IR は、博士課程フェローシップ賞アズリエリ財団に感謝しています。

<ol>
	<li>Koski, K. J., Akhenblit, P., McKiernan, K., Yarger, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+determination+of+the+complete+elastic+moduli+of+spider+silks.">Non-invasive determination of the complete elastic moduli of spider silks.</a> Nat. Mater. 12 (3), 262-267 (2013).</li><li>Palombo, F., Madami, M., Stone, N., Fioretto, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+mapping+with+chemical+specificity+by+confocal+Brillouin+and+Raman+microscopy.">Mechanical mapping with chemical specificity by confocal Brillouin and Raman microscopy.</a> Analyst. 139 (4), 729-733 (2014).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+Brillouin+optical+microscopy+of+the+human+eye.">In vivo Brillouin optical microscopy of the human eye.</a> Opt. Exp. 20 (8), 9197-9202 (2012).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noncontact+three-dimensional+mapping+of+intracellular+hydromechanical+properties+by+Brillouin+microscopy.">Noncontact three-dimensional mapping of intracellular hydromechanical properties by Brillouin microscopy.</a> Nat. Methods. 12 (12), 1132-1134 (2015).</li><li>Traverso, A. J., Thompson, J. V., Steelman, Z. A., Meng, Z., Scully, M. O., Yakovlev, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+Raman-Brillouin+microscope+for+chemical+and+mechanical+characterization+and+imaging.">Dual Raman-Brillouin microscope for chemical and mechanical characterization and imaging.</a> Anal. Chem. 87 (15), 7519-7523 (2015).</li><li>Antonacci, G., Foreman, M. R., Paterson, C., T&#246;r&#246;k, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+broadening+in+Brillouin+imaging.">Spectral broadening in Brillouin imaging.</a> Appl. Phys. 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V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+Brillouin+scattering+microscopic+imaging.">Stimulated Brillouin scattering microscopic imaging.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 18139 (2015).</li><li>Remer, I., Bilenca, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Background-free+Brillouin+spectroscopy+in+scattering+media+at+780+nm+via+stimulated+Brillouin+scattering.">Background-free Brillouin spectroscopy in scattering media at 780 nm via stimulated Brillouin scattering.</a> Opt. Lett. 41 (5), 926-929 (2016).</li><li>Remer, I., Bilenca, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+stimulated+Brillouin+scattering+spectroscopy+at+780+nm.">High-speed stimulated Brillouin scattering spectroscopy at 780 nm.</a> APL Photonics. 1 (6), 061301 (2016).</li><li>She, C. Y., Moosm&#252;ller, H., Herring, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherent+light+scattering+spectroscopy+for+supersonic+flow+measurements.">Coherent light scattering spectroscopy for supersonic flow measurements.</a> Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O. 46 (4), 283-297 (1988).</li><li>Fiore, A., Zhang, j., Peng Shao, ., Yun, S. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

