このパラダイムの開発は、治療の認知神経科学基金、ベンジャミン、老化、アルツハイマー病、自閉症の研究の Adith ミラー家族基金によって支えられました。

<ol>
	<li>Tager-Flusberg, H., Paul, R., Lord, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Language+and+communication+in+autism.">Language and communication in autism.</a> Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. , 335-364 (2005).</li><li>Kamio, Y., Robins, D., Kelley, E., Swainson, B., Fein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atypical+Lexical/Semantic+Processing+in+High-Functioning+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders+without+Early+Language+Delay.">Atypical Lexical/Semantic Processing in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders without Early Language Delay.</a> Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 37, 1116-1122 (2007).</li><li>McCleery, J. P., Ceponiene, R., Burner, K. 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著者は、何を開示します。

本稿は、ASD と個人の意味処理赤字の探索に絵と単語の刺激の意味的プライミングを ERP の開発に重要なステップを報告しています。主要な手順には、刺激を作成、タスクをプログラミングおよび脳波テストと分析を実行することが含まれます。この手順の最も時間のかかる部分は、刺激の組み合わせ、条件、および変数の長さ、頻度、および意味的関連性などに関するモダリティ内と間と一?...

認知心理学の研究者は、人々 が言語の意味を理解する方法に興味を持ってきた。言語処理には、構文解析に、セマンティックな処理の文字と単語の認識から、複雑さの増加のステップのシーケンスが含まれます。意味処理と刺激の意味へのアクセスを指し、単語、画像、または音のこと。最初の単語認識、単語の意味、またはセマンティクスのアクセスの初期手順は、言語処理の重要なステップです。意味的統合の関係を理解する刺激の意味を統合するプロセスを指します、上位レベル言語理解文章など処理のため非常に重要です。文の各単語の意味は常にアクセスする必要があるだけ、個々 の単語の意味は文の意味、または「要旨」の首尾一貫した理解を形成するために統合する必要があります。
自閉症スペクトラム障害 (ASD) を持つ個人頻繁言語理解1で大幅な赤字があります。これらの難しさは由来意味処理と統合2,3,4の欠損を示唆しているいくつかの証拠があります。しかし、他の研究は、非言語 (例えば、視覚や聴覚) の教材が提示されての場合は、ASD の個人によって意味処理の赤字が表示されませんを示唆しているモダリティ3,5,6.このような示唆 ASD の意味処理障害言語 (すなわち、書面または音声) に制限されるモダリティ。など、異なるモダリティを対照的アプローチ意味処理の赤字がドメイン固有または広汎性処理スタイルを示す範囲への洞察力があります。本稿の目的は、同時電気生理学的記録中に意味的プライミング課題を用いた異なるモダリティ間の意味処理を比較するための方法論を説明することです。
意味的プライミングの手法研究調査方法意味処理の影響低レベル単語認識7、8に長い歴史があります。伝統的な意味的プライミング タスクで首相の言葉は提案する (例えば猫) に続いてターゲットはいずれかの単語 (例えば犬) の関連または素数 (書籍など) とは無関係します。このようなタスクは、参加者はターゲット単語が実際の単語であるかどうかを決定するよう求めるなど、しばしば語彙判断課題のコンテキストで行われます。他のパラダイムは、参加者対象単語の意味的分類タスクを実行または 2 つの刺激を関連するかどうかを判断があります。特定のタスクに関係なく、証拠の数十年は反応時間 (RTs)、意味的に関連あるものに比較して総理に関連するターゲットの言葉が高速を確立しています。
この「意味的プライミング効果」は、理論的なアカウント7,8メカニズム数に起因していますいます。セマンティック ネットワークを介して拡散活性化自動プライミング効果である首相の単語の意味の検索対象の語句を含む、その他の意味的に関連の言葉の意味によってアクティブ化されるようであります。これは、ターゲット単語の意味の活性化のために必要な時間を短縮します。2 番目の理論的メカニズムは、参加者が首相の言葉を見た時、仮説を期待、予想される潜在的なターゲットのセットを生成することです。このセットに含まれているターゲットの言葉より迅速に認識されます。最後に、他はプライムとターゲットの単語の間の意味的関係の存在を確立するポスト語彙意味マッチングのメカニズムの存在を仮定しました。効果の基になる特定のメカニズムに関係なく意味的プライミングは、セマンティックな処理と統合の有用な指標をすることができます。このパラダイムは、また語彙刺激に限定されないとクロス モーダル意味的プライミング (例えば言葉と写真の間)3と同様、写真9のような非言語刺激の意味的プライミングの調査にも使用できます。
意味的プライミング効果心理言語学的文献でよく研究されているし、プライム対象関係、プライムとターゲットのプレゼンテーションのタイミングおよび他の多くの操作8の種類に関して調査されました。この効果の電気生理学的相関特徴10も。脳波 (EEG) は、電気的活動を頭皮で測定の変更を介して神経活動を記録する方法です。時間分解能が非常に良い (ミリ秒) の順序および条件またはの不在でもグループの意味的処理における微妙な違いを提供することができますので、脳波は意味的プライミングの方法論の役に立つ選択行動の効果や反応。
事象関連電位 (Erp) は、特定の刺激や行動への応答で発生する脳波の時間ロックの変化です。タイミングと応答の極性によって、ERP のさまざまなコンポーネントは認知処理のさまざまな側面の反射です。(ただし、他のいくつかの解釈が存在する10,13)、N400 成分はセマンティックな処理と意味論的統合11,12の確立されたマーカーです。意味的統合が (とき総理と意味的プライミングのターゲットは意味的に関連して) など容易にセマンティック統合は難しく (2 つの単語が関連しないとき) などの場合と比較して、N400 振幅が減少します。重要なは、関連とは無関係の条件 (すなわち、 「N400 効果」) の振幅差は言語に固有ではありません。N400 効果は、意味的関連とは無関係の写真または環境音14,15,16,17のペアに対応など、非言語モダリティを観察します。N400 は、有用な ERP 成分現在のパラダイムの目的のため意味処理と統合能力のモダリティに依存しない見積もりとして使用することができますので。
個人 ASD を減少または不在の意味的プライミング効果と言語刺激2,3,4、に応えて N400 効果意味的処理における障害を示唆しています。視意味への応答でこのような効果が発見されている、オーディオ意味刺激3,5,6、融資申請サポートそのセマンティックな処理言語刺激の選択的障害。ただし、語彙刺激プライム ターゲットのペアを含むようなモダリティを比較する前の調査はクロス モーダル プライミングを使用しています。提案が ASD の個人は、言語刺激の意味的処理における赤字をあることを考えると、このようなクロス モーダル刺激は結果を影響している可能性があります。本当に言語の意味処理が ASD の個人選択的に損なわれたかどうか調べるために、語彙と語彙非刺激モダリティ内でペアを使わなければなりません。最近の研究は、Coderre et al.6には、単語および映像の意味的プライミングを ASD の大人 (年齢 18-68) の赤字を意味処理を調査するモダリティ内の最初の直接比較が用意されていました。ASD の参加者、通常開発 (TD) 参加者写真と単語のペアを閲覧、刺激が関連するかどうかを判断するように求めていた。この意味的プライミング タスク中に脳波、脳の活動を記録しました。グループとモダリティ間の N400 効果を比較すると、このパラダイムは、ASD と個人における意味処理の性質に洞察力を提供しました。
本稿の目的は、意味的プライミング Coderreらによって採用する ERP 方法を記述することです。6それがいずれかの TD、語彙意味視意味処理に関わる神経基盤の探索に、実験者の役立つことがありますこのパラダイムは ASD の大人の意味処理を勉強する最初実装されますが、。個人または特定の臨床人口で。

