HOPMs. Moreover, these architectures might potentially encapsulate various other biochemical cues, such as growth factors, for extended drug discovery and tissue regeneration applications.

Fabricating Highly Open Porous Microspheres HOPMs via Microfluidic Technology

The present protocol describes the fabrication of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based highly open porous microspheres (HOPMs) via the single-emulsion formulation based facile microfluidic technology. These microspheres have potential applications in tissue engineering and drug screening.

미세유체 기술을 통한 고도로 개방된 다공성 마이크로스피어(HOPM) 제작

Compared to bulk scaffolds and direct injection of cells alone, the injectable modular units have garnered enormous interest in repairing malfunctioned ...

Controlling Particle Fraction in Microporous Annealed Particle Scaffolds for 3D Cell Culture

Microgels are the building blocks of microporous annealed particle (MAP) scaffolds, which serve as a platform for both in vitro cell culture and in vivo tissue repair. In these granular scaffolds, the innate porosity generated by the void space between microgels enables cell infiltration and migration. Controlling the void fraction and particle fraction is critical for MAP scaffold design, as porosity is a bioactive cue for cells. Spherical microgels can be generated on a microfluidic device for controlled size and shape and subsequently freeze-dried using methods that prevent fracturing of the polymer network. Upon rehydration, the lyophilized microgels lead to controlled particle fractions in MAP scaffolds. The implementation of these methods for microgel lyophilization has led to reproducible studies showing the effect of particle fraction on macromolecule diffusion and cell spreading. The following protocol will cover the fabrication, lyophilization, and rehydration of microgels for controlling particle fraction in MAP scaffolds, as well as annealing the microgels through bio-orthogonal crosslinking for 3D cell culture in vitro.

Minimizing the variability in the particle fraction within granular scaffolds facilitates reproducible experimentation. This work describes methods for generating granular scaffolds with controlled particle fractions for in vitro tissue engineering applications.

3D 세포 배양을 위한 미세 다공성 어닐링 입자 스캐폴드의 입자 분획 제어

Microgels are the building blocks of microporous annealed particle (MAP) scaffolds, which serve as a platform for both in vitro cell culture and in vivo ...