20.16 : Work Done in an Adiabatic Process

Consider the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas in the cylinder of an automobile diesel engine. The gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder of an automobile engine when the piston is in its expanded position. The temperature, pressure, and volume of the resulting gas-air mixture are 20 °C, 1.00 x 10⁵ N/m², and 240 cm³ , respectively. The mixture is then compressed adiabatically to a volume of 40 cm³. Note that, in the actual operation of an automobile engine, the compression is not quasi-static, although we are making that assumption here. What are the pressure and temperature of the mixture after the compression? What is the work done during the compression?

Solution:

For an adiabatic compression process the expression for pressure is written as

Using the molar heat capacity ratio of air as 1.4 and by substituting the known quantities in the expression (1), the pressure of the mixture after the compression is calculated.

From the ideal gas law and using the obtained pressure value, the temperature of the mixture after the compression is also calculated.

Thus, the pressure and temperature of the mixture after compression inside the cylinder of an automobile diesel engine are determined.

If the compression process is isothermal, then the value of pressure changes from the obtained value. This is because, in an adiabatic compression process, if the temperature increases, the pressure becomes greater. Hence, on injecting the fuel into the cylinder near the compression stroke, the air mixture attains a higher temperature, resulting in spontaneous ignition of the fuel without any need for spark plugs.

By knowing the initial and final pressure, the work done during the compression can be obtained using

Substituting the known and the obtained quantities in the above expression, the work done equals -1.63 J. Here, the negative sign indicates that the work is done by the piston on the air-gas mixture.