著者は、Pieter Schiphorst セットアップの設計の彼の役割のため、数字の 1 と 3 のグラフィックを提供するためと役に立つ議論のため Marnix ネーバーと図 6 に彼の貢献をありがとうございます。著者はまた図 1 および公開論文1から 6 を再利用するための研究者や出版社を認めます。

制度レビュー ボードのミシガン州立大学によって承認されたこのプロトコル。
 1 ですシステムの構築 <ol><li>参考 <ol><li>準備ミラーのセットアップ、に示されている古典的なホイートストン万国実体写真 28 バリアント 図 1。、参加者に対して 45 ° の角度で配置されている 2 つのミラーから成る &#39; s 正中線。ミラーは、お互いに直面して、テーブルの両端に配置されている 2 つのスクリーンからの刺激を反映します</li>。
		<li>鏡の前で参加者の座席、それらそれぞれの目で、別のミラーによって反映される別の画面を表示します。最高の結果を得るには、参加者を安定させるため頭の残りの部分を使用して、&#39; s 頭</li>。
		<li>は、カメラと参加者の前で、ミラーの後ろに蛍光灯器具を含む赤外線敏感なビデオベースの目追跡システムを配置します。目の追跡者は 図 1 のボックスで表される 。
		注: このタイプの通常設定で目を追跡しようとしたときの課題の 1 つはミラーによって目がふさがれて</li>。
		<li>使用多い広告として、2 つの前部表面ミラー &#34; コールド ミラー &#34; (入射角度: 45 °)、可視波長の反射率を完全に近い、近赤外波長 (表 1 を参照詳細の完全に近い伝送機能ミラーについて). 
		注: そのようなミラーは通常このようなコンポーネントを一覧表示科学および工業用の光学機器を供給する企業を介して取得することができます &#39; はコールド ミラー &#39; の型として、または &#39; ダイクロイック ミラー &#39; (資料で詳細を参照してください/機器表)。
		<table border="1"fo:keep-together.within-page="1"fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>セットアップ 1</td> <td>セットアップ 2</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="3"> ミラー</td> <td>寸法</td> <td>10.10× 12.70 cm</td> <td>10.10 × 12.70 cm</td></tr> <tr><td>反射</td> <td>400 ~ 690 nm</td> <td>425 〜 650 nm</td></tr> <tr><td>伝送</td> <td>750 〜 1200 nm</td> <td>800 ~ 1200 nm</td></tr> < tr> <td rowspan="2"> 目トラッカー</td> <td>ブランド</td> <td>研究終わり目トラッカー</td> <td>カスタマー グレード目トラッカー</td></tr> <tr><td>伝送</td> <td>890 〜 940 nm</td> <td>約 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>
		 テーブル 1。私たちが働いているセットアップの 2 つのバージョンの詳細 。
		目の追跡者 &#39; s 伝送波長範囲はミラーで覆われて &#39; 伝送範囲 45 ° 入射角が反射率に範囲</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>セットアップの構造 <ol><li>、机の上にセットアップをビルドします。ミラー、目の追跡者のほか有機質繊維板製特注の 3 つの要素からだけ成って (組み立てガイドの 図 2 を参照) と普通のオフィスからのモニター - 腕使用可能な 2 つのフラット スクリーン モニター供給店</li>。
		<li>有機質繊維板要素 <ol><li>ファイバーボードの 3 つのコンポーネントからセットアップのフレームワークを構築する: 1 つの中心的なコンポーネントとそれぞれの 2 つの参照ボード側 (一般的な位置決め、テーブルの 図 1 を参照してください。各コンポーネントの組み立てガイドの詳細な寸法と 図 2 の 2)。マット黒で光の拡散を減らすためにこれらのすべての部分を描画します 。
			注: 中央コンポーネントは、ミラーと目トラッカーを保持 ( 図 2 b と 2 D を参照してください)。両方が同じ高原参加者の目追跡システムをこのように保つ &#39; 目のレベル</li>。
			<li>は、机の前の深さ 8 cm の葉それなど、このコンポーネントの最上位の要素を配置します。このような配置により、参加者に十分な余地 &#39; s 顔ヘッド残りの安定化し、参加者の間の距離を最小限に抑えながら、有効期限中にミラーの結露を回避 &#39; s 目と最大限にミラー、参加者の使用 &#39; s 視野</li>。
			<li>は、下画面の簡単な手動校正用モニター (組み立てガイドの位置決めと 図 2 のパネル A と C の 図 1 を参照) を直進 2 つのリファレンスボードを配置します。画面と基板間 図 1 に明らかなオフセットは限られた深さのため、キューのイメージにボードは両面にモニター下を直進、</li>。
			一方、長い垂直のままこれらのボードにキャリブレーション ・ ボード (下記参照) を安定化の容易さのため机の前面を超えて 4 cm <li>はまさに机の端と長いステムを合わせます。2 つの小さい垂直縦に長い滞在になります、モニターの参照として垂直</li>。
			<li>は、必要に応じて、校正板として有機質繊維板の別の部分を使用 ( 図 3 参照)。この場合、モニターの最適な位置を取得後リファレンス基板に対してキャリブレーション ・ ボードの位置、場所中、リファレンスボードとキャリブレーション ボード上のモニターの位置を示す (の例では、< 強いクラス ="xfig"> 図 3、木製のスラットを提供これらの徴候).</li>
			これはモニターの位置を必要なときに <li>が失われる (誤って他の実験は、別の位置を必要とするため、または)、相対的に同じ場所に戻って、・ キャリブレーション ・ ボードを配置する校正基板のマーキングを使用して、この位置を取得、机の上の固定位置を持つリファレンス ボードです。モニターに移動もう一度ライン適切なマーキング (2.1.1 の手順を参照してください。 詳細については)。
			<table border="1"fo:keep-together.within-page="1"fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td>コンポーネント</td> <td>寸法 (cm)</td> <td>数</td> <td>の発言</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4"> 中央コンポーネント </td > <td>80 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>水平トップ</td></tr> <tr><td>23 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>水平底面</td></tr> <tr><td>21 × 32 × 2</td> <td>1</td>
						<td>中央の垂直</td></tr>
					<tr><td>32 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>正面の垂直</td></tr>
					<tr><td rowspan="3"> リファレンスボード</td> <td>61 × 11 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>横長</td></tr>
					<tr><td>長い縦</td> <td>66 × 29 × 2</td> <td>2</td></tr>