図 1に示すように、システムは、水様のサンプルの配置を促進する、光学テーブルを垂直方向に取り付けることができます 18」x 24」ブレッドで造られるように設計されました。その結果、強くすべての光学的および機械的要素を締めます、ポンプ ・ プローブの梁がコリニアと同心軸外のジオメトリのサンプルを照らす前に様々 な要素を持つことを確認することが重要です。
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自発ブリルアン分光法が確立された液体などの柔らかい材料の力学解析のための貴重なアプローチとして、近年実際組織、組織ファントムと生物細胞1,2, 3,4,5,6,7。このアプローチは、単一レーザー点灯サンプル、培地で自発熱音響波は弾性散乱光が分光装置は、試料の粘弾性特性の有用な情報を提供することによって収集します。自然のブリルアン スペクトルには音響のストークス ・反ストークス材料の共振で 2 つのブリルアン ピークには (弾性散乱光) による照明レーザー周波数でレイリーのピークが含まれます。ブリルアン散乱ジオメトリのブリルアン周波数は数 GHz で照明レーザー、高周波から移され、数百 MHz のスペクトル幅を持ちます。
における最近の技術の進歩は事実上相配列 (VIPA) をイメージ ファブリ ・分光計をスキャンと、ソフトマター1,2自発ブリルアン スペクトルを取得するためのシステムの選択がされているが、分光計は、適切なスペクトル分解能 (サブ GHz)3,4,5,6,7大幅に高速 (1 秒未満) ブリルアン計測を有効にしています。このプロトコルで異なる、高速、高スペクトル分解能、正確なブリルアン分光計の非混濁・濁水から continuous-波動-刺激-ブリルアン散乱 (CW-SBS) 光の検出に基づく建設を提案します。ほぼ後方散乱ジオメトリのサンプル。
CW SBS 分光における周波数で若干デチューン、(CW) の連続のポンプ ・ プローブ レーザーは音波を刺激するためにサンプルに重なります。ポンプ ・ プローブのビームの周波数の差には、材料の特定共鳴が一致すると、増幅またはプローブ信号のしたはによって提供される誘導ブリルアン利得または損失 (sbg 社/SBL) プロセス、それぞれ;それ以外の場合、SBS (de) の増幅には、8,9,10,11は発生しません。したがって、sbg 社 (SBL) スペクトルは材料ブリルアン共鳴間レーザーの周波数の差をスキャンし、検出の増加 (減少)、によって得ることができるまたは SBS によるプローブ強度 (損失) を得る。異なりの自発のブリルアン散乱弾性散乱背景が本質的に欠けている SBS、白濁と非混濁のサンプルで必要な VIPA とレイリー除去フィルターを必要とせずに優れたブリルアン コントラストを有効にすることで分光計10、11,13。
CW SBS 分光器の主要なビルディング ブロックは、ポンプ ・ プローブ レーザーと誘導ブリルアン利得/損失検出器です。高スペクトル分解能、高速 CW SBS 分光用レーザーは、単一周波数をする必要があります (&#60; 10 MHz 幅) 十分に広い波長可変特性 (20-30 GHz) とスキャン率 (&#62; 200 GHz/s)、長期周波数安定度 (&#60; 50MHz/h) と低雑音。さらに、いくつかの何百もの力を持つ梁の直線偏波と回折限界のレーザー (tens) のサンプルに mW のポンプ (プローブ) 梁の必要。最後に、誘導ブリルアン利得/損失検出器は、ソフトの問題で弱い後方誘導ブリルアン利得/損失 (sbg 社/SBL) レベル (10-5 - 10-6) を確実に検出する設計必要があります。これらのニーズを満たすためには、我々 は偏波保持する結合分布帰還 (DFB) 半導体レーザを選択した超狭原子を組み合わせた誘導ブリルアン利得/損失検出器と一緒に繊維蒸気ノッチ フィルターと高周波図 1に示すようにロックイン アンプをシングル変調に。この検出方式は、目的の SBG 信号が埋め込まれた11プローブ強度の騒音を大幅に削減しながら SBG の信号の強さを倍増します。私たち SBS 分光器で使用する原子蒸気ノッチ フィルターの役割が検出 VIPA 分光計のように弾性散乱背景を減らすのではなく、不要な浮遊ポンプ反射の検出を大幅に削減することに注意してください。自発的なレイリーとブリルアン散乱光です。下記のプロトコルを使用して CW SBS 分光計は sbg の全体的レベル並みに 10-6水と組織ファントムの透過スペクトルを取得する能力を持つ構築ことができます &#60; 35 MHz におけるブリルアン シフト測定精度と100 ms 以内。
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig1.jpg"> 
図 1: 連続誘導ブリルアン散乱 (CW-SBS) 分光します。2 つ連続ポンプ ・ プローブ ダイオード レーザー (DL)、サンプルのブリルアン シフト周りデチューン周波数は、偏波保持ファイバーにそれぞれコリメータ C1 C2と結合されています。ポンプ ・ プローブの周波数差は、ポンプ ・ プローブ レーザー光スプリッター (FS)、高速光検出器 (FPD) と周波数 (FC) のセットを使用してから皮をむいたビーム間のビート周波数を検出によって測定されます。プローブの S 偏極ビーム (明るい赤)、四分の一波長板 (λ14) による円偏波ビーム拡大器 (L1 L2) は正しいケプラーを使用して拡張し、色消しレンズ (3L) によってサンプル (S) に焦点を当てた。SBS の相互作用および光学絶縁は、ケプラー式ビーム拡大器 (L5 L6) を使用して拡張ポンプ光 (深赤)、最初 P 偏光波長板 λ24 を使用して)、偏光透過ビームスプリッター (PBS) が最終的に左円四分の一波長板 (λ24) によって分極し、色消しレンズ (4L; L3と同じ) とサンプルに焦点を当てた。ポンプ ・ プローブ梁ほぼカウンターに伝達されるよう、サンプルでは (λ14 から出てくる) ポンプの P 偏光ビームがプローブに入るを防ぐために使用された (P) S 指向の偏光板がレーザーに注意してください。ロックイン検出のポンプ光正弦波音響光学変調器の出力 (AOM) fmで変調されます。SBG 信号、周波数fmで輝度変化として現れる (はめ込み式を参照) で復調ロックイン アンプ (LIA) 広域フォト ダイオード (PD) による検出に続きます。フォト ダイオードにおける浮遊ポンプ反射の重要な除去は、狭帯域ブラッグ フィルター (BF) とポンプ波長の周りの原子のノッチ フィルター (85RB) (I) 光ブロック アイリスと一緒に使用されます。パーソナル コンピューター (PC) に接続されているデータ集録カード (DAQ) ブリルアン スペクトルの詳細な分析データが記録されます。すべて折りたたみミラー (M1- M6)、水様のサンプルの配置を促進するため光学テーブルに垂直にマウントされている 18「× 24」ブレッド ボードに分光計を合わせて使用されます。<a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Probe diode laser head and controller</td><td>Toptica Photonics</td><td>SYST DL-100-DFB</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Pump amplified diode laser and controller</td><td>Toptica Photonics</td><td>SYST TA-pro-DFB</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>FC/APC fiber dock</td><td>Toptica Photonics</td><td>FiberDock&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Quantity: 3</td></tr><tr><td>High power single mode polarization maintaining FC/APC fiber patchcord</td><td>Toptica Photonics</td><td>OE-000796</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>FC/APC fiber collimation with adjustable collimation optics</td><td>Toptica Photonics</td><td>FiberOut</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>FC/APC fiber fixed collimator</td><td>OZ Optics</td><td>HPUCO-33A-780-P-6.1-AS</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Single mode polarization maintaining fiber splitter 33:67</td><td>OZ Optics</td><td>FOBS-12P-111-4/125-PPP-780-67/33-40-3A3A3A-3-1</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Single mode polarization maintaining fiber splitter 50:50</td><td>OZ Optics</td><td>FOBS-12P-111-4/125-PPP-780-50/50-40-3S3A3A-3-1</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>f=25 mm, &amp;Oslash;1/2&quot; Achromatic Doublet, SM05-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>AC127-025-B-ML</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>f=30 mm, &amp;Oslash;1&quot; Achromatic Doublet, SM1-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>AC254-30-B-ML</td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>f=50 mm, &amp;Oslash;1&quot; Achromatic Doublet, SM1-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>AC254-50-B-ML</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>f=100 mm, &amp;Oslash;1&quot; Achromatic