Name: resonance fluorescence of an ingaas quantum dot in a planar cavity using orthogonal excitation and detection
Uploaded: 2017-10-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection at JoVE.com

著者は、サンプルを提供するため Glenn s. ソロモンを認めたいと思います。この作品は、全米科学財団 (DMR-1452840) によって支えられました。

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プロトコルの重要な手順です: モード マッチングと導波管モードを励起光の配置適切なアライメントとコレクション光学系の焦点します。これらの手順の最も困難な部分が初期配置です。既に整列セットアップの結合を最適化するは比較的簡単です。コレクションと励起領域の重複は、この機能なしでは非常に難しいですが、カメラのサンプルをイメージする能力を持つ単純なステップです?...

共鳴励起蛍光検出と組み合わせて単一量子エミッタは強力な励起散乱から弱い蛍光スペクトルを差別できないのため主に長期的な実験課題だったこの難易度では、ただし、正常にで克服されている過去 10 年間で 2 つの異なるアプローチ: 暗視野共励振による偏波識別1,2,3,4 、5、および直交励起検出に基づく空間モード差別6,7,8,9,10、11、 12,13,14。両方のアプローチの大幅レーザー散乱を抑制する強力な能力し、スピン光子エンタングルメント5,15,の観測などの様々 な実験でこのように広く採用されて16、服を着た状態2,7,12,17,18,19,20,21のデモ,22,23,24,25,26日と限られたスピン3,27,28,29,30のコヒーレント操作。どちらのアプローチは、すべての状況に普遍的に適用できます。それぞれはいくつかの特定の条件に限定されます。暗視野法では、光子励起レーザー散乱抑制の自由度偏波を採用しています。このテクニックには、いくつかの利点があります。たとえば、共焦点のみの実装を可能にする明確に定義された導波管モードの要件はありません。共焦点の実装は円偏波励振および高い励起強度の結果として量子エミッタに励起光の可能性がより緊密なフォーカスをことができます。ただし、この偏波選択メソッドは励起分極に直交するように検出偏光を制限し、蛍光の偏光特性の完全な評価を防止すること。比較では、空間モード差別はレーザー散乱4を抑制するための励起と検出ビームの伝搬モードの間直交性を用いた偏波検出の完全な自由を保持します。この手法の制約がサンプルの導波路構造の直交検出モード励振モードを提供する必要性とビームの伝搬方向に対して垂直に励起分極の制限.
ここでは、共鳴蛍光実験用無料スペース ベース直交励起検出設定を構成するプロトコルを示す.6空洞に光を連結する光ファイバーを用いて空間モード判別に関する先駆的な仕事と比較して、このプロトコル, 自由空間におけるソリューションを提供します、どちらかサンプルをマウントする動的コンポーネントを必要としないまたはクライオスタットの繊維。励起光の検出パス方向の微調整は、一重項の非球面レンズは、クリオスタットの冷たい領域内の目的を中心として、クライオスタット、外部光学系によって操作されます。共鳴励起と単一量子ドットからの蛍光性の検出を達成する過程でキー配置手順の代表的な画像を提供します。
このデモで使用するサンプルは、分子線エピタキシー (MBE 法) により栽培されています。InGaAs 量子ドット (Qd) は、図 1のサンプルのビューでズームで示すように、2 つ分布ブラッグ反射鏡 (Dbr) によって囲まれている GaAs スペーサーに埋め込まれます。Dbr 領域間 GaAs のスペーサーは、励起光が全反射によって限られている、導波管として機能します。Dbr 領域は、試料面にほぼ垂直な wavevectors 用高反射率ミラーとしても使用。これを形成する量子ドットの蛍光を発光するときカップル ファブリ ・ モード。ファブリ ・ ペロー モードは整数である GaAs スペーサーが必要です、量子ドットの発光波長 λ と共鳴する必要があります λ/n、n は GaAs の屈折の倍数。このデモでは、GaAs のスペーサーの厚さは 4λ/n に選ばれた、入射励起光の回折限界のスポット サイズ近くなるように、約 1 μ m であります。狭いスペーサー低結合効率励起光の導波管モードになります。
実験装置は図 1に示します。開口数 NA で非球面単レンズ目的 Eobj結合効率を最大化する = 0.5 とサンプルの劈開面に励起光を集中する 8 mm の焦点距離を選択。励起パスでケプラー式望遠鏡 (レンズのペアの E1 と E2 で構成) の機能は 2 倍: 励起光は良いモード一致 (導波管をしっかりと焦点を当てて、励起電子の目的objの開口部を入力する (1)この実現平行ビーム径が 2.5 mm)、(2) 3 サンプルの劈開面に励起光の焦点を操縦する自由度を提供します。レンズ E1 は、劈開サンプル面の平面で自由に励起スポットをシフトする自由の 2 つの学位を提供する X と Y の並進マウントにマウントされています。レンズの E2 は、非回転ズームのサンプルで焦点の深さを選択する自由を提供する住宅にマウントされます。これらの 3 自由度サンプル自体の動きを必要とせず単一量子ドットの共鳴励起を最適化すること。
蛍光コレクションのパス同じようなレンズ構成 (LobjL1 と L2) を使用して、サンプルの異なった部分からの蛍光性の検出を許可します。サンプルからの光がフォーカスされてか赤外線高感度カメラ (Lカム) に 2 つの管のレンズの 1 つまたは分光計 (L仕様) の入口スリット。L1 の z 軸方向の動きが、イメージの焦点を調整し、L2 の側面翻訳、サンプルの平面全体をスキャンする画像します。L1 と L2 の焦点距離の長さが等しいので、倍率は統一です。これは、ケラレが発生する前に、L2 を翻訳できる範囲を最大限に実行されます。
配置とを QD の場所を容易にするには、ケーラー照明に基づいて家造られた照明は、図 1に示すように、セットアップに組み込まれます。ケーラー照明の目的のサンプルに均一な照明を提供し、ことを確認することです i照明光源の魔道士はサンプル画像で表示されません。照明とコレクションのパスの両方のレンズ構成はサンプルと光源の共役像面を別々 に慎重に設計されています。コレクションのパスにすべてのレンズはその焦点距離の合計で隣国から区切られます。これにより、どこにサンプル画像は、フォーカス--カメラのセンサーで光源の像は完全にデフォーカスのよう。同様に、光源の像がフォーカス--対物レンズの後焦点面でサンプル画像が完全に多重のよう。光源は、発光ダイオード (LED) ・ 940 商業発光 nm。絞り、照度の調整が可能、フィールド ダイヤフラムは明るくしてビューのフィールドを決定します。均一な照明を実現するキーはの間の距離を設定するのには、レンズの 2 つのレンズの焦点距離の長さの合計に K4 と L2 とする L の開口部を確保するため、objが照明によって詰めすぎていません。このプロトコルでは、照明はまた Lobjとサンプル間距離を最適化するために使用されます。
目的 Lobjとチューブ レンズのどちらかは、カメラや分光計で 20 倍の倍率を提供します。Lobjと L仕様のレンズのペア L3 と L4 は、電荷結合素子 (CCD) の分光計のイメージに余分な 4 倍を提供する別のケプラー式望遠鏡を形成します。L3 と L4 の結果の合計倍率 80 x は、空間的近くドット L3 と L4 から蛍光を区別する必要があるため、表示倍率の切り替えを容易にするマウントを反転にマウントされているレンズの 20 倍の倍率。サンプルのビューの大きなフィールドを提供します。