					<tr><td>11 × 15 × 2</td> <td>4</td> <td>小さな垂直</td></tr></tbody></table> テーブル 2。有機質繊維板コンポーネントの詳細情報</li>。
		</ol></li> <li>モニターとミラー <ol><li>標準的なオフィスの机の上にセットアップを配置します</li>。
			<li>は、標準的なモニター アーム (リファレンス ボードと机をクランプ) 机の側にクランプで 2 台のフラット スクリーン モニターをマウントします。これらの武器は、3 つの次元の翻訳だけでなく、画面の平面の回転を許可します。従来の CRT モニターは、明らかに、セットアップにも対応、位置決め、再配置の点で同じ柔軟性の余裕がない</li>。
			<li>は、ストックはコールド ミラー同じのサプライヤーによって目的のため販売されているミラー マウントのミラーをマウントします。これらのマウントを参加者でミラーを持って繊維ボードに接続 &#39; 目のレベル。参加者の前にセンターで角度を 90 ° に触れるミラー位置 &#39; s 鼻</li>。
		</ol></li> <li>残りの要素 注: いくつかの実験を必要とする彼らの目のコーナーから画面を見ていない参加者は、画面 ( 図 4 a の破線) に直接視界避けるべきであります。
		<ol><li>その場合、作成 &#34; 目隠し &#34; 黒段ボールと発泡パッド穴ストラップ黒で描かれて、頭の記事に取り付けます ( 図 4 b を参照してください) を残り。個々 の参加者に合わせて角度と高さで目隠しを調整します。参加者の前に壁の反射率が高い場合は、黒の生地の部分をぶら下げ役立つこの問題を解決します</li>。
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2。システムを使用して <ol><li>ハードウェアキャリブレーション 注: 校正の目的は 2 つのモニターの融合の容易にするため 2 つのモニターの満足な配置を達成するために、&#39; 各参加者の画像。これは 2 つの手順で実現することができます: ハードウェアキャリブレーション (ここを参照) およびソフトウェアのキャリブレーション (後述)。
	<ol><li>上記のようにキャリブレーション ・ ボードを使用するとき参照ボードのいずれかでそれを整列、C クランプを必要な場合とそれを保持し、校正基板上必要な基準線と並ぶ、対応するモニターを移動します。モニターは、互いに平行でなければなりません、そのリファレンス基板上まっすぐする必要があります</li>。
		<li>目隠しを使用する場合は、参加者に移動 &#39; s 目のレベル、すなわち、正中線に向かってそれらを回転少しより内側に、モニターの向きと比較して。それぞれの目が、それのいずれかを直接見ることがなく鏡で全体の視覚的刺激を見ることができるかどうかを確認します。正中線からではなくへ目隠しを回して参加者を最小限に &#39; 他の視覚入力への暴露です</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>ソフトウェアのキャリブレーション <ol><li>参加者が頭部の残りの使用にもかかわらずミラーを基準にして自分の目の位置で異なる場合がありますので調整の実験を行う前に更なります。この部分は最も簡単にソフトウェアで行われ、すなわち設定を移動することがなく &#39; s 部品いずれかさらにします。2 つの方法があります。
		<ol><li>、最初の交替に 2 つの画面の各ドットを提示、画面 (または反対の方向の両方) のいずれかで、ドットを移動することによって知覚位置の変更を排除するために参加者に指示します</li>。
			<li>2 番目のメソッドでは、2 つのドットではなく実験的刺激の枠を配置するように参加者に指示するので、両方の目 &#39; visual フィールド特定の実験に不可欠な配置されます</li>。
		</ol></li> <li>どちらの方法は、実験で得られる刺激の画面位置センターを適用した後。眠プレゼンテーション一般に見つけることができます他の場所 5 の表示と刺激の設定の他の側面です</li>。
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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C., Bex, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Quantitative+Assessment+of+Metamorphopsia+in+MaculopathyQuantitative+Assessment+of+Metamorphopsia.">Novel Quantitative Assessment of Metamorphopsia in MaculopathyQuantitative Assessment of Metamorphopsia.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 56 (1), 494-504 (2015).</li><li>Wheatstone, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributions+to+the+Physiology+of+Vision.--Part+the+First.+On+Some+Remarkable,+and+Hitherto+Unobserved,+Phenomena+of+Binocular+Vision.">Contributions to the Physiology of Vision.--Part the First. On Some Remarkable, and Hitherto Unobserved, Phenomena of Binocular Vision.</a> Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 128, 371-394 (1838).</li><li>Beach, G., Cohen, C. J., Braun, J., Moody, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+tracker+system+for+use+with+head+mounted+displays.">Eye tracker system for use with head mounted displays.</a> 1998 IEEE Int. Conf. Syst. Man. 5, 4348-4352 (1998).</li><li>Gibaldi, A., Vanegas, M., Bex, P. J., Maiello, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+Tobii+EyeX+Eye+tracking+controller+and+Matlab+toolkit+for+research.">Evaluation of the Tobii EyeX Eye tracking controller and Matlab toolkit for research.</a> Behav. Res. Methods. , 1-24 (2016).</li><li>Fox, R., Todd, S., Bettinger, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optokinetic+nystagmus+as+an+objective+indicator+of+binocular+rivalry.">Optokinetic nystagmus as an objective indicator of binocular rivalry.</a> Vision Res. 15 (7), 849-853 (1975).</li><li>Leopold, D. A., Fitzgibbons, J. C., Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Attention+in+Binocular+Rivalry+as+Revealed+through+Optokinetic+Nystagmus.">The Role of Attention in Binocular Rivalry as Revealed through Optokinetic Nystagmus.