Doublet, SM1-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> AC254-100-B-ML</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>f=200 mm, &amp;Oslash;1&quot; Achromatic Doublet, SM1-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> AC254-200-B-ML</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1/2&quot; Broadband Dielectric Mirror, 750-1100 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> BB05-E03</td><td>Quantity: 4</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1&quot; Broadband Dielectric Mirror, 750-1100 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> BB1-E03</td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>1&quot; Polarizing beamsplitter cube, 780 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> PBS25-780</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1&quot; Linear polarizer with N-BK7 protective windows, 600-1100 nm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> LPNIRE100-B</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Shearing Interferometer with a 1-3 mm Beam Diameter Shear Plate</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>SI035</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>6-Axis Locking kinematic optic mount</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> K6XS</td><td>Quantity: 4</td></tr><tr><td>Compact five-axis platform</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> PY005</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Pedestal mounting adapter for 5-axis platform</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> PY005A2</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Polaris low drift &amp;Oslash;1/2&quot; kinematic mirror mount, 3 adjusters</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> POLARIS-K05</td><td>Quantity: 4</td></tr><tr><td>Lens mount for &amp;Oslash;1&quot; optics</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> LMR1</td><td>Quantity: 5</td></tr><tr><td>Adapter with external SM1 threads and Internal SM05 threads, 0.40&quot; thick</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> SM1A6T</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Rotation mount for &amp;Oslash;1&quot; optics</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> RSP1</td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>1&quot; Kinematic prism mount</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> KM100PM</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Graduated ring-activated SM1 iris diaphragm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td> SM1D12C</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Post-mounted iris diaphragm, &amp;Oslash;12.0 mm max aperture</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ID12</td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>1/2&quot; translation stage with standard micrometer</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>MT1</td><td>Quantity: 3</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1&quot; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 1&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>RS1P8E</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1&quot; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 1.5&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>RS1.5P8E</td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1&quot; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 2&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>RS2P8E</td><td>Quantity: 4</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1&quot; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 2.5&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>RS2.5P8E</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1&quot; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 3&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>RS3P8E</td><td>Quantity: 4</td></tr><tr><td>Short clamping fork</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>CF125</td><td>Quantity: 12</td></tr><tr><td>Mounting base</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>BA1S</td><td>Quantity: 8</td></tr><tr><td>Large V-Clamp with PM4 Clamping Arm, 2.5&quot; Long, Imperial</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>VC3C</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1/2&quot; Post holder, spring-loaded hex-locking thumbscrew, L = 1&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PH1</td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1/2&quot; Post holder, spring-loaded hex-locking thumbscrew, L = 1.5&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PH1.5</td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1/2&quot; Post holder, spring-loaded hex-locking thumbscrew, L = 2&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PH2</td><td>Quantity: 6</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Oslash;1/2&quot; 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high-speed continuous-wave stimulated brillouin scattering spectrometer for material analysis