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG system</td><td>Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td><td></td><td>Geodesic EEG system (GES) 400 system: Net Amps 400 amplifier, NetStation 5.3, 128-channel HydroCel Geodesic Sensor nets</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride</td><td>Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic bucket</td><td>Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td><td></td><td>EGI provides a plastic bucket for mixing electrolyte but any clean container can be used</td></tr><tr><td>Baby shampoo</td><td>Johnson&#039;s</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a semantic priming event-related potential (erp) task to study lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing in autism spectrum disorder

自閉症スペクトラム障害 (ASD) を持つ個人はある意味処理や言語の意味を理解することで特徴的な赤字です。ただし、いくつかの証拠は、非言語的刺激の意味的処理が意味赤字言語固有なることを示唆し、そのままであることを示します。適切にセマンティックな処理、ASD、内-モダリティの言語 (例えば単語を書いて) 比較と赤字を特徴付ける・非言語的刺激 (例えば写真) が必要です。本稿では、このような方法論を利用する意味的プライミングの脳波 (EEG) データの同時録画中にについて説明します。脳波は、行動レベルで見ることができない意味処理の微妙な違いを特徴づけるために適しては、脳活動の動的な測定を提供します。意味プライミング プライム画像またはターゲット画像またはいずれかの単語が後に続く単語 (例えば犬) 関連 (例えば猫) パラダイム プレゼントや素数 (鉛筆など) とは無関係します。このパラダイムは、異なるモダリティ間でセマンティックな処理を評価し、ASD とどのように彼らは TD 個人から異なる場合があります個人で閉セマンティック ・視意味的処理能力を比較するため使用できます。脳波検査と脳波データの解析を実行する刺激を作成する特定の手順を説明します。代表的な結果は、どの事象関連電位 (ERP) の N400 成分は減少次意味的関連プライム対象ペア関係のないペアと比較して示しています。条件、モダリティ、グループの N400 の比較は意味処理の成功の見積もりを提供することができ、意味赤字 ASD やその他の臨床人口を持つ個人を特徴付けることにより使用できます。