</a> , (1995).</li><li>Zaretskaya, N., Thielscher, A., Logothetis, N. K., Bartels, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupting+Parietal+Function+Prolongs+Dominance+Durations+in+Binocular+Rivalry.">Disrupting Parietal Function Prolongs Dominance Durations in Binocular Rivalry.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (23), 2106-2111 (2010).</li><li>Robinson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+of+Measuring+Eye+Movemnent+Using+a+Scieral+Search+Coil+in+a+Magnetic+Field.">A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field.</a> IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Electron. 10 (4), 137-145 (1963).</li><li>Kalisvaart, J. P., Goossens, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Retinal+Image+Shifts+and+Extra-Retinal+Eye+Movement+Signals+on+Binocular+Rivalry+Alternations.">Influence of Retinal Image Shifts and Extra-Retinal Eye Movement Signals on Binocular Rivalry Alternations.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (4), e61702 (2013).</li><li>Fr&#228;ssle, S., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Naber, M., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+rivalry:+frontal+activity+relates+to+introspection+and+action+but+not+to+perception.">Binocular rivalry: frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception.</a> J. Neurosci. 34 (5), 1738-1747 (2014).</li><li>Duchowski, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+Eye+Tracking+in+Virtual+Reality+for+Inspection+Training.">Binocular Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality for Inspection Training.</a> Proc. 2000 Symp. Eye Track. Res. Appl. , 89-96 (2000).</li><li>Hayashi, R., Tanifuji, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+image+is+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry?+Reading+perceptual+status+from+eye+movements.">Which image is in awareness during binocular rivalry? Reading perceptual status from eye movements.</a> J. Vis. 12 (3), 5-5 (2012).</li><li>van Dam, L. C. J., van Ee, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+image+shifts,+but+not+eye+movements+per+se,+cause+alternations+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry.">Retinal image shifts, but not eye movements per se, cause alternations in awareness during binocular rivalry.</a> J. Vis. 6 (11), 3-3 (2006).</li><li>Maiello, G., Chessa, M., Solari, F., Bex, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulated+disparity+and+peripheral+blur+interact+during+binocular+fusionShort+Title??.">Simulated disparity and peripheral blur interact during binocular fusionShort Title??.</a> J. Vis. 14 (8), 13-13 (2014).</li><li>Vinnikov, M., Allison, R. S., Fernandes, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+depth+of+field+simulation+on+visual+fatigue:+Who+are+impacted?+and+how?.">Impact of depth of field simulation on visual fatigue: Who are impacted? and how?.</a> Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 91, 37-51 (2016).</li><li>Tsuchiya, N., Wilke, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Lamme, V. A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No-Report+Paradigms:+Extracting+the+True+Neural+Correlates+of+Consciousness.">No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness.</a> Trends Cogn. Sci. 19 (12), 757-770 (2015).</li><li>Naber, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+Rivalry:+Reflexes+Reveal+the+Gradual+Nature+of+Visual+Awareness.">Perceptual Rivalry: Reflexes Reveal the Gradual Nature of Visual Awareness.</a> PLOS ONE. 6 (6), e20910 (2011).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