近年は、自発的なブリルアン分光計の水溶液など生体材料、高速集録回ソフトマターの非接触解析用の大幅な増加を目撃しています。ここでは、アセンブリを論じるし、ブリルアン分光計を使用しての操作と誘起誘導ブリルアン散乱 (SBS) 水と脂質エマルジョン系組織のようなサンプルの伝送モードで誘導ブリルアン利得 (SBG) スペクトルを測定する &lt; 10 MHzスペクトル分解能と &lt; 35 MHz におけるブリルアン シフト測定精度 &lt; 分光計約 780 で連続波 (CW) 狭線幅レーザを対向する 2 つの構成 100 さん nm スキャンはその周波数の離調、材料におけるブリルアン シフト。雑音の比を信号 SBG 信号の超狭帯域ホット ルビジウム 85 蒸気ノッチ フィルターと位相敏感検出器を使用して、強化に比べて既存 CW SBS 分光器で得られる。この改善により、これにより高速で柔らかい材料の高スペクトル分解能・高精度ブリルアン解析を促進する時間を 100 倍近く高速捕捉と SBG スペクトルの測定です。

図 2 bと3 bは、蒸留水とファントムのサンプル (2.25 散乱現象と 45 cm-1の減衰係数) 測定 10 ミリ秒、100 ミリ秒、それぞれ脂質エマルジョン組織の典型的なポイント SBG スペクトルを表示します。10 の SBG スペクトルを測定した比較のため図 2 aと3 aで示すように、s。10 〜4浮遊ポンプ反射を減衰し、送信す?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis at JoVE.com

