Name: subsurface defect localization by structured heating using laser projected photothermal thermography
Uploaded: 2017-05-15T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 34 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography at JoVE.com

Taarna StudemundとHagen Wendlerに実験設定の写真を撮ってもらい、Figureの出版の準備をしてくれたことに感謝したいと思います。さらに、Anne Hildebrandt氏とSreedhar Unnikrishnakurup氏、Alexander Battig氏、Felix Fritzsche氏に感謝の言葉を述べていただきました。

<ol>
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WCNDT 2016. , 6 (2016).</li><li>Mandelis, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Diffusion-Wave Fields: mathematical methods and Green functions. , (2001).</li><li>Almond, D., Patel, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Photothermal Science and Techniques. 10, (1996).</li><li>Salazar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+propagation+of+thermal+waves.">Energy propagation of thermal waves.</a> Eur. J. Phys. 27 (6), 1349-1355 (2006).</li><li>Bennett, C. A., Patty, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+wave+interferometry:+a+potential+application+of+the+photoacoustic+effect.">Thermal wave interferometry: a potential application of the photoacoustic effect.</a> Appl. Opt. 21 (1), 49-54 (1982).</li><li>Busse, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereoscopic+depth+analysis+by+thermal+wave+transmission+for+nondestructive+evaluation.">Stereoscopic depth analysis by thermal wave transmission for nondestructive evaluation.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 42 (4), 366 (1983).</li><li>Holtmann, N., Artzt, K., Gleiter, A., Strunk, H. 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SPIE 9861. , (2016).</li><li>Ravichandran, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Spatial and temporal modulation of heat source using light modulator for advanced thermography. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> DLP 0.55 XGA Series 450 DMD. , (2015).</li><li>. DLP LightCommander Control Software - User Manual Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://support.logicpd.com/ProductDownloads/LegacyProducts/DLPLightCommander.aspx?_sw_csrfToken=318b0448">https://support.logicpd.com/ProductDownloads/LegacyProducts/DLPLightCommander.aspx?_sw_csrfToken=318b0448</a> (2011)</li><li>Moench, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-power+VCSEL+systems+and+applications.">High-power VCSEL systems and applications.</a> Proc. SPIE 9348. , (2015).</li></ol>

著者は何も開示することはない。

提示された議定書は、表面に垂直に配向された人工表面下欠陥の発見方法を説明している。この方法の主な考え方は、地下欠陥と相互作用する干渉熱波場を作り出すことである。最も重要なステップは、（i）サンプル表面に2つの交互の高出力照明パターンを生成するために、SLMとダイオードレーザとを組み合わせること、これらのパターンは光熱的にコヒーレントな熱波場に変換され、（ii...