建設の使用により、両方の目の同時追跡実験のセットアップのステップ バイ ステップ ガイドを提案して視覚刺激の眠プレゼンテーション。眠刺激が使用されている多くの状況で効果的な目追跡を防止する重要な問題は、眠プレゼンテーション用ミラーが目のビデオベースのトラッカーの視力をブロックです。これはここで赤外線透過ミラーと赤外光に高感度アイト ラッカーを使用して解決...

通常の視聴条件の下でそれぞれの私たちの目はわずかに異なる視覚入力を受け取ります。これは、入力は、世界の 1 つの一貫した、立体表現を生成する処理されます。眠のプレゼンテーションの 2 つ目のそれぞれに発表入力を独立に制御する練習ができ人間が 2 つの二次元網膜像2 からの立体表現に再構築を研究に研究、3,4。さらに、2 つ目のイメージがあまりにも異なる、この両眼の組み合わせが失敗すると、オブザーバーは代わりにしながら時に画像の 1 つだけの知覚を報告他両眼5などの現象で、抑制されたままとフラッシュ抑制が連続6。このような両眼の抑制の研究者、あまりにも眠プレゼンテーションこのケースで使用意識7、知覚の選択8,9と無意識の神経の軌跡のようなトピックに関連する質問を確認するには10を処理します。
視線・瞳孔ダイナミクスは、知覚と人間行動に関する研究で複数の目的のために記録されます。視線方向、例えば、注意配分11,10,13と決定について知らせることができます瞳孔が視覚処理15の側面を明らかにしながら14日を作る 16、タスク婚約17、または流動性知能18。
眠プレゼンテーションと視線を組み合わせることは、例えば、3 つの次元 (3 D) 知覚19,20,21,22または視覚的に眼球に研究に便利両眼間抑制23,24,25の中に入力します。たとえば、眼球運動は、フラッシュ抑制が連続23中に主観的な認識せず無意識処理を明らかに発見されています。臨床視覚研究者は眠に影響を与える 2 つの目非対称的、たとえば、単眼と双眼視界のゆがみの発生を監視するのに眼疾患を調査するのにプレゼンテーション中に両方の目を追跡するのに機能を使用できます。弱視26と黄斑症27。
我々 は最近、刺激の色または高品質ビデオ ベースのアイトラッ キングとサイズに少し制限がある眠刺激の組み合わせは、セットアップ1を説明し、その性能を評価しました。以下我々 は建設とこのセットアップの使用をまとめてみました。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 1</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>&amp;nbsp;#64-452</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 400 ~ 690 nm; Transmission: 750 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 2</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>Item discontinued</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Other Mirror Option</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>#62-634</td><td>dimensions 12.50 &amp;times; 12.50 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 1</td><td>SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada</td><td>Eyelink 1000</td><td>Transmission: 890 ~ 940 nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 2</td><td>The Eye Tribe Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark</td><td>Eye Tribe (item discontinued)</td><td>Transmission: around 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker

2 つ目、眠プレゼンテーションにさまざまな刺激のプレゼンテーションは、3 D ビジョンと両眼間抑制を含む研究に不可欠です。特に両眼間抑制に関する研究のための瞳孔と眼球運動対策のユニークな実験値に成長する文献があります。しばしば眠プレゼンテーション、眠プレゼンテーション (例えばミラー) に不可欠なハードウェアを利用する研究が高品質視線、特にビデオ ベースの目を使用する場合と干渉するアイトラッ キング対策を得るために有益な情報だろうトラッカー。我々 は最近赤外線透過ミラー1を使用して赤外線の目追跡システムと標準的な眠プレゼンテーション システムを組み合わせた実験のセットアップを説明します。セットアップは、標準的なモニターと、目トラッカーの実装が簡単かつ手頃な価格 (米国 $1,000) の順序と互換性が。既存のメソッドに相対しない特別な装置を必要として自然と視覚刺激の質のいくつかの制限をポーズの利点があります。ここで建設し、我々 のセットアップの使用して視覚的なガイドを提供します。

プロトコルに記載されているキャリブレーション後の場所でミラーで問題もなく校正検証プロシージャを実行しました。メソッドの有効性を明確に示して図 5(研究終わり目追跡システムを使用して) カメラのイメージを表わす場所にミラー付き。参加者の鼻に沿って平行な線と、眉の上のラインの 2 つのセットのミラーのエッジが、それにもか?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

最近眠視覚刺激呈示と両眼眼球1を同時に追跡できる方法を提案します。キーは、赤外線の目追跡システムと対応する赤外線透過ミラーの組み合わせです。この原稿は、深さで初期セットアップおよび日常の操作のためのプロトコル。

アイト ラッカーを含む眠プレゼンテーション システムを構築する方法

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

how-to-build-dichoptic-presentation-system-that-includes-an-eye

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.4K ビュー.  Michigan State University. 最近眠視覚刺激呈示と両眼眼球1を同時に追跡できる方法を提案します。キーは、赤外線の目追跡システムと対応する赤外線透過ミラーの組み合わせです。この原稿は、深さで初期セットアップおよび日常の操作のためのプロトコル。

ビデオ: How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

眼球運動を用いてテキスト理解に関与する認知過程を評価する

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

行動学

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank yesterday."), however such reports can often be unreliable or sensitive to response bias 1, and may be unobtainable in some participant populations. Furthermore, explicit reports only reveal when information has reached consciousness and cannot comment on when memories were accessed during processing, regardless of whether the information is subsequently accessed in a conscious manner. Eye movement monitoring (eye tracking) provides a tool by which memory can be probed without asking participants to comment on the contents of their memories, and access of such memories can be revealed on-line 2,3. Video-based eye trackers (either head-mounted or remote) use a system of cameras and infrared markers to examine the pupil and corneal reflection in each eye as the participant views a display monitor. For head-mounted eye trackers, infrared markers are also used to determine head position to allow for head movement and more precise localization of eye position. Here, we demonstrate the use of a head-mounted eye tracking system to investigate memory performance in neurologically-intact and neurologically-impaired adults. Eye movement monitoring procedures begin with the placement of the eye tracker on the participant, and setup of the head and eye cameras. Calibration and validation procedures are conducted to ensure accuracy of eye position recording. Real-time recordings of X,Y-coordinate positions on the display monitor are then converted and used to describe periods of time in which the eye is static (i.e. fixations) versus in motion (i.e., saccades). Fixations and saccades are time-locked with respect to the onset/offset of a visual display or another external event (e.g. button press). Experimental manipulations are constructed to examine how and when patterns of fixations and saccades are altered through different types of prior experience. The influence of memory is revealed in the extent to which scanning patterns to new images differ from scanning patterns to images that have been previously studied 2, 4-5. Memory can also be interrogated for its specificity; for instance, eye movement patterns that differ between an identical and an altered version of a previously studied image reveal the storage of the altered detail in memory 2-3, 6-8. These indices of memory can be compared across participant populations, thereby providing a powerful tool by which to examine the organization of memory in healthy individuals, and the specific changes that occur to memory with neurological insult or decline 2-3, 8-10.

Eye movement monitoring (or eye tracking) reveals where in space the eyes linger, when and for how long. Here, we demonstrate how eye tracking can be used to investigate the integrity of memory in multiple participant populations, without requiring verbal, or otherwise explicit, reports.

