이 작품은 건강 연구의 캐나다 연구소에 의해 지원되었다.

실험 쥐가 그들의 피난처에서 문자열의 끝에있는 음식 펠릿에 향수 문자열을 다음과 같은 외적 여행 후 귀국하는 challanged되었던의 소설 작업을 이용하여 죽은 계산 탐색 대 조종하는 해마의 기여를 조사. 제어 쥐들이 공간과 죽은 모두 계산 전략을 사용하여 효과적으로 탐색. fimbria - fornix의 병변과 쥐들이 성공적으로 공간 전략을 사용하여 탐색하지만 죽은 계산을 사용하도록 강요되면 손상되었습니다. 이러한 결과는 hippocampal 형성의 무결성이 죽었 계산을 위해 필수적이며, 그 가설과 일치하고 있습니다. 이것은 개 이외의 동물에서 추적의 첫 데모 수 있습니다. 작업 요구 본 연구의 소설 기능은 과목 음식 펠릿에 악취 흔적을 추적할 수 향기로운 문자열의 사용을했습니다. 추적의 사용은 여러 가지 방법으로 쥐 &#39;귀소 행동 분석을 용이하게합니다. 첫째, 쥐 &#39;바깥쪽으로 경로와 대사가 지정됩니다. 쥐 표면 후각 단서 (Maaswinkel 및 Whishaw, 1999)를 사용하는 매우 능력이있다, 그래서 향수 문자열의 사용은 그들이 특정 신호를 집중해야한다. 둘째, 쥐 모두 정확히 같은 외적 여행과 함께 제시 수 있습니다. 이것은 그들이 무작위로 위치 먹이를 찾아 렇게나 개별 외부 노선을 때 발생하는 다양성을 제거합니다. 절차의 세 번째 중요한 특징은 그것이 쥐이 외부와 집으로 여행 사이 단서 및 탐색 전략을 전환 시기를 결정하는 가능 것입니다. 연구의 과정에서 쥐가 선형 트랙, 다각형 트랙, 그리고 팔각형 트랙을 포함 추적 문제, 많은 수의를 받았다. 문제의 비슷한 있었는지, 그러나, 그들이 죽은 응보의 신호 (또는 눈가리개를 사용할 때 집으로 돌아가 공간적 단서 (시각이나 후각)와 자신의 능력을 사용할 수 있습니다되면 집에 이동 쥐 &#39;능력 사이에 만들어진 비교했습니다 ) 적외선으로 테스트. 큐 사용 그들이 발견되었을 때, 제어 및 fimbria - fornix의 쥐 모두 에두 르는 밖으로 여행 후 집에 상대적으로 직접 여행. 이렇게, 그들은 가능​​성이 자신의 홈베이스로 돌아가 안정적인 영상 방 단서를 사용했습니다. 눈을 가리고 다각형 트랙 제시하면, 제어 쥐 여전히 향기 트랙을 무시, 직접 경로를 집으로 데리고 따라서 &quot;다각형을 닫아.&quot;과정에서 그들은 가능​​성이 바깥쪽으로 여행에 생성되는 자체 동작 신호를 통합 못했습니다. 그들이 blindfolds를 입고 또는 적외선으로 테스트 때 죽은 계산 탐색 전략 공간에서 전환 제어 쥐의 능력에 대조적으로, idiothetic 탐색에 fimbria - fornix 쥐 &#39;장애가 starkly 드러났다. 오히려 다각형 트랙을 따라 후 직접 경로를 집에 데려보다 그들은 향기가 트랙을 이전하고 시작 위치로 돌아오는 경로를 retraced. 따라서, 그들 homebound 경로는 아웃 바운드 라우팅처럼 에움길의되었습니다. 이것은 단순히 편리하게 &quot;쉬운 경로 집에 데려갈거야.&quot;향기의 트랙이 제거되었을 때이 문제가 아니었다 fimbria - fornix의 쥐가 혼동 된 테이블에 그들의 음식을 먹고, 그리고 그들이 피난처를 회복하기 전까지 거의 우연히 주위를 걸었다. 따라서, 그들이 죽은 계산 전략을 사용 했었죠있는 상황에서, 그들은 그렇게하지 ​​못했습니다. 이 결과는 hippocampal 쥐가 우선적으로 죽은 계산 탐색 전략 (피어스 외., 1998)를 사용하는 제안을 확인하기 위해 실패합니다. 결론 워든, 1992,,. 뮐러 외, 1996 현대 연구는 해마는 공간 행동의 일부 중심 역할을 [하지만 스키어 (1992)를 참조]을하지만,이 역할을 (오키프와 Nadel, 1978에 관한 분기하는 전망이있다는 것을 나타냅니다; Whishaw과 Maaswinkel, 1998). 현재 발견은 해마가 죽었 계산 탐색에서 역할을한다는 생각을 지원합니다. 이 결론은 해마 그것이 포인트 (.; 맥노튼 외, 1996;. Samsonovich과 맥노튼, 1997 Whishaw 외, 1995a, B, 1997) 사이에 벡터를 생성할 수있는 시간 타고난 공간 프레임 워크를 포함하는 이전 의견과 일치합니다. 현재 결과가 죽은 계산 탐색에있는 해마의 역할을 지원하지만, 그들은 독점적인 기능으로 지정에서 확정되지 않습니다. Hippocampal 동물도 작업 메모리의 수요가 높은되는 새로운 공간 문제를 학습 장애인 (샤피로와 오코너, 1992; Angeli는 외, 1993;. Whishaw와 재러드, 1995, 1996). 이것은 문제가 하나와이 (Whishaw 외., 1997), 또는 죽은 계산 탐색에 손상이 그 다음 표시 수 있습니다 하나 측면 사이의 전이에 죽은 응보 정보 보조를 의미공간 행동과 메모리 (오키프와 Nadel, 1978)의 일반적인 hippocampal 기능.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium pentobarbital</td><td> Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>p3761-25g</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atropine methyl nitrate</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>a0382-5g</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rodent pellets</td><td>Animal food</td><td>BIO-SERV</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a video demonstration of preserved piloting by scent tracking but impaired dead reckoning after fimbria-fornix lesions in the rat