レーザー投影光熱サーモグラフィー（LPPT）法は、試験片の体積に埋め込まれ、その表面に対して主に垂直に配向された表面下の欠陥を突き止めるために使用される。 この方法は、 図1bに示すような同じ伸びと周波数の2つの逆位相熱波場の破壊的干渉を使用する。等方性の無欠陥材料では、熱波は、コヒーレントな重ね合わせによって対称面で破壊的に（ すなわち、ゼロ温度振動）中和する。表面下欠陥を有する材料の場合、この方法は、一時的な熱流とこの欠陥との間の横方向（ すなわち 、面内）成分の相互作用を利用する。この相互作用は、サンプル表面上の対称線における再現された振動温度の伸びで測定することができる。ここで、欠陥含有試料は、重畳された熱波場によって走査され、サンプルの位置に関連して温度の伸びのレベルが測定される。対称性のために、欠陥が対称面を横切ると、破壊的干渉条件が再び満たされる。これにより、欠陥を非常に敏感に見つけることができます。さらに、破壊的干渉の最大外乱のレベルは欠陥の深さと相関するので、温度走査1を解析することによってその深さを決定することが可能である。 LPPTは能動的なサーモグラフィー方法論に割り当てられます。これは、過渡的な加熱が活発に行われ、結果的に過渡的な温度分布がサーマルIRカメラによって測定される、十分に確立された非破壊的な方法です。一般に、この方法論の感度は、過渡熱流に対して本質的に垂直に配向する欠陥に限定される。さらに、支配的な過渡熱伝導方程式は放物線部分差分体積式への熱の流れは強く減衰する。結果として、能動サーモグラフィー法のプロービング深さは、通常はミリメートル範囲の表面近傍領域に限定される。最も一般的なアクティブサーモグラフィー技術の2つは、パルス式およびロックインサーモグラフィーです。それらは、平面光学面照明2により高速であるが、表面に垂直な一時的な熱流をもたらす。したがって、これらの技術の感度は、加熱された試料表面に対して主に平行に配向された欠陥（ 例えば層間剥離または空隙）に限定される。パルスサーモグラフィの経験則では、「検出可能な最小欠陥の半径は、表面下の深さの少なくとも1〜2倍にすべきである」 3と述べている3 。垂直に配向した欠陥（ 例えば亀裂）と熱流との間の有効相互作用領域を増加させるために、熱流の方向はかわった。局所的な励起は、例えば線状または円形のスポットを有する集束レーザを使用することにより、垂直欠陥4,5,6,7と効果的に相互作用することができる面内成分を有する熱流を生成する。 この方法では、横方向の熱流成分を用いて表面下の欠陥を検出するが、熱波を重ねることができるが、欠陥、特に垂直方向の欠陥はこの重なりを妨げる。このように、提示された方法は、1 / 8,9以下の幅/深さ比で人工地下欠陥を検出することが可能であるため、基準のない対称で非常に敏感な方法に似ている。今まで、十分なエネルギーを供給している2つの逆位相熱波場を作り出すことは困難でした。我々はこれを達成した空間光変調器（SLM）を高出力ダイオードレーザに結合することにより、レーザシステムの高い光学パワーをSLMの空間的および時間的解像度（ 図2参照）と高出力プロジェクタ。熱波場は、投影された画像のピクセル輝度を介して、2つの逆位相正弦波変調された線パターンの光熱変換によって生成される（ 図2 、 図1a参照）。これは、試料表面の構造化された加熱をもたらし、明確に破壊的に干渉する熱波場をもたらす。表面下の欠陥を見つけるために、破壊的な推論の外乱は、IRカメラを用いて表面の温度振動として測定される。 熱波という用語は、熱伝播の拡散特性のために熱波がエネルギーを輸送しないため、議論の余地がある。それでも、hea<html>実際の波と拡散過程10,11,12との間で類似点を使用することを可能にする。したがって、熱波は伝搬方向に高度に減衰されているものと理解できますが、時間とともに周期的に変化します（ 図1b ）。特徴的な熱拡散長<img alt="式1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733eq1.jpg" /> （熱伝導率k 、熱容量c p 、密度ρ ）と励振周波数fで説明する。熱波は強く減衰していますが、波の性質を応用してサンプルの特性を把握することができます。熱波干渉の第1の適用を用いて層の厚さを決定した。我々の方法とは対照的に、干渉効果は、深さ寸法（ すなわち 、表面に垂直）で使用され、<html>レーザビームを分割することによって干渉の概念を第2の次元に拡張すると、表面欠陥14のサイズを決めるのに熱波干渉が用いられた。この方法は透過構造にも適用された。さらに、1つのレーザ源のみが使用されているため、この方法は建設的な干渉が適用されるため、無欠陥の基準が必要となります。光出力パワーが著しく制限された光源を内蔵した無修正液晶ディスプレイ（LCD）プロジェクタを使用して、Holtmann らによって時間的に制御された加熱が行われた.PribeとRavichandranによるさらなるアプローチは、レーザをSLM16にも結合することによって、<html> s = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 17。 本明細書に提示されるプロトコルは、鋼サンプルの表面に対して垂直に配向された表面下欠陥を見つけるためにLPPT法を適用する方法を説明する。この方法は初期段階にありますが、提案されたアプローチを検証するのに十分強力です。しかし、それは実験セットアップの達成可能な光出力の点で依然として制限されている。光出力の増加は依然として課題であるので、提示された方法は、人工放電加工ノッチを含む被覆鋼に適用される。それにもかかわらず、プロトコルの最も重要で最も重要なステップは、均質な構造照明を生成し、破壊的な熱波干渉の前提条件を満たすこと、および欠陥を見つけることは、依然としてより要求の厳しい欠陥を保持することである。支配的な量は熱拡散長μであるので、LPPT法は多数の異なる材料にも適用することができる。 nt &quot;&gt; <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733fig1.jpg" /> 図1：破壊的干渉効果の原理 （ a ）実験中に使用された照明パターンの概略図。サンプルは、πの位相シフトを有する2つの周期的に照射されたパターンによって空間的および時間的に加熱される。破線は、両方のパターン間の対称線を表す。このラインは、評価用に「空乏線」として使用されます。 （ b ）熱的熱伝導方程式の解析解から計算された、空間的および時間的に分解された交互熱結果の図。これは、（a）の照明に対して、 P opt 1 = 1.5Wsin（2π0.125Hz t ）+ 1.5WとP opt 2 = 1.5Wsin（2π0.125Hz t ）の2つのパターンの放射照度に対する応答熱波を示す+π）+建築用鋼ρの 1.5W </k p = 461 J /（kg・K）、 k = 54W /（m・K）である。破線の温度プロファイルは、均質で等方性の材料の熱振動を示していない。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を見るには、ここをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733fig2.jpg" /> 図2：アクティブサーモグラフィーで使用される構造化加熱の測定原理の略図。トップハットプロファイルにホモジナイズされたガウスビームは、空間光変調器（Spatial Light Modulator：SLM）に適用される。 SLMは、その切り替え可能要素によって空間的にかつ時間的にそのスイッチング速度によってビームを空間的に分解する。各要素はSLMピクセルを表します。この実験では、SLMはデジタルマイクロミラーデバイス（DMD）である。時間決定論的制御ソフトウェアを用いてピクセル輝度Aを変調することによって、サンプル表面構造化された方法で加熱される。提示された実験の場合、角周波数ωでコヒーレントに干渉する熱波場の起源である2つの逆位相線（位相：φ= 0、π）を変調する。波面は試料の内部構造と相互作用し、表面の温度場にも影響を与えます。これは、中波赤外線カメラによる熱放射によって測定されます。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を見るには、ここをクリックしてください。</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>500 W diode laser system, 940 nm</td><td>Laserline</td><td>LDM 500 - 20</td><td>Pilot laser class 2 @ 650&amp;nbsp;nm, diode laser is a class 4 laser system --&gt; special laboratory needed</td></tr><tr><td>Laser control box</td><td>Laserline</td><td>Laser control box LDM</td><td>Add on to the laser system, used to switch electronically, laser threshold, shutter, laser on 0 V..5 V TTL</td></tr><tr><td>Control box scanner</td><td>Laserline</td><td></td><td>Add on to the laser system, used to adjust the optical output power via analog signal from 0&amp;nbsp;V..10 V</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Laser Mount 2&quot;, f = 80 mm</td><td>Laserline</td><td></td><td>Add on to the laser system</td></tr><tr><td>Multifunction Data Aquisition (DAQ) Device + BNC Terminal</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI-USB 6251</td><td>The DAQ card is used to trigger the IR camera,&amp;nbsp; the DLP Light Commander 5500, control Laser and diode PDA 36A</td></tr><tr><td>Standard - PC&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Control PC - graphic card for two screens, at least 4 x USB, Windows based</td></tr><tr><td>BNC cabel</td><td></td><td></td><td>Standard cable</td></tr><tr><td>HDMI cable</td><td></td><td></td><td>Standard cable</td></tr><tr><td>Micro USB to USB cable</td><td></td><td></td><td>Standard cable</td></tr><tr><td>LabVIEW 2013 SP1 Development System</td><td>National Instruments</td><td></td><td>Development environment for device control</td></tr><tr><td>LPPT control software</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>part of the LPPT software package by LabVIEW 2013 SP1</td></tr><tr><td>LPPT intensity&amp;nbsp; software</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>part of the LPPT software package by LabVIEW 2013 SP1</td></tr><tr><td>LPPT laser control software</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>part of the LPPT software package by LabVIEW 2013 SP1</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab 2016b</td><td>MathWorks</td><td></td><td>Postprocessing of the measurement data</td></tr><tr><td>LPPT postprocessing software</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>Postprocessing of the measurement data</td></tr><tr><td>IR camera control PC</td><td>InfraTec</td><td></td><td>Control PC is supplied by camera distributor</td></tr><tr><td>IR camera control software</td><td>InfraTec</td><td>Irbis 3 Professional</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>InfraTec SDK</td><td>InfraTec</td><td></td><td>Dynamic Link Library as interface between the native data aquisition format of Infratec and Matlab</td></tr><tr><td>IR camera</td><td>InfraTec</td><td>Image IR 8300</td><td>640 x 512, cooled