光導波路を介して励起光のパスを持つコレクションのパスのビューのフィールドが重複する湿潤層量子ドットの連続体から排出が便利です。上記のバンド ギャップ励起下でサンプルの発光スペクトルを測定することによって濡れ層の発光波長を決定できます。サンプルでは、約 880 で発生しますぬれ層排出 4.2 K で nm880 でcwレーザを結合することによってサンプルの導波路に nm、1 つは付属のビデオで示されているぬれ層から PL によって形成されるストリーク パターンを観察できます。ストリーク カメラは、導波路に結合されて励起光の伝搬経路を明らかにします。配置を簡単に試料の表面のイメージを機能と組み合わせてこの連勝の存在。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Tunable external cavity diode laser</td><td>Toptica Photonics</td><td>DL-Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Closed-cycle cryostat</td><td>Montana Instruments</td><td>Cryostation</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer, 750 mm focal length</td><td>Princeton Instruments</td><td>SpectraPro 2750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermoelectrically cooled charge-coupled device</td><td>Princeton Instruments</td><td>Pixis 100BR-eXcelon</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HeNe laser</td><td>JDSU</td><td>1125P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Infrared sensitive camera</td><td>Sony</td><td>NEX-5TL</td><td>IR blocking filter removed</td></tr><tr><td>Power meter and detector</td><td>Newport</td><td>1918-C, 918D-IR-OD3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adjustable aspheric fiber collimator</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>CFC-8X-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Air-Spaced Doublet Collimator</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>F810APC-842</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protected Silver Mirrors x 5</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PF10-03-P01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flip mounts x 2</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>FM90</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aspheric condenser lens, f = 20 mm; K1</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ACL2520-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Best form spherical lens, f = 50 mm; E2, L1, L2, K2</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LBF254-050-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Best form spherical lens, f = 100 mm; E1, L4, K3, K4</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LBF254-100-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Best form spherical lens, f = 200 mm; Lspec, Lcam</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LBF254-200-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plano-convex lens, f = 400 mm; L3</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LA1172-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molded glass aspheric lens, f = 8 mm; Eobj</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>C240TME-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Precision asphere, f = 10 mm; Lobj</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>AL1210-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Longpass Filters, 800 nm, x2</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>FEL0800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-polarizing beam splitter cube (NPBS)</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>BS029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellicle beam splitter</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>BP108</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polarizer</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LPNIRE100-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light emitting diode, 940 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>M940D2</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