조종사와 죽은 계산 탐색 전략은 매우 다른 큐 별자리 및 전산 처리 (다윈, 1873 사용; 바로우, 1964, 오키프와 Nadel 1978; Mittelstaedt 및 Mittelstaedt, 1980; Landeau 외, 1984;. 에티엔느, 1987, Gallistel을 1990; 모러 및 Séguinot, 1995). 죽은 응보 자기 운동에 의해 생성된 신호의 통합을 요구 반면 조종사는 비교적 안정적인 외부 (시각, 후각, 청각) 신호 사이의 관계를 사용해야합니다. 동물 vestibular 수용체의자가 운동 정보를 얻을, 그리고 아마도 근육과 관절 수용체, 그리고 운동을 생성하는 명령을 efference 사본. 동물은 또한 움직임에 의한 영상의 흐름, 청각, 후각 및 자극을 사용할 수 있습니다. 조종사 전략에게 동물을 사용하면, 그 환경에서 곳으​​로 방향과 거리를 결정하기 위해 죽은 계산 전략을 사용하는 반면에 그것이 단지 왼쪽 위치로 돌아가려면 이전 움직임에 의해 생성되는 신호를 통합할 수 있습니다 기하학적 계산을 사용할 수 있습니다. 데드 계산은 colloquially &quot;방향 감각 &#39;과이라고&quot;감각 거리. &quot; 해마가 (오키프와 Nadel, 1978, 오키프와 스피크먼, 1987) 조종사에 관여되어 상당한 증거가 있지만.; Whishaw과 Maaswinkel, 1998, 행동 (Whishaw 외, 1997에서 증거도 있습니다; Maaswinkel 및 Whishaw, 1999), 모델링 (Samsonovich 및 맥노튼, 1997), 그리고 electrophysiological (O&#39;Mare 외, 1994;. 샤프 외, 1995;. Taube와 버튼, 1995, 블레어와 샤프, 1996; 맥노튼 외 ., 1996, 위너, 1996; hippocampal 형성이 죽은 계산에 관여되어 Golob 및 Taube, 1997) 연구. 탐색의 두 형태로 해마의 상대적 기여하지만, 여전히 불확 실한 것입니다. . Dudchenko 외, 1997,,. 마틴 외 동물 전략 및 단서 (에티엔느 외 1996의 사용에 매우 유연하기 때문에 일반적으로, 그것은 동물이 죽은 계산 전략 비교 조종사를 사용하고 있는지 확신하기가 어렵습니다 ., 1997, 1999 Maaswinkel 및 Whishaw). 현재 비디오 데모의 목적은 이러한 전략의 사용에 해마의 상대적인 기여를 검토하기 위해 큐 사양의 문제를 해결하는 것이었다. 쥐들은 펠렛은 오픈 필드에 숨겨진 큰 음식을 얻기 위해 선형 또는 다각형 향수 산책로를 따라있는 새 작업에서 훈련했다. 쥐들이 피난처, 정확성 및 홈베이스에 종속되었다 변수 (Whishaw와 토미, 1997)을 반환하는 데 사용되는 신호로 다시 음식을 운반하는 proclivity를 가지고 있기 때문. 음식의 피난처에 도달할 AA 죽은 계산 전략을 사용하는 동물을 강제하려면, 쥐 장님이 아닌 다음에야 때 테스트되거나 적외선 아래 그들이 볼 수있는 스펙트럼 파장은, 어떤 실험의 향기 흔적은 또한 한 번 제거되었습니다 동물은 음식에 도달했습니다. hippocampal 형성의 정보 흐름 (블랜드, 1986)을 방해 해마, fimbria - fornix (FF) 병변의 상대적인 기여를 확인하려면, 메모리 (Gaffan 및 Gaffan, 1991) 손상, 그리고 (Whishaw와 재러드, 공간 적자를 생산 1995)는 사용되었습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat at JoVE.com