InSb detector, wavelength 2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m..5.7 &amp;micro;m, noise = 20&amp;nbsp;mK + accessories (LAN cable, Digital in/out cable, space ring, power supply, case)</td></tr><tr><td>Tripod</td><td>Manfrotto</td><td>161MK2B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IR camera mount</td><td>Manfrotto</td><td>405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Projector development kit (PDK) for digital light processing (DLP) technology (DLP Light Commander 5500)</td><td>Logic PD</td><td>DLP-LC-DLP5500-10R</td><td>DLP5500 Digital Micromirror Device from Texas Instruments included , light engine and case need to be disassembed</td></tr><tr><td>PDK control software</td><td>Logic PD</td><td></td><td>Included when delivered, DLP Light Commander control software</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical platform for the PDK</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>Self made (140 x 230 x 420) mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Power meter control unit</td><td>Ophir</td><td>Vega</td><td>USB Interface</td></tr><tr><td>30 W power meter head&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ophir</td><td>30(150)A-LP1-18</td><td>Power meter head to determine Transmission of the projector system</td></tr><tr><td>500 W power meter head</td><td>Ophir</td><td>FL500A</td><td>Power meter for process supervision</td></tr><tr><td>Motion controller</td><td>Newport</td><td>ESP301</td><td>with USB Interface</td></tr><tr><td>Translation stage</td><td>Newport</td><td>M-ILS200CC</td><td>Connected to ESP301</td></tr><tr><td>Photodiode with amplifier</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PDA 36A-EC</td><td>1&quot; mount</td></tr><tr><td>Reflective filter ND1</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ND10A</td><td>to be mounted to the PDA 36A</td></tr><tr><td>Pinhole 1&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>P1000S</td><td>to be mounted to the PDA 36A</td></tr><tr><td>Optical aluminium breadboard&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>MB60120/M</td><td>(1,200 mm x 900 mm) base</td></tr><tr><td>Plano Convex Lens f = 200 mm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LA1979-B</td><td>Coated for IR, first telescope lens</td></tr><tr><td>Plano Convex Lens f = 75 mm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LA1145-B</td><td>Coated for IR, second telescope lens</td></tr><tr><td>xy-translation stage</td><td>Newport</td><td>M401</td><td>Used for adjusting the telecope</td></tr><tr><td>Beamsampler</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>BSF20-B&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Splits the optical output, used to reduce the optical input for the projector system</td></tr><tr><td>Mirror</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>BB2-E03</td><td>Mirror for coupling the beam to the DLP Light Commander</td></tr><tr><td>Heavy duty lab jack</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>L490</td><td>Used for the fiber mount and on top of the linear stage to position the sample (2x)</td></tr><tr><td>PDK-objective&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nikon</td><td>Nikon AF Nikkor 50 mm 1:1:8:D&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Objective for DLP Light Commander, 50 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Plano Convex Lens f = 100 mm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LA1050 -B</td><td>Lens is attached to the Nikon Objective</td></tr><tr><td>Bi-Convex Lens f = 60&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LB1723 -B</td><td>Lens to be attached to the Nikon objective in order to determine the optical transmission with the 30 W measurement head</td></tr><tr><td>Square protected gold mirror</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PFSQ20-03-M01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High power IR sensor card</td><td>Newport</td><td>F-IRC-HP-M</td><td>Sensor card to check the optical pathway</td></tr><tr><td>2&quot; crosshairs</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>Self-made</td></tr><tr><td>1&quot; crosshairs</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>Self-made</td></tr><tr><td>Bullseye level</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LCL01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Translation Stage</td><td>Newport</td><td>M-UMR8.25</td><td>Used for measuring the beam profile</td></tr><tr><td>Micrometer screw</td><td>Newport</td><td>DM17-25</td><td>Used with translation stage M-UMR8.25</td></tr><tr><td>Mounted Zero Aperture Iris</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ID75Z/M</td><td>used to check the optical pathway</td></tr><tr><td>Bases and Post Holders Essentials Kit, Metric and Universal Components</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ESK01/M</td><td>Basis</td></tr><tr><td>Posts &amp;amp; Accessories Essentials Kit, Metric and Universal Components</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ESK03/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>M6 Cap Screw and Hardware Kit</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>HW-KIT2/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Construction Rails</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>XE25L700/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1&quot; Construction Cube</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>RM1G</td><td>Used to mount construction rails</td></tr><tr><td>Electrical discharge machining</td><td>Sodick</td><td>AG60L</td><td>www.sodick.de</td></tr><tr><td>St37 block of steel&lt;br /&gt;(100 x 100 x 40) mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>self-made, hidden defect with remaining wall thicknesses of 0.25&amp;nbsp;mm, 0.5 mm, 0.70 mm, 1.25&amp;nbsp;mm (shown in &lt;strong&gt;Figure 5&lt;/strong&gt;)</td></tr><tr><td>St37 block of steel&lt;br /&gt;(100 x 100 x 40) mm</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>self-made, hidden defect with remaining wall thicknesses of 1&amp;nbsp;mm, 1.5&amp;nbsp;mm, 1.75 mm, 2 mm (shown in &lt;strong&gt;Figure 5&lt;/strong&gt;)</td></tr><tr><td>Graphite spray</td><td>CRC Industries Europe NV</td><td>GRAPHIT 33</td><td>Ref. 20760, 200 mL aerosol (Kontakt-Chemie)</td></tr><tr><td>Protective tape</td><td>Tesa</td><td>tesakrepp 4348</td><td>used to protect the hidden defects while coating</td></tr></tbody></table>