resonance fluorescence of an ingaas quantum dot in a planar cavity using orthogonal excitation and detection

同時共鳴励起、蛍光検出を実行する能力は、量子ドット (Qd) の量子光学計測用が重要です。共鳴励起蛍光検出-たとえば、差動伝送測定-なし発光システムのいくつかのプロパティを確認することができますが、アプリケーションまたは放出される光子を用いた測定はできません。たとえば、光子相関測定、Mollow トリプレットの観察、すべて単一光子源の実現、蛍光のコレクションが必要です。インコヒーレント励起-たとえば、上記バンド ギャップ励起-蛍光検出を使用して、単一光子源を作成できます、加振による環境の乱れは、光子の識別不能性を低減します。単一光子源量子ドットに基づく高い光子識別不能性に共鳴励起にしなければならないし、光子の同時コレクションを確認する必要がありますそれらを使用します。サンプルの表面の法線方向に沿って蛍光を収集しながらサンプルの切断面からこの空洞に励起光を結合することによって平面共振器に埋め込まれた単一量子ドットの共鳴励起する方法を紹介します。共振器の導波管モードを励起光を慎重に一致する、励起光は、キャビティにカップルし、量子ドットと対話できます。散乱の光子は、キャビティ表面の法線方向のエスケープのファブリ ・ モードに結合できます。このメソッドにより、検出偏光の完全な自由が、励起分極励起光の伝搬方向によって制限されています。ぬれ層からの蛍光は励起光に対するコレクションのパスを整列するためのガイドを提供します。励起と検出モードの直交性が無視できるレーザー散乱背景を持つ単一量子ドットの共鳴励起を可能にします。

図 1は、単一量子ドットの共鳴励起を達成するために必要な装置の 1 つの特定の認識を示しています。可能な他の認識が重要なコンポーネント:; 導波路にカップルに励起パス蛍光を検出器; にガイドするコレクションのパスコレクション パスに沿って刺激する共焦点励起パス試料表面のイメージングを有効にする照明パス。
<p class="jove_content" ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection at JoVE.com

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

単一自己形成量子ドットの共鳴励起は、励起蛍光コレクション モードに直交モードを使用できます。光導波路と量子ドットを囲む平面微小共振器のファブリ ・ モードを使用して、メソッドを紹介します。メソッドは、検出偏光で完全な自由をことができます。

直交の励起と検出を用いた平面キャビティ内 InGaAs 量子ドットの共鳴蛍光

The ability to perform simultaneous resonant excitation and fluorescence detection is important for quantum optical measurements of quantum dots (QDs). ...