A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

조종사 향기 추적 작업에서 Visual 냄새 트레일 사용하거나 적외선에서 죽은 계산을 사용하여 음식과 피난처로 돌아갑니다 쥐의 능력은 이전 동작의 통합 기록은 해마가 죽었 계산에 필요한 것을 보여줍니다.

의 비디오 데모 랫에 Fimbria - Fornix의 조직 손상 후 향기 추적하지만 장애 데드 레크 닝에 의해 조종 보존

Piloting and dead reckoning navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes (Darwin, 1873; Barlow, 1964; ...

a-video-demonstration-preserved-piloting-scent-tracking-but-impaired

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.8K 조회수.  Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge. 조종사 향기 추적 작업에서 Visual 냄새 트레일 사용하거나 적외선에서 죽은 계산을 사용하여 음식과 피난처로 돌아갑니다 쥐의 능력은 이전 동작의 통합 기록은 해마가 죽었 계산에 필요한 것을 보여줍니다.

비디오: A Video Demonstration of Preserved Piloting by Scent Tracking but Impaired Dead Reckoning After Fimbria-Fornix Lesions in the Rat

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

더블 H 미로 : 설치류의 강력한 행동 학습에 대한 테스트 및 메모리

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

연구

행동분석학

Assessing Spatial Memory Impairment in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Radial Water Tread Maze

Despite the recent increase in use of mouse models in scientific research, researchers continue to use cognitive tasks that were originally designed and validated for rat use. The Radial Water Tread (RWT) maze test of spatial memory (designed specifically for mice and requiring no swimming) has been shown previously to successfully distinguish between controlled cortical impact-induced TBI mice and sham controls. Here, a detailed protocol for this task is presented. The RWT maze capitalizes on the natural tendency of mice to avoid open areas in favor of hugging the sides of an apparatus (thigmotaxis). The walls of the maze are lined with nine escape holes placed above the floor of the apparatus, and mice are trained to use visual cues to locate the escape hole that leads out of the maze. The maze is filled with an inch of cold water, sufficient to motivate escape but not deep enough to require that the mouse swim. The acquisition period takes only four training days, with a test of memory retention on day five and a long-term memory test on day 12. The results reported here suggest that the RWT maze is a feasible alternative to rat-validated, swimming-based cognitive tests in the assessment of spatial memory deficits in mouse models of TBI.