subsurface defect localization by structured heating using laser projected photothermal thermography

提示された方法は、表面に対して垂直に配向された表面下の欠陥を見つけるために使用される。これを達成するために、我々は欠陥によって妨害される破壊的に干渉する熱波場を作り出す。この影響を測定し、欠陥の位置を特定するために使用する。我々は、修正されたプロジェクタを使用して、破壊的干渉波フィールドを形成する。プロジェクタの元の光エンジンは、ファイバ結合された高出力ダイオードレーザに置き換えられています。そのビームは、プロジェクタの空間光変調器に合わせて整形され、最初にビームプロファイルを特徴づけることによって、最適な光学スループットと均一投影に最適化され、機械的および数値的に修正されます。厳密な幾何学的状況（幾何学的画像歪みの補正を含む）および試料表面での弱い温度振動を検出するための要件に従って、高性能赤外線（IR）カメラが設定される。データ収集は一度同期することができます個々の熱波場源、走査ステージ、およびIRカメラの間のローレンスは、調査される特定の材料に調整される必要がある専用の実験装置を使用することによって確立される。データ後処理の間に、サンプルの表面の下の欠陥の存在に関する関連情報が抽出される。それは、試料表面のいわゆる空乏線からの取得された熱放射の振動部分から取り出される。欠陥の正確な位置は、最終ステップにおけるこれらの振動の空間 - 時間的形状の分析から推論される。この方法は、リファレンスフリーであり、熱波場内の変化に対して非常に敏感である。これまでのところ、この方法は鋼サンプルで試験されているが、異なる材料、特に温度に敏感な材料にも適用可能である。