メモリの眼球運動のモニタリング

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank ...

神経科学

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes：眼球運動実験のためのモジュラ式のソフトウェアシステム

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

自閉症幼児を追跡する目

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

医学

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

視覚的に位置の言語理解の中に目の追跡: 柔軟性の視覚的文脈の発見の効果の制限

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

読書中に理解および眼球運動に基づく回帰眼球運動を区別するアイトラッ キング

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

失調スペクトルに目と手のコーディネーションを効率的に記録

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world around them. Eye tracking is a safe and non-invasive way to collect gaze data from infants, and the preferential looking paradigm is simple to design and only requires the infant to be attending to the screen. By simultaneously showing two visual stimuli that differ in one dimension, we can assess whether infants show different looking behavior for either stimulus, thus demonstrating sensitivity to that difference. The challenges in such experimental approaches are that experiments must be kept brief (no more than 10 min) and be carefully controlled such that the two stimuli differ in only one way. The interpretation of null results must also be carefully considered. In this paper, we illustrate a successful example of an infant eye tracking study with a preferential looking paradigm to discover that 6-month-olds are sensitive to linguistic cues in a signed language despite having no prior exposure to signed language, suggesting that infants possess intrinsic or innate sensitivities to these cues.

Eye tracking studies using a preferential looking paradigm can be used to study infants&#39;&#160;emerging understanding of, and attention to, their external visual world.

アイトラッキングと優遇的見た目のパラダイムを用いた視覚言語に対する幼児の感受性の探求

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency sensors, such as eye-trackers, electrodermal activity wristbands, EEG bands, and motion sensors provide observations at the millisecond level. This level of precision allows researchers to collect large datasets on social interactions. In this paper, I discuss how multiple eye-trackers can capture a fundamental construct in social interactions, joint visual attention (JVA). JVA has been studied by developmental psychologists to understand how children acquire language, learning scientists to understand how small groups of learners work together, and social scientists to understand interactions in small teams. This paper describes a methodology for capturing JVA in colocated settings using mobile eye-trackers. It presents some empirical results and discusses implications of capturing microobservations to understand social interactions.

Using multimodal sensors is a promising way to understand the role of social interactions in educational settings. This paper describes a methodology for capturing joint visual attention from colocated dyads using mobile eye-trackers.

モバイルアイトラッカーを用いた関節視覚注意を捉える方法論

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency ...

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Presented here is a protocol for assessing binocular eye movements and gaze-controlled central visual field screening in participants with central vision loss.

ジコプティック視視条件における双眼中央視野と双眼運動の評価

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...

アイトラッカーを含む眠プレゼンテーションシステムを構築する方法

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

眼球運動を用いてテキスト理解に関与する認知過程を評価する

メモリの眼球運動のモニタリング

VisualEyes：眼球運動実験のためのモジュラ式のソフトウェアシステム

自閉症幼児を追跡する目

視覚的に位置の言語理解の中に目の追跡: 柔軟性の視覚的文脈の発見の効果の制限

読書中に理解および眼球運動に基づく回帰眼球運動を区別するアイトラッキング

失調スペクトルに目と手のコーディネーションを効率的に記録

アイトラッキングと優遇的見た目のパラダイムを用いた視覚言語に対する幼児の感受性の探求

モバイルアイトラッカーを用いた関節視覚注意を捉える方法論

ジコプティック視視条件における双眼中央視野と双眼運動の評価

アイト ラッカーを含む眠プレゼンテーション システムを構築する方法

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

眼球運動を用いてテキスト理解に関与する認知過程を評価する

メモリの眼球運動のモニタリング

VisualEyes：眼球運動実験のためのモジュラ式のソフトウェアシステム

自閉症幼児を追跡する目

視覚的に位置の言語理解の中に目の追跡: 柔軟性の視覚的文脈の発見の効果の制限

読書中に理解および眼球運動に基づく回帰眼球運動を区別するアイトラッ キング

失調スペクトルに目と手のコーディネーションを効率的に記録

アイトラッキングと優遇的見た目のパラダイムを用いた視覚言語に対する幼児の感受性の探求

モバイルアイトラッカーを用いた関節視覚注意を捉える方法論

ジコプティック視視条件における双眼中央視野と双眼運動の評価

アイトラッカーを含む眠プレゼンテーションシステムを構築する方法

読書中に理解および眼球運動に基づく回帰眼球運動を区別するアイトラッキング