Here we present a protocol for a mouse-specific test of cognition that does not require swimming. This test can be used to successfully distinguish controlled cortical impact-induced traumatic brain injury mice from sham controls.

방사형 워터 트레드 미로를 이용한 외상성 뇌 손상의 마우스 모델에서 공간 기억 장애의 평가

Despite the recent increase in use of mouse models in scientific research, researchers continue to use cognitive tasks that were originally designed and ...

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

외상 성 뇌 손상 후 쥐에서 행동 적자를 감지

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

The Dig Task: A Simple Scent Discrimination Reveals Deficits Following Frontal Brain Damage

Cognitive impairment is the most frequent cause of disability in humans following brain damage, yet the behavioral tasks used to assess cognition in rodent models of brain injury is lacking. Borrowing from the operant literature our laboratory utilized a basic scent discrimination paradigm1-4 in order to assess deficits in frontally-injured rats. Previously we have briefly described the Dig task and demonstrated that rats with frontal brain damage show severe deficits across multiple tests within the task5. Here we present a more detailed protocol for this task. Rats are placed into a chamber and allowed to discriminate between two scented sands, one of which contains a reinforcer. The trial ends after the rat either correctly discriminates (defined as digging in the correct scented sand), incorrectly discriminates, or 30 sec elapses. Rats that correctly discriminate are allowed to recover and consume the reinforcer. Rats that discriminate incorrectly are immediately removed from the chamber. This can continue through a variety of reversals and novel scents. The primary analysis is the accuracy for each scent pairing (cumulative proportion correct for each scent). The general findings from the Dig task suggest that it is a simple experimental preparation that can assess deficits in rats with bilateral frontal cortical damage compared to rats with unilateral parietal damage. The Dig task can also be easily incorporated into an existing cognitive test battery. The use of more tasks such as this one can lead to more accurate testing of frontal function following injury, which may lead to therapeutic options for treatment. All animal use was conducted in accordance with protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

In this protocol, a novel application of scent discrimination is described. The Dig task is a reasonably inexpensive task that can be used to assess frontally-mediated cognition following brain damage.

해봐 작업 : A 간단한 향기 차별 전면 뇌 손상을 따라 적자를 보여

Cognitive impairment is the most frequent cause of disability in humans following brain damage, yet the behavioral tasks used to assess cognition in ...

신경과학

Tracking Rats in Operant Conditioning Chambers Using a Versatile Homemade Video Camera and DeepLabCut

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on the triggering of lever and nose-poke sensors present inside the chambers. While this provides a detailed view of when and how animals perform certain responses, it cannot be used to evaluate behaviors that do not trigger any sensors. As such, assessing how animals position themselves and move inside the chamber is rarely possible. To obtain this information, researchers generally have to record and analyze videos. Manufacturers of operant conditioning chambers can typically supply their customers with high-quality camera setups. However, these can be very costly and do not necessarily fit chambers from other manufacturers or other behavioral test setups. The current protocol describes how to build an inexpensive and versatile video camera using hobby electronics components. It further describes how to use the image analysis software package DeepLabCut to track the status of a strong light signal, as well as the position of a rat, in videos gathered from an operant conditioning chamber. The former is a great aid when selecting short segments of interest in videos that cover entire test sessions, and the latter enables analysis of parameters that cannot be obtained from the data logs produced by the operant chambers.

This protocol describes how to build a small and versatile video camera, and how to use videos obtained from it to train a neural network to track the position of an animal inside operant conditioning chambers. This is a valuable complement to standard analyses of data logs obtained from operant conditioning tests.