プロトコルに従って、0.25mmの深さに表面下欠陥を有する鋼サンプルの側面1を選択して、代表的な結果を生成した。欠陥は当初、照明された領域のほぼ中央に位置していた。次いで、サンプルを0.05mm / sの速度でリニアステージを介して-5mmから5mmに移動させた。これらのパラメータを使用して、 図11aは、空白線からそれらを抽出した後のスキャンデータを?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography at JoVE.com

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

この方法は、垂直方向の地下欠陥を見つけることを目的としている。ここでは、レーザーを空間光変調器と結合し、高解像度の熱画像を取得しながら、2つの逆位相変調線で決定的にサンプル表面を加熱するためにビデオ入力をトリガーします。欠陥位置は、熱波干渉極小値の評価から検索される。

レーザー光熱サーモグラフィーを用いた構造化加熱による地中欠陥局在

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering ...

subsurface-defect-localization-structured-heating-using-laser

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.0K ビュー.  Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). この方法は、垂直方向の地下欠陥を見つけることを目的としている。ここでは、レーザーを空間光変調器と結合し、高解像度の熱画像を取得しながら、2つの逆位相変調線で決定的にサンプル表面を加熱するためにビデオ入力をトリガーします。欠陥位置は、熱波干渉極小値の評価から検索される。 

ビデオ: Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

A Rapid Laser Probing Method Facilitates the Non-invasive and Contact-free Determination of Leaf Thermal Properties

Plants can produce valuable substances such as secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins. The purification of the latter from plant biomass can be streamlined by heat treatment (blanching). A blanching apparatus can be designed more precisely if the thermal properties of the leaves are known in detail, i.e., the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. The measurement of these properties is time consuming and labor intensive, and usually requires invasive methods that contact the sample directly. This can reduce the product yield and may be incompatible with containment requirements, e.g., in the context of good manufacturing practice. To address these issues, a non-invasive, contact-free method was developed that determines the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of an intact plant leaf in about one minute. The method involves the application of a short laser pulse of defined length and intensity to a small area of the leaf sample, causing a temperature increase that is measured using a near infrared sensor. The temperature increase is combined with known leaf properties (thickness and density) to determine the specific heat capacity. The thermal conductivity is then calculated based on the profile of the subsequent temperature decline, taking thermal radiation and convective heat transfer into account. The associated calculations and critical aspects of sample handling are discussed.

A method was developed to determine the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of leaf tissue by non-invasive, contact-free near infrared laser probing, which requires less than 1 min per sample.

迅速なレーザー法は葉熱特性の非侵襲的および非接触決意を容易にプロービング

Plants can produce valuable substances such as secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins. The purification of the latter from plant biomass can be ...

生化学

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

We demonstrated that malignant pigmented lesions with increased metabolic activity generate quantifiable amounts of heat and the measurement of the transient thermal response of the skin to a cooling excitation allows quantitative identification of melanoma and other skin cancers (vs. non-proliferative nevi) at an early stage of the disease.

定量的な可視化と動的な熱画像を用いた皮膚癌の発見

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

医学

Investigation of Protein Recruitment to DNA Lesions Using 405 Nm Laser Micro-irradiation

The DNA Damage Response (DDR) uses a plethora of proteins to detect, signal, and repair DNA lesions. Delineating this response is critical to understand genome maintenance mechanisms. Since recruitment and exchange of proteins at lesions are highly dynamic, their study requires the ability to generate DNA damage in a rapid and spatially-delimited manner. Here, we describe procedures to locally induce DNA damage in human cells using a commonly available laser-scanning confocal microscope equipped with a 405 nm laser line. Accumulation of genome maintenance factors at laser stripes can be assessed by immunofluorescence (IF) or in real-time using proteins tagged with fluorescent reporters. Using phosphorylated histone H2A.X (&#947;-H2A.X) and Replication Protein A (RPA) as markers, the method provides sufficient resolution to discriminate locally-recruited factors from those that spread on adjacent chromatin. We further provide ImageJ-based scripts to efficiently monitor the kinetics of protein relocalization at DNA damage sites. These refinements greatly simplify the study of the DDR dynamics.