resonance-fluorescence-an-ingaas-quantum-dot-planar-cavity-using

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.1K ビュー.  West Virginia University. 単一自己形成量子ドットの共鳴励起は、励起蛍光コレクション モードに直交モードを使用できます。光導波路と量子ドットを囲む平面微小共振器のファブリ ・ モードを使用して、メソッドを紹介します。メソッドは、検出偏光で完全な自由をことができます。

ビデオ: Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of molecular behaviors that underlie cellular biology 1-4. To image an individual molecule of interest, it is typically conjugated to a fluorescent tag (dye, protein, bead, or quantum dot) and observed with epifluorescence or total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. While dyes and fluorescent proteins have been the mainstay of fluorescence imaging for decades, their fluorescence is unstable under high photon fluxes necessary to observe individual molecules, yielding only a few seconds of observation before complete loss of signal. Latex beads and dye-labeled beads provide improved signal stability but at the expense of drastically larger hydrodynamic size, which can deleteriously alter the diffusion and behavior of the molecule under study.
Quantum dots (QDs) offer a balance between these two problematic regimes. These nanoparticles are composed of semiconductor materials and can be engineered with a hydrodynamically compact size with exceptional resistance to photodegradation 5. Thus in recent years QDs have been instrumental in enabling long-term observation of complex macromolecular behavior on the single molecule level. However these particles have still been found to exhibit impaired diffusion in crowded molecular environments such as the cellular cytoplasm and the neuronal synaptic cleft, where their sizes are still too large 4,6,7.
Recently we have engineered the cores and surface coatings of QDs for minimized hydrodynamic size, while balancing offsets to colloidal stability, photostability, brightness, and nonspecific binding that have hindered the utility of compact QDs in the past 8,9. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the synthesis, modification, and characterization of these optimized nanocrystals, composed of an alloyed HgxCd1-xSe core coated with an insulating CdyZn1-yS shell, further coated with a multidentate polymer ligand modified with short polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains (Figure 1). Compared with conventional CdSe nanocrystals, HgxCd1-xSe alloys offer greater quantum yields of fluorescence, fluorescence at red and near-infrared wavelengths for enhanced signal-to-noise in cells, and excitation at non-cytotoxic visible wavelengths. Multidentate polymer coatings bind to the nanocrystal surface in a closed and flat conformation to minimize hydrodynamic size, and PEG neutralizes the surface charge to minimize nonspecific binding to cells and biomolecules. The end result is a brightly fluorescent nanocrystal with emission between 550-800 nm and a total hydrodynamic size near 12 nm. This is in the same size range as many soluble globular proteins in cells, and substantially smaller than conventional PEGylated QDs (25-35 nm).

We describe the preparation of colloidal quantum dots with minimized hydrodynamic size for single-molecule fluorescence imaging. Compared to conventional quantum dots, these nanoparticles are similar in size to globular proteins and are optimized for single-molecule brightness, stability against photodegradation, and resistance to nonspecific binding to proteins and cells.

1分子蛍光イメージングのためのコンパクトな量子ドット

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for  understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the  spatial and temporal ...

工学

Rejection of Fluorescence Background in Resonance and Spontaneous Raman Microspectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is often plagued by a strong fluorescent background, particularly for biological samples. If a sample is excited with a train of ultrafast pulses, a system that can temporally separate spectrally overlapping signals on a picosecond timescale can isolate promptly arriving Raman scattered light from late-arriving fluorescence light. Here we discuss the construction and operation of a complex nonlinear optical system that uses all-optical switching in the form of a low-power optical Kerr gate to isolate Raman and fluorescence signals. A single 808 nm laser with 2.4 W of average power and 80 MHz repetition rate is split, with approximately 200 mW of 808 nm light being converted to &lt; 5 mW of 404 nm light sent to the sample to excite Raman scattering. The remaining unconverted 808 nm light is then sent to a nonlinear medium where it acts as the pump for the all-optical shutter. The shutter opens and closes in 800 fs with a peak efficiency of approximately 5%. Using this system we are able to successfully separate Raman and fluorescence signals at an 80 MHz repetition rate using pulse energies and average powers that remain biologically safe. Because the system has no spare capacity in terms of optical power, we detail several design and alignment considerations that aid in maximizing the throughput of the system. We also discuss our protocol for obtaining the spatial and temporal overlap of the signal and pump beams within the Kerr medium, as well as a detailed protocol for spectral acquisition. Finally, we report a few representative results of Raman spectra obtained in the presence of strong fluorescence using our time-gating system.