다재다능한 수제 비디오 카메라와 DeepLabCut을 사용하여 오페라 컨디셔닝 챔버에서 쥐 추적

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on ...

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk factor for AD, stroke has also been implicated as a risk factor and an exacerbating factor. The co-morbidity of stroke and AD results in worsened stroke-related motor control and AD-related cognitive deficits when compared to each condition alone. To model the combined condition of stroke and AD, a novel transgenic rat model of AD, with a mutated form of amyloid precursor protein (a key protein involved in the development of AD) incorporated into its DNA, is given a small unilateral striatal stroke.
For a model with the combination of both stroke and AD, behavioral tests that assess stroke-related motor control, locomotion and AD-related cognitive function must be implemented. The cylinder task involves a cost-efficient, multipurpose apparatus that assesses spontaneous forelimb motor use. In this task, a rat is placed in a cylindrical apparatus, where the rat will spontaneously rear and contact the wall of the cylinder with its forelimbs. These contacts are considered forelimb motor use and quantified during video analysis after testing. Another cost-efficient motor task implemented is the beam-walk task, which assesses forelimb control, hindlimb control and locomotion. This task involves a rat walking across a wooden beam allowing for the assessment of limb motor control through analysis of forelimb slips, hindlimb slips and falls. Assessment of learning and memory is completed with Morris water maze for this behavioral paradigm. The protocol starts with spatial learning, whereby the rat locates a stationary hidden platform. After spatial learning, the platform is removed and both short-term and long-term spatial reference memory is assessed. All three of these tasks are sensitive to behavioral differences and completed within 28 days for this model, making this paradigm time-efficient and cost-efficient.

To investigate the co-morbid Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and stroke condition in a novel model, three behavior tasks are described that assess both motor control and cognitive behaviors. These tasks include the beam-walk task, cylinder task and Morris water maze.

뇌졸중과 알츠하이머 병의 유전자 변형 쥐 모델에서 모터 및 해마 종속 공간 학습 및 참조 메모리 평가

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk ...

의학

Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 7 T in the Rat Barrel Cortex During Whisker Activation

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers the opportunity to measure cerebral metabolite contents in vivo and noninvasively. Thanks to technological developments over the last decade and the increase in magnetic field strength, it is now possible to obtain good resolution spectra in vivo in the rat brain. Neuroenergetics (i.e., the study of brain metabolism) and, especially, metabolic interactions between the different cell types have attracted more and more interest in recent years. Among these metabolic interactions, the existence of a lactate shuttle between neurons and astrocytes is still debated. It is, thus, of great interest to perform functional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in a rat model of brain activation and monitor lactate. However, the methyl lactate peak overlaps lipid resonance peaks and is difficult to quantify. The protocol described below allows metabolic and lactate fluctuations to be monitored in an activated brain area. Cerebral activation is obtained by whisker stimulation and 1H-MRS is performed in the corresponding activated barrel cortex, whose area is detected using blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI). All steps are fully described: the choice of anesthetics, coils, and sequences, achieving efficient whisker stimulation directly in the magnet, and data processing.

After checking by blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) that the corresponding somatosensory barrel field cortex area (called S1BF) is correctly activated, the main goal of this study is to quantify lactate content fluctuations in the activated rat brains by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at 7 T.

7 기능 자기 공명 분광학 수염 활성화 중 쥐 신 피 질에서 T

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers the opportunity to measure cerebral metabolite contents in vivo and noninvasively. Thanks to ...