Studying DNA damage repair kinetics requires a system to induce lesions at defined sub-nuclear regions. We describe a method to create localized double-stranded breaks using a laser-scanning confocal microscope equipped with a 405 nm laser and provide automated procedures to quantify the dynamics of repair factors at these lesions.

405 Nm レーザ マイクロ照射による DNA 損傷にタンパク質募集調査

The DNA Damage Response (DDR) uses a plethora of proteins to detect, signal, and repair DNA lesions. Delineating this response is critical to understand ...

遺伝学

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient optical micro-imaging technique which can be used to map and quantify such behavior. Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has a 612 nm luminescence line whose activation efficiency drops strongly with increasing temperature, due to T-dependent interactions between the Eu3+ ion and the organic chelating compound. This material may be readily coated on to a sample surface by thermal sublimation in vacuum. When the coating is excited with ultraviolet light (337 nm) an optical micro-image of the 612 nm luminescent response can be converted directly into a map of the sample surface temperature. This technique offers spatial resolution limited only by the microscope optics (about 1 micron) and time resolution limited by the speed of the camera employed. It offers the additional advantages of only requiring comparatively simple and non-specialized equipment, and giving a quantitative probe of sample temperature.

Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has an optical luminescence line at 612 nm, whose activation efficiency decreases strongly with temperature. If a sample coated with a thin film of this material is micro-imaged, the 612 nm luminescent response intensity may be converted into a direct map of sample surface temperature.

ユーロピウムキレート発光塗料を用いた高解像度サーマルマイクロイメージング

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

工学

Custom-designed Laser-based Heating Apparatus for Triggered Release of Cisplatin from Thermosensitive Liposomes with Magnetic Resonance Image Guidance

Liposomes have been employed as drug delivery systems to target solid tumors through exploitation of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect resulting in significant reductions in systemic toxicity. Nonetheless, insufficient release of encapsulated drug from liposomes has limited their clinical efficacy. Temperature-sensitive liposomes have been engineered to provide site-specific release of drug in order to overcome the problem of limited tumor drug bioavailability. Our lab has designed and developed a heat-activated thermosensitive liposome formulation of cisplatin (CDDP), known as HTLC, to provide triggered release of CDDP at solid tumors. Heat-activated delivery in vivo was achieved in murine models using a custom-built laser-based heating apparatus that provides a conformal heating pattern at the tumor site as confirmed by MR thermometry (MRT). A fiber optic temperature monitoring device was used to measure the temperature in real-time during the entire heating period with online adjustment of heat delivery by alternating the laser power. Drug delivery was optimized under magnetic resonance (MR) image guidance by co-encapsulation of an MR contrast agent (i.e.,&#160;gadoteridol) along with CDDP into the thermosensitive liposomes as a means to validate the heating protocol and to assess tumor accumulation. The heating protocol consisted of a preheating period of 5 min prior to administration of HTLC and 20 min heating post-injection. This heating protocol resulted in effective release of the encapsulated agents with the highest MR signal change observed in the heated tumor in comparison to the unheated tumor and muscle. This study demonstrated the successful application of the laser-based heating apparatus for preclinical thermosensitive liposome development and the importance of MR-guided validation of the heating protocol for optimization of drug delivery.

AN MRI-compatible&#160;custom-designed laser-based heating apparatus has been developed to provide local heating of subcutaneous tumors in order to activate release of agents from thermosensitive liposomes specifically at the tumor region.

磁気共鳴画像誘導による感熱リポソームからのシスプラチンのトリガリリースのためのカスタム設計されたレーザーベースの加熱装置

Liposomes have been employed as drug delivery systems to target solid tumors through exploitation of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect ...

生物工学

In Situ Surface Temperature Measurement in a Conveyor Belt Furnace via Inline Infrared Thermography

Measuring the surface temperature of objects that are processed in conveyor belt furnaces is an important tool in process control and quality assurance. Currently, the surface temperature of objects processed in conveyor belt furnaces is typically measured via thermocouples. However, infrared (IR) thermography presents multiple advantages compared to thermocouple measurements, as it is a contactless, real-time, and spatially resolved method. Here, as a representative proof-of-concept example, an inline thermography system is successfully installed into an IR lamp powered solar firing furnace, which is used for the contact firing process of industrial Si solar cells. This protocol describes how to install an IR camera into a conveyor belt furnace, conduct a customer correction of a factory calibrated IR camera, and perform the evaluation of spatial surface temperature distribution on a target object.

This protocol describes how to install an infrared camera into a conveyor belt furnace, conduct a customer correction of a factory calibrated IR camera, and evaluate the spatial surface temperature distribution of an object of interest. The example objects are industrial silicon solar cells.