および関連のない条件に刺激が適切にソートされている場合、単語および映像の刺激 (図 2) の N400 効果が守らなければなりません。これは、無関係な条件の関連を比較される条件により否定的な振幅として識別できます。単語刺激の効果は中心または中心・頭頂頭皮6,10以上 300-500 ms から発生する必要?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder at JoVE.com

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

本稿では、写真と言葉のモダリティ内でペアを使用して自閉症スペクトラム障害 (ASD) を持つ個人にセマンティックな処理を調査する意味的プライミング ERP タスクについて説明します。

意味的プライミング事象関連電位 (ERP) タスク自閉症スペクトラム障害で閉セマンティック ・視意味的処理を勉強するには

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

a-semantic-priming-event-related-potential-erp-task-to-study-lexico

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

10.5K ビュー.  University of Vermont. 本稿では、写真と言葉のモダリティ内でペアを使用して自閉症スペクトラム障害 (ASD) を持つ個人にセマンティックな処理を調査する意味的プライミング ERP タスクについて説明します。

ビデオ: A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

事象関連電位を使用したN400上の抗精神病薬とSchizotypyの影響を調査し、セマンティック分類

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

行動学

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

ターゲット応答の作業中に事象関連電位片側脳性麻痺児の上肢利用の認知プロセスを研究するために

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

One of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty with language and communication.1 Children with ASD's onset of speaking is usually delayed, and many children with ASD consistently produce language less frequently and of lower lexical and grammatical complexity than their typically developing (TD) peers.6,8,12,23 However, children with ASD also exhibit a significant social deficit, and researchers and clinicians continue to debate the extent to which the deficits in social interaction account for or contribute to the deficits in language production.5,14,19,25
Standardized assessments of language in children with ASD usually do include a comprehension component; however, many such comprehension tasks assess just one aspect of language (e.g., vocabulary),5 or include a significant motor component (e.g., pointing, act-out), and/or require children to deliberately choose between a number of alternatives. These last two behaviors are known to also be challenging to children with ASD.7,12,13,16
We present a method which can assess the language comprehension of young typically developing children (9-36 months) and children with autism.2,4,9,11,22 This method, Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (P-IPL), projects side-by-side video images from a laptop onto a portable screen. The video images are paired first with a 'baseline' (nondirecting) audio, and then presented again paired with a 'test' linguistic audio that matches only one of the video images. Children's eye movements while watching the video are filmed and later coded. Children who understand the linguistic audio will look more quickly to, and longer at, the video that matches the linguistic audio.2,4,11,18,22,26
This paradigm includes a number of components that have recently been miniaturized (projector, camcorder, digitizer) to enable portability and easy setup in children's homes. This is a crucial point for assessing young children with ASD, who are frequently uncomfortable in new (e.g., laboratory) settings. Videos can be created to assess a wide range of specific components of linguistic knowledge, such as Subject-Verb-Object word order, wh-questions, and tense/aspect suffixes on verbs; videos can also assess principles of word learning such as a noun bias, a shape bias, and syntactic bootstrapping.10,14,17,21,24 Videos include characters and speech that are visually and acoustically salient and well tolerated by children with ASD.

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

A reliable home-based way to assess the language comprehension of very young typically developing children, as well as those with autism, is described. The method analyzes children's eye gaze while viewing side-by-side images but hearing an audio that matches only one image. Stimuli are designed with young participants in mind.

ポータブルインター探し優遇（IPL）：一般的に幼児と自閉症幼児の開発調査言語理解

One  of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty  with language and communication.1  Children with ASD's onset of ...