Surgical Labyrinthectomy of the Rat to Study the Vestibular System

To study the vestibular system or the vestibular compensation process, a number of methods have been developed to cause vestibular damage, including surgical or chemical labyrinthectomy and vestibular neurectomy. Surgical labyrinthectomy is a relatively simple, reliable, and rapid method. Here, we describe the surgical technique for rat labyrinthectomy. A postauricular incision is made under general anesthesia to expose the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane, after which the tympanic membrane and the ossicles are removed without the stapes. The stapes artery, which is located between the stapes and the oval window, is a vulnerable structure and must be preserved to obtain a clear surgical field. A hole to fenestrate the vestibule is made with a 2.1-mm drill bur superior to the stapes. Then, 100% ethanol is injected through this hole and aspirated several times. Meticulous dissection under a microscope and careful bleeding control are essential to obtain reliable results. Symptoms of vestibular loss, such as nystagmus, head tilting, and a rolling motion, are seen immediately after surgery. The rotarod or rotation chair test can be used to objectively and quantitatively evaluate the vestibular function.

This protocol describes the surgical labyrinthectomy of a rat, which is a useful method for studying the vestibular system.

Vestibular 시스템 공부를 쥐의 외과 Labyrinthectomy

To study the vestibular system or the vestibular compensation process, a number of methods have been developed to cause vestibular damage, including ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided here is a protocol for successfully establishing a rat model of acute pontine infarction. Rats weighing about 250 g are used, and a probe with an insulated sheath is injected into the pons using a stereotaxic apparatus. A lesion is produced by the electrical stimulation with a single pulse. The Longa score, Berderson score, and beam balance test are used to assess neurological deficits. Additionally, the adhesive-removal somatosensory test is used to determine sensorimotor function, and the limb placement test is used to evaluate proprioception. MRI scans are then used to assess the infarction in vivo, and TTC staining is used to confirm the infarction in vitro. Here, a successful infarction is identified that is located in the anterolateral basis of the rostral pons. In conclusion, a new method is described to establish an acute pontine infarction rat model.

Presented here is a protocol for establishing acute pontine infarction in a rat model via electrical stimulation with a single pulse.

전기 자극에 의한 쥐에 급성 폰틴 경색 의 설립

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...

폐쇄형 머리 손상 방법을 통한 마우스의 rmTBI 유도

Modified Mouse Model of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Incorporating Thinned-Skull Window and Fluid Percussion

Mild traumatic brain injury is a clinically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder. Highly reproducible traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal models with well-defined pathologies are urgently needed for studying the mechanisms of neuropathology after mild TBI and testing therapeutics. Replicating the entire sequelae of TBI in animal models has proven to be a challenge. Therefore, the availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to account for the diverse aspects and severities seen in TBI patients. CHI is one of the most common methods for fabricating rodent models of rmTBI. However, this method is susceptible to many factors, including the impact method used, the thickness and shape of the skull bone, animal apnea, and the type of head support and immobilization utilized. The aim of this protocol is to demonstrate a combination of the thinned-skull window and fluid percussion injury (FPI) methods to produce a precise mouse model of CHI-associated rmTBI. The primary objective of this protocol is to minimize factors that could impact the accuracy and consistency of CHI and FPI modeling, including skull bone thickness, shape, and head support. By utilizing a thinned-skull window method, potential inflammation due to craniotomy and FPI is minimized, resulting in an improved mouse model that replicates the clinical features observed in patients with mild TBI. Results from behavior and histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining suggest that rmTBI can lead to a cumulative injury that produces changes in both behavior and gross morphology of the brain. Overall, the modified CHI-associated rmTBI presents a useful tool for researchers to explore the underlying mechanisms that contribute to focal and diffuse pathophysiological changes in rmTBI.

저자 스포트라이트: 반복적인 경미한 외상성 뇌 손상의 메커니즘 및 재활을 조사하기 위한 설치류 모델 최적화

This protocol presents a modified mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) induced via a closed-head injury (CHI) method. The approach features a thinned-skull window and fluid percussion to reduce the inflammation commonly caused by meninges exposure, along with improved reproducibility and accuracy in modeling rmTBI in rodents.

얇아진 두개골 창과 유체 타악기를 통합한 반복적인 경미한 외상성 뇌 손상의 수정된 마우스 모델

Mild traumatic brain injury is a clinically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder. Highly reproducible traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal models ...