インライン赤外線サーモグラフィーによるコンベアベルト炉におけるその後の表面温度測定

Measuring the surface temperature of objects that are processed in conveyor belt furnaces is an important tool in process control and quality assurance. ...

Control of Cell Geometry through Infrared Laser Assisted Micropatterning

Micropatterning is an established technique in the cell biology community used to study connections between the morphology and function of cellular compartments while circumventing complications arising from natural cell-to-cell variations. To standardize cell shape, cells are either confined in 3D molds or controlled for adhesive geometry through adhesive islands. However, traditional micropatterning techniques based on photolithography and deep UV etching heavily depend on clean rooms or specialized equipment. Here we present an infrared laser assisted micropatterning technique (microphotopatterning) modified from Doyle et al. that can be conveniently set up with commercially available imaging systems. In this protocol, we use a Nikon A1R MP+ imaging system to generate micropatterns with micron precision through an infrared (IR) laser that ablates preset regions on poly-vinyl alcohol coated coverslips. We employ a custom script to enable automated pattern fabrication with high efficiency and accuracy in systems not equipped with a hardware autofocus. We show that this IR laser assisted micropatterning (microphotopatterning) protocol results in defined patterns to which cells attach exclusively and take on the desired shape. Furthermore, data from a large number of cells can be averaged due to the standardization of cell shape. Patterns generated with this protocol, combined with high resolution imaging and quantitative analysis, can be used for relatively high throughput screens to identify molecular players mediating the link between form and function.

The protocol presented here enables automated fabrication of micropatterns that standardizes cell shape to study cytoskeletal structures within mammalian cells. This user-friendly technique can be set up with commercially available imaging systems and does not require specialized equipment inaccessible to standard cell biology laboratories.

赤外線レーザー支援マイクロパターンによる細胞形状の制御

Micropatterning is an established technique in the cell biology community used to study connections between the morphology and function of cellular ...

Flapping Soft Fin Deformation Modeling using Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging

Propulsive mechanisms inspired by the fins of various fish species have been increasingly researched, given their potential for improved maneuvering and stealth capabilities in unmanned vehicle systems. Soft materials used in the membranes of these fin mechanisms have proven effective at increasing thrust and efficiency compared with more rigid structures, but it is essential to measure and model the deformations in these soft membranes accurately. This study presents a workflow for characterizing the time-dependent shape deformation of flexible underwater flapping fins using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Pigmented polydimethylsiloxane fin membranes with varying stiffnesses (0.38 MPa and 0.82 MPa) are fabricated and mounted to an assembly for actuation in two degrees of freedom: pitch and roll. PLIF images are acquired across a range of spanwise planes, processed to obtain fin deformation profiles, and combined to reconstruct time-varying 3D deformed fin shapes. The data are then used to provide high-fidelity validation for fluid-structure interaction simulations and improve the understanding of the performance of these complex propulsion systems.

The present protocol involves the measurement and characterization of 3D shape deformation in underwater flapping fins built with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials. Accurate reconstruction of these deformations is essential for understanding the propulsive performance of compliant flapping fins.

平面レーザー誘起蛍光イメージングを用いたフラップソフトフィン変形モデリング

Propulsive mechanisms inspired by the fins of various fish species have been increasingly researched, given their potential for improved maneuvering and ...

Continuous-wave Thulium Laser for Heating Cultured Cells to Investigate Cellular Thermal Effects

An original method to heat cultured cells using a 1.94 &#181;m continuous-wave thulium laser for biological assessment is introduced here. Thulium laser radiation is strongly absorbed by water, and the cells at the bottom of the culture dish are heated through thermal diffusion. A laser fiber with a diameter of 365 &#181;m is set about 12 cm above the culture dish, without any optics, such that the laser beam diameter is almost equivalent to the inner diameter of the culture dish (30 mm). By keeping a consistent amount of culture medium in each experiment, it is possible to irradiate the cells with a highly reproducible temperature increase.
To calibrate the temperature increase and its distribution in one cell culture dish for each power setting, the temperature was measured during 10 s of irradiation at different positions and at the cellular level. The temperature distribution was represented using a mathematical graphics software program, and its pattern across the culture dish was in Gaussian form. After laser irradiation, different biological experiments could be performed to assess temperature-dependent cell responses. In this manuscript, viability staining (i.e., distinguishing live, apoptotic, and dead cells) is introduced to help determine the threshold temperatures for cell apoptosis and death after different points in time.
The advantages of this method are the preciseness of the temperature and the time of heating, as well as its high efficiency in heating cells in a whole cell culture dish. Furthermore, it allows for study with a wide variety of temperatures and time durations, which can be well-controlled by a computerized operating system.

An original experimental setup for heating cells in a culture dish using 1.94 &#181;m continuous-wave laser radiation is introduced here. Using this method, the biological responses of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells after different thermal exposures can be investigated.