医学

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

メジャー報酬期待と子供で処理する電気生理学プロトコル

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

北京語を話す自閉症児の文理を勉強する視覚的な世界のパラダイムを使用してください。

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive social stimuli in daily living contexts. Since daily social episodes consist of subtle dynamic changes in social information, any failure to attend to or process subtle human nonverbal cues, such as facial expression, postures, and gestures, might lead to inappropriate social interaction. Traditional behavioral rating scales or assessment tools based on static social scenes have limitations in capturing the moment-to-moment changes in social scenarios. An eye-tracking assessment, which can be administered in a video-based mode, is therefore preferred, to augment clinical observation. In this study, using the single-case comparison design, the eye-tracking data of three participants, a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), another with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and a neurotypical control, are captured while they view a video of social scenarios. The eye-tracking experiment has helped answer the research question: How does social attention differ between the three participants? By predefining areas of interest (AOIs), their visual attention on relevant or irrelevant social stimuli, how fast each participant attends to the first social stimuli appearing in the videos, for how long each participant continues to attend to those stimuli within the AOIs, and the gaze shifts between multiple social stimuli appearing concurrently in the same social scene are captured, compared, and analyzed in a video-based eye-tracking experiment.

This is a qualitative comparative case study analysis of eye-tracking data on the first moments of social video scenes as viewed by three participants: one with autism spectrum disorder, one with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and one neurotypical control.

動画の社会制御の高機能 ASD の併発 ADHD 児の目追跡データを比較します。

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive ...

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People with Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) demonstrate even longer responses in written word recognition than elderly controls. Despite the general tendency towards slower recognition in aging and neurocognitive disorders, certain characteristics of words influence word recognition speed regardless of age or neuropathology (e.g., a word&#8217;s frequency of use). We present here a protocol for examining the influence of lexical characteristics on word recognition response times in a simple lexical decision experiment administered to younger and older adults and people with MCI or AD. In this experiment, participants are asked to decide as quickly and accurately as possible whether a given letter string is an actual word or not. We also describe mixed-effects models and principal components analysis that can be used to detect the influence of different types of lexical variables or individual characteristics of participants on word recognition speed.

This article describes how to implement a simple lexical decision experiment to assess written word recognition in neurologically healthy participants and in individuals with dementia and cognitive decline. We also provide a detailed description of reaction time analysis using principal components analysis (PCA) and mixed-effects modeling.

認知症または軽度認知障害の有無にかかわらず成人における書かれた単語認識を研究するための語彙的意思決定タスク

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on orthographic information after which, other representations, such as phonology and semantics are activated, or whether these are fully interactive and high-level semantic information affects early processing. An interference paradigm was implemented in the presented protocol of phonological and semantic judgment tasks that utilized the same precede-target pairs to explore the relative order of phonological and semantic activation. The high- and low-frequency target words were preceded with three conditions: semantically related, phonological-related (homophones), or unrelated. The results showed that the induced P200 component of low-frequency word pairs was significantly greater than high-frequency words in both the semantic and phonological tasks. In addition, both the homophones in the semantic task and the semantically related pairs in the phonological task caused reduction in N400 when compared to the the control condition, word frequency-independently. It is worth noting that for the low-frequency pairs in the phonological judgment task, the P200 released by the semantically related word pairs was significantly larger than that in the control condition. Overall, semantic processing in phonological tasks and phonological processing in semantic tasks were found in both high- and low-frequency words, suggesting that the interaction between semantics and phonology may operate in a task-independent manner. However, the specific time this interaction occurred may have been affected by the task and frequency.

We present a protocol to explore the relative activation sequence of phonology and semantics in visual word recognition. The results show that consistent with interactive accounts, semantic and phonological representations may be processed interactively, and higher-level linguistic representations may affect early processing.

電気生理学を用いた視覚語認識における音韻論的過程と意味過程の相互作用

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on ...

A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect electroencephalography (EEG) data and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). At present, the systems available for the collection of high-quality EEG/ERP data make significant demands on children with developmental disabilities, such as those with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Children with ASD may have difficulty adapting to novel situations, tolerating uncomfortable sensory stimuli, and sitting quietly. This familiarization protocol uses Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) to increase research participants&#39; knowledge and understanding of the specific activities and steps of the research protocol. The tools in this familiarization protocol are a social narrative, a visual schedule, the Premack principle, role-playing, and modeling. The goal of this familiarization protocol is to increase understanding and agency and to potentially reduce anxiety for child participants, resulting in a greater likelihood of the successful completion of the research protocol for the collection of EEG/ERP data.

Electrophysiological research is an important tool for identifying biomarkers of developmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but data collection in these populations remains challenging. This work presents a familiarization protocol to accompany research that includes electroencephalography (EEG) to improve the likelihood of collecting EEG data from children with ASD.