We discuss the construction and operation of a complex nonlinear optical
system that uses ultrafast all-optical switching to isolate Raman from fluorescence
signals. Using this system we are able to successfully separate Raman and fluorescence
signals utilizing pulse energies and average powers that remain biologically safe.

共鳴と自発ラマン顕微の蛍光バックグラウンドの除去

Raman spectroscopy is often plagued by a strong fluorescent background, particularly for biological samples. If a sample is excited with a train of ...

生物工学

Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing

This paper discusses fluorescent core microcavity-based sensors that can operate in a microfluidic analysis setup. These structures are based on the formation of a fluorescent quantum-dot (QD) coating on the channel surface of a conventional microcapillary. Silicon QDs are especially attractive for this application, owing in part to their negligible toxicity compared to the II-VI and II-VI compound QDs, which are legislatively controlled substances in many countries. While the ensemble emission spectrum is broad and featureless, an Si-QD film on the channel wall of a capillary features a set of sharp, narrow peaks in the fluorescence spectrum, corresponding to the electromagnetic resonances for light trapped within the film. The peak wavelength of these resonances is sensitive to the external medium, thus permitting the device to function as a refractometric sensor in which the QDs never come into physical contact with the analyte. The experimental methods associated with the fabrication of the fluorescent-core microcapillaries are discussed in detail, as well as the analysis methods. Finally, a comparison is made between these structures and the more widely investigated liquid-core optical ring resonators, in terms of microfluidic sensing capabilities.

Fluorescent-core microcavity sensors employ a high-index quantum-dot coating in the channel of silica microcapillaries. Changes in the refractive index of fluids pumped into the capillary channel cause shifts in the microcavity fluorescence spectrum that can be used to analyze the channel medium.

Refractometricセンシング用蛍光コアマイクロキャビティの合成と操作

This paper discusses  fluorescent core microcavity-based sensors that can operate in a microfluidic  analysis setup. These structures are based on the ...

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

A quantum computer is a computer composed of quantum bits (qubits) that takes advantage of quantum effects, such as superposition of states and entanglement, to solve certain problems exponentially faster than with the best known algorithms on a classical computer. Gate-defined lateral quantum dots on GaAs/AlGaAs are one of many avenues explored for the implementation of a qubit. When properly fabricated, such a device is able to trap a small number of electrons in a certain region of space. The spin states of these electrons can then be used to implement the logical 0 and 1 of the quantum bit. Given the nanometer scale of these quantum dots, cleanroom facilities offering specialized equipment- such as scanning electron microscopes and e-beam evaporators- are required for their fabrication. Great care must be taken throughout the fabrication process to maintain cleanliness of the sample surface and to avoid damaging the fragile gates of the structure. This paper presents the detailed fabrication protocol of gate-defined lateral quantum dots from the wafer to a working device. Characterization methods and representative results are also briefly discussed. Although this paper concentrates on double quantum dots, the fabrication process remains the same for single or triple dots or even arrays of quantum dots. Moreover, the protocol can be adapted to fabricate lateral quantum dots on other substrates, such as Si/SiGe.

This paper presents a detailed fabrication protocol for gate-defined semiconductor lateral quantum dots on gallium arsenide heterostructures. These nanoscale devices are used to trap few electrons for use as quantum bits in quantum information processing or for other mesoscopic experiments such as coherent conductance measurements.

ゲート定義のGaAs / AlGaAs系横量子ドットのナノファブリケーション

A quantum computer is a computer composed of quantum bits (qubits) that takes advantage of quantum effects, such as superposition of states and ...

Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing

The application of femtosecond four-wave mixing to the study of fundamental properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors ((s,p)-d hybridization, spin-flip scattering) is described, using experiments on GaMnAs as a prototype III-Mn-V system.&#160; Spectrally-resolved and time-resolved experimental configurations are described, including the use of zero-background autocorrelation techniques for pulse optimization.&#160; The etching process used to prepare GaMnAs samples for four-wave mixing experiments is also highlighted.&#160; The high temporal resolution of this technique, afforded by the use of short (20 fsec) optical pulses, permits the rapid spin-flip scattering process in this system to be studied directly in the time domain, providing new insight into the strong exchange coupling responsible for carrier-mediated ferromagnetism.&#160; We also show that spectral resolution of the four-wave mixing signal allows one to extract clear signatures of (s,p)-d hybridization in this system, unlike linear spectroscopy techniques.&#160;&#160; This increased sensitivity is due to the nonlinearity of the technique, which suppresses defect-related contributions to the optical response. This method may be used to measure the time scale for coherence decay (tied to the fastest scattering processes) in a wide variety of semiconductor systems of interest for next generation electronics and optoelectronics.

The technique of femtosecond four-wave mixing is described, including spectrally-resolved and time-resolved configurations. We illustrate the utility of this technique for the investigation of crucial physical properties in the III-V diluted magnetic semiconductors, afforded by its nonlinearity and high temporal resolution.

フェムト秒四光波混合を用いてのGaMnAsコヒーレンス崩壊の測定

The application of femtosecond four-wave mixing to the study of fundamental properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors ((s,p)-d hybridization, ...

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing its free spectral range (FSR), the module is put in parallel with a fiber taper-microcavity system and then calibrated through isolating and eliminating random shifts in the laser frequency (i.e. laser jitter noise). To realize the taper-microcavity junction and to maximize the optical power that is transferred to the resonator, a single-mode optical fiber waveguide is pulled. Solutions containing polystyrene nanobeads are then prepared and flown to the microcavity in order to demonstrate the system&#8217;s ability to sense binding to the surface of the microcavity. Data is post-processed via adaptive curve fitting, which allows for high-resolution measurements of the quality factor as well as the plotting of time-dependent parameters, such as resonant wavelength and split frequency shifts. By carefully inspecting steps in the time-domain response and shifting in the frequency-domain response, this instrument can quantify discrete binding events.

A reference interferometer technique, which is designed to remove undesirable laser jitter noise for nanodetection, is utilized for probing an ultra-high quality factor microcavity. Instructions for assembly, setup, and data acquisition are provided, alongside the measurement process for specifying the cavity quality factor.

Nanodetectionのリファレンス干渉計の実装

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing ...

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states are indeed the resources for implementing various protocols, ranging from enhanced metrology to quantum communication and computing. A variety of devices can be used to generate non-classical states, such as single emitters, light-matter interfaces or non-linear systems3. We focus here on the use of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator3,4. This system is based on a non-linear &#967;2 crystal inserted inside an optical cavity and it is now well-known as a very efficient source of non-classical light, such as single-mode or two-mode squeezed vacuum depending on the crystal phase matching. 
Squeezed vacuum is a Gaussian state as its quadrature distributions follow a Gaussian statistics. However, it has been shown that number of protocols require non-Gaussian states5. Generating directly such states is a difficult task and would require strong &#967;3 non-linearities. Another procedure, probabilistic but heralded, consists in using a measurement-induced non-linearity via a conditional preparation technique operated on Gaussian states. Here, we detail this generation protocol for two non-Gaussian states, the single-photon state and a superposition of coherent states, using two differently phase-matched parametric oscillators as primary resources. This technique enables achievement of a high fidelity with the targeted state and generation of the state in a well-controlled spatiotemporal mode.

We describe the reliable generation of non-Gaussian states of traveling optical fields, including single-photon states and coherent state superpositions, using a conditional preparation method operated on the non-classical light emitted by optical parametric oscillators. Type-I and type-II phase-matched oscillators are considered and common procedures, such as the required frequency filtering or the high-efficiency quantum state characterization by homodyning, are detailed.

連続波光パラメトリック発振器の光の量子状態エンジニアリング

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states ...

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

High resolution optical spectroscopy methods are demanding in terms of either technology, equipment, complexity, time or a combination of these. Here we demonstrate an optical spectroscopy method that is capable of resolving spectral features beyond that of the spin fine structure and homogeneous linewidth of single quantum dots (QDs) using a standard, easy-to-use spectrometer setup. This method incorporates both laser and photoluminescence spectroscopy, combining the advantage of laser line-width limited resolution with multi-channel photoluminescence detection. Such a scheme allows for considerable improvement of resolution over that of a common single-stage spectrometer. The method uses phonons to assist in the measurement of the photoluminescence of a single quantum dot after resonant excitation of its ground state transition. The phonon&#39;s energy difference allows one to separate and filter out the laser light exciting the quantum dot. An advantageous feature of this method is its straight forward integration into standard spectroscopy setups, which are accessible to most researchers.