培養細胞を加熱して細胞の熱作用を調べるための連続波型ツリウムレーザー

An original method to heat cultured cells using a 1.94 &#181;m continuous-wave thulium laser for biological assessment is introduced here. Thulium laser ...

生物学

プラズマ膜修復の研究のためのレーザー誘起熱プラズモニックパンクチャー

A Thermoplasmonic Approach for Investigating Plasma Membrane Repair in Living Cells and Model Membranes

The cell membrane is crucial for cell survival, and ensuring its integrity is essential as the cell experiences injuries throughout its entire life cycle. To prevent damage to the membrane, cells have developed efficient plasma membrane repair mechanisms. These&#160;repair mechanisms can be studied by combining confocal microscopy and nanoscale thermoplasmonics to identify and investigate the role of key proteins, such as annexins, involved in surface repair in living cells and membrane model systems.
The puncturing method employs a laser to induce highly localized heating upon nanoparticle irradiation. The use of near-infrared light minimizes phototoxicity in the biological sample, while the majority of the absorption takes place in the near-infrared resonant plasmonic nanoparticle. This thermoplasmonic method has been exploited for potential photothermal and biophysical research to enhance the understanding of intracellular mechanisms and cellular responses through vesicle and cell fusion studies. The approach has shown to be complementary to existing methods for membrane disruption, such as mechanically, chemically, or optically induced injuries, and provides a high level of control by inflicting extremely localized injuries. The extent of the injury is limited to the vicinity of the spherical nanoparticle, and no detrimental damage occurs along the beam path as opposed to pulsed lasers using different wavelengths. Despite certain limitations, such as the formation of nanobubbles, the thermoplasmonic method offers a unique tool for investigating cellular responses in plasma membrane repair in an almost native environment without compromising cell viability.
When integrated with confocal microscopy, the puncturing method can provide a mechanistic understanding of membrane dynamics in model membrane systems as well as quantitative information on protein responses to membrane damage, including protein recruitment and their biophysical function. Overall, the application of this method to reduced model systems can enhance our understanding of the intricate plasma membrane repair machinery in living cells.

著者スポットライト:革新的な熱プラズモニックパンクチャリングによる原形質膜修復メカニズムの探索 

The thermoplasmonic puncture method integrates confocal microscopy, optical tweezers, and gold nanoparticles to study protein responses during plasma membrane repair in cells and giant unilamellar vesicles. The technique enables rapid and localized membrane puncture, allowing the identification of key proteins and their functional roles in the intricate plasma membrane repair machinery.

生細胞およびモデル膜における原形質膜修復研究のための熱プラズモニックアプローチ

The cell membrane is crucial for cell survival, and ensuring its integrity is essential as the cell experiences injuries throughout its entire life cycle. ...

レーザー光熱サーモグラフィーを用いた構造化加熱による地中欠陥局在

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

迅速なレーザー法は葉熱特性の非侵襲的および非接触決意を容易にプロービング

定量的な可視化と動的な熱画像を用いた皮膚癌の発見

405 Nm レーザマイクロ照射による DNA 損傷にタンパク質募集調査

ユーロピウムキレート発光塗料を用いた高解像度サーマルマイクロイメージング

磁気共鳴画像誘導による感熱リポソームからのシスプラチンのトリガリリースのためのカスタム設計されたレーザーベースの加熱装置

インライン赤外線サーモグラフィーによるコンベアベルト炉におけるその後の表面温度測定

赤外線レーザー支援マイクロパターンによる細胞形状の制御

平面レーザー誘起蛍光イメージングを用いたフラップソフトフィン変形モデリング

培養細胞を加熱して細胞の熱作用を調べるための連続波型ツリウムレーザー

生細胞およびモデル膜における原形質膜修復研究のための熱プラズモニックアプローチ

レーザー光熱サーモグラフィーを用いた構造化加熱による地中欠陥局在

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

迅速なレーザー法は葉熱特性の非侵襲的および非接触決意を容易にプロービング

定量的な可視化と動的な熱画像を用いた皮膚癌の発見

405 Nm レーザ マイクロ照射による DNA 損傷にタンパク質募集調査

ユーロピウムキレート発光塗料を用いた高解像度サーマルマイクロイメージング

磁気共鳴画像誘導による感熱リポソームからのシスプラチンのトリガリリースのためのカスタム設計されたレーザーベースの加熱装置

インライン赤外線サーモグラフィーによるコンベアベルト炉におけるその後の表面温度測定

赤外線レーザー支援マイクロパターンによる細胞形状の制御

平面レーザー誘起蛍光イメージングを用いたフラップソフトフィン変形モデリング

培養細胞を加熱して細胞の熱作用を調べるための連続波型ツリウムレーザー

生細胞およびモデル膜における原形質膜修復研究のための熱プラズモニックアプローチ

405 Nm レーザマイクロ照射による DNA 損傷にタンパク質募集調査