親密化プロトコルは、電気生理学的研究におけるASDを有する小児の参加を促進する

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect ...

神経科学

Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Attention, working-memory, planning, impulse control, inhibition, and mental flexibility are important components of human cognition that are often referred to as executive functions. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a disorder that lasts a lifetime, and is thought to affect 0.6% of the population. The symptoms of autism suggest a deficit in executive function, which may be assessed by specialized neuropsychological tests. By employing several tests that each emphasize different aspects of executive function, we can gain a more complete picture of the cognitive profile of the disorder. 
One such task, known as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), is a cognitively complex task used widely in research and clinical studies as a highly sensitive measure of deficits in executive function. It tests a person's ability to shift attention and tests their flexibility with changing rules and reinforcement.1 In the WCST, a participant is presented with four stimulus cards, incorporating three stimulus parameters: color, shape, and number. The participant is asked to sort response cards according to different principles, changing their sorting criteria based on feedback from the experimenter. Participants try out different rules until they find the correct method for sorting the cards. Patients with executive dysfunction tend to get stuck in the card sorting task, unable to change their sorting strategy. This persistence with an incorrect strategy is called perseveration. 
A second task, The Tower of London (ToL) is a test dependent on complex planning, re-evaluation, and updating of planned moves. Individuals with autism have been reported to be impaired on tasks involving planning.2 In the ToL task, individuals must move disks from a prearranged sequence on three pegs to match a goal state in as few moves as possible, following specific rules. 
A third task, known as the Stroop test, targets cognitive inhibition. In this task participants are shown a name of a color, written in a different color, and are asked to identify the color the word is written in. For example, in an incongruent condition, the word blue would be written in green. Individuals with inhibition difficulty should not perform as well as typically developing individuals on this task involving inhibition of the written word.
In this video, we show how to administer the WCST, ToL, and Stroop task to compare flexibility, planning, and inhibition in children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing counterparts, and explore how each of these groups performs on these different aspects of executive function.

Behavioral Tests to Assess Executive Functions in Children with ASD

自閉症スペクトラム障害の実行機能

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Attention, working-memory, planning, impulse control, ...

意味的プライミング事象関連電位 (ERP) タスク自閉症スペクトラム障害で閉セマンティック・視意味的処理を勉強するには

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この動画の章

事象関連電位を使用したN400上の抗精神病薬とSchizotypyの影響を調査し、セマンティック分類

ターゲット応答の作業中に事象関連電位片側脳性麻痺児の上肢利用の認知プロセスを研究するために

ポータブルインター探し優遇（IPL）：一般的に幼児と自閉症幼児の開発調査言語理解

メジャー報酬期待と子供で処理する電気生理学プロトコル

北京語を話す自閉症児の文理を勉強する視覚的な世界のパラダイムを使用してください。

動画の社会制御の高機能 ASD の併発 ADHD 児の目追跡データを比較します。

認知症または軽度認知障害の有無にかかわらず成人における書かれた単語認識を研究するための語彙的意思決定タスク

電気生理学を用いた視覚語認識における音韻論的過程と意味過程の相互作用

親密化プロトコルは、電気生理学的研究におけるASDを有する小児の参加を促進する

自閉症スペクトラム障害の実行機能

意味的プライミング事象関連電位 (ERP) タスク自閉症スペクトラム障害で閉セマンティック ・視意味的処理を勉強するには

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この動画の章

事象関連電位を使用したN400上の抗精神病薬とSchizotypyの影響を調査し、セマンティック分類

ターゲット応答の作業中に事象関連電位片側脳性麻痺児の上肢利用の認知プロセスを研究するために

ポータブルインター探し優遇（IPL）：一般的に幼児と自閉症幼児の開発調査言語理解

メジャー報酬期待と子供で処理する電気生理学プロトコル

北京語を話す自閉症児の文理を勉強する視覚的な世界のパラダイムを使用してください。

動画の社会制御の高機能 ASD の併発 ADHD 児の目追跡データを比較します。

認知症または軽度認知障害の有無にかかわらず成人における書かれた単語認識を研究するための語彙的意思決定タスク

電気生理学を用いた視覚語認識における音韻論的過程と意味過程の相互作用

親密化プロトコルは、電気生理学的研究におけるASDを有する小児の参加を促進する

自閉症スペクトラム障害の実行機能

意味的プライミング事象関連電位 (ERP) タスク自閉症スペクトラム障害で閉セマンティック・視意味的処理を勉強するには