The manuscript describes a method of phonon-assisted quasi-resonant fluorescence spectroscopy that incorporates both laser-limited resolution and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. This method utilizes optical phonons to provide linewidth-limited resolution spectra of atom-like semiconductor structures in the energy domain. The method is also easily realized with a single spectrometer optical spectroscopy setup.

高解像度フォノンアシスト準共鳴蛍光分光

High resolution optical spectroscopy methods are demanding in terms of either technology, equipment, complexity, time or a combination of these. Here we ...

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

We have developed a unique method to measure the excitation and coupling rates between the light emitters and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) arising from metallic periodic arrays without involving time-resolved techniques. We have formulated the rates by quantities that can be measured by simple optical measurements. The instrumentation based on angle- and polarization-resolved reflectivity and photoluminescence spectroscopy will be described in detail here. Our approach is intriguing due to its simplicity, which requires routine optics and several mechanical stages, and thus is highly affordable to most of the research laboratories.

This protocol describes the instrumentation for determining the excitation and coupling rates between light emitters and Bloch-like surface plasmon polaritons arising from periodic arrays.

励起と発光と表面プラズモンのレートを結合の定量

We have developed a unique method to measure the excitation and coupling rates between the light emitters and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) arising ...

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species in the ppm-to-single-percent range. The main purpose of the method is the spatially resolved detection of low-concentration species, which have no transitions in the visible or near-IR spectral range that could be used for detection. IR-DFWM is a nonintrusive method, which is a great advantage in combustion research, as inserting a probe into a flame can change it drastically. The IR-DFWM is combined with upconversion detection. This detection scheme uses sum-frequency generation to move the IR-DFWM signal from the mid-IR to the near-IR region, to take advantage of the superior noise characteristics of silicon-based detectors. This process also rejects most of the thermal background radiation. The focus of the protocol presented here is on the proper alignment of the IR-DFWM optics and on how to align an intracavity upconversion detection system.

Here, we present a protocol to perform sensitive, spatially resolved gas spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region, using degenerate four-wave mixing combined with upconversion detection.

定量のガスを検知用アップコン バージョン検知赤外線縮退四光波混合

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species ...

直交の励起と検出を用いた平面キャビティ内 InGaAs 量子ドットの共鳴蛍光

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この動画の章

1分子蛍光イメージングのためのコンパクトな量子ドット

共鳴と自発ラマン顕微の蛍光バックグラウンドの除去

Refractometricセンシング用蛍光コアマイクロキャビティの合成と操作

ゲート定義のGaAs / AlGaAs系横量子ドットのナノファブリケーション

フェムト秒四光波混合を用いてのGaMnAsコヒーレンス崩壊の測定

Nanodetectionのリファレンス干渉計の実装

連続波光パラメトリック発振器の光の量子状態エンジニアリング

高解像度フォノンアシスト準共鳴蛍光分光

励起と発光と表面プラズモンのレートを結合の定量

定量のガスを検知用アップコンバージョン検知赤外線縮退四光波混合

直交の励起と検出を用いた平面キャビティ内 InGaAs 量子ドットの共鳴蛍光

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

1分子蛍光イメージングのためのコンパクトな量子ドット

共鳴と自発ラマン顕微の蛍光バックグラウンドの除去

Refractometricセンシング用蛍光コアマイクロキャビティの合成と操作

ゲート定義のGaAs / AlGaAs系横量子ドットのナノファブリケーション

フェムト秒四光波混合を用いてのGaMnAsコヒーレンス崩壊の測定

Nanodetectionのリファレンス干渉計の実装

連続波光パラメトリック発振器の光の量子状態エンジニアリング

高解像度フォノンアシスト準共鳴蛍光分光

励起と発光と表面プラズモンのレートを結合の定量

定量のガスを検知用アップコン バージョン検知赤外線縮退四光波混合

定量のガスを検知用アップコンバージョン検知赤外線縮退四光波混合