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

急速な continuous-波動-刺激-ブリルアン散乱 (CW-SBS) 装置の建設について述べる。分光計は、単一周波数ダイオード レーザーを採用しています、高スペクトル分解で濁った/非混濁試料の透過スペクトルを取得する原子蒸気のノッチ フィルターの分光器 CW SBS 既存のものより速く 100 倍まで速度。この改善により、高速ブリルアン材料分析です。

材料の分析のための高速連続誘導ブリルアン散乱分光器

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

high-speed-continuous-wave-stimulated-brillouin-scattering

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

10.1K ビュー.  Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. 急速な continuous-波動-刺激-ブリルアン散乱 (CW-SBS) 装置の建設について述べる。分光計は、単一周波数ダイオード レーザーを採用しています、高スペクトル分解で濁った/非混濁試料の透過スペクトルを取得する原子蒸気のノッチ フィルターの分光器 CW SBS 既存のものより速く 100 倍まで速度。この改善により、高速ブリルアン材料分析です。 

ビデオ: High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Rejection of Fluorescence Background in Resonance and Spontaneous Raman Microspectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is often plagued by a strong fluorescent background, particularly for biological samples. If a sample is excited with a train of ultrafast pulses, a system that can temporally separate spectrally overlapping signals on a picosecond timescale can isolate promptly arriving Raman scattered light from late-arriving fluorescence light. Here we discuss the construction and operation of a complex nonlinear optical system that uses all-optical switching in the form of a low-power optical Kerr gate to isolate Raman and fluorescence signals. A single 808 nm laser with 2.4 W of average power and 80 MHz repetition rate is split, with approximately 200 mW of 808 nm light being converted to &lt; 5 mW of 404 nm light sent to the sample to excite Raman scattering. The remaining unconverted 808 nm light is then sent to a nonlinear medium where it acts as the pump for the all-optical shutter. The shutter opens and closes in 800 fs with a peak efficiency of approximately 5%. Using this system we are able to successfully separate Raman and fluorescence signals at an 80 MHz repetition rate using pulse energies and average powers that remain biologically safe. Because the system has no spare capacity in terms of optical power, we detail several design and alignment considerations that aid in maximizing the throughput of the system. We also discuss our protocol for obtaining the spatial and temporal overlap of the signal and pump beams within the Kerr medium, as well as a detailed protocol for spectral acquisition. Finally, we report a few representative results of Raman spectra obtained in the presence of strong fluorescence using our time-gating system.

We discuss the construction and operation of a complex nonlinear optical
system that uses ultrafast all-optical switching to isolate Raman from fluorescence
signals. Using this system we are able to successfully separate Raman and fluorescence
signals utilizing pulse energies and average powers that remain biologically safe.

共鳴と自発ラマン顕微の蛍光バックグラウンドの除去

Raman spectroscopy is often plagued by a strong fluorescent background, particularly for biological samples. If a sample is excited with a train of ...

生物工学

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view and for its considerable potential for practical applications. Slow light photonic crystal waveguides, in particular, have played a major part and have been successfully employed for delaying optical signals1-4 and the enhancement of both linear5-7 and nonlinear devices.8-11
Photonic crystal cavities achieve similar effects to that of slow light waveguides, but over a reduced band-width. These cavities offer high Q-factor/volume ratio, for the realization of optically12 and electrically13 pumped ultra-low threshold lasers and the enhancement of nonlinear effects.14-16 Furthermore, passive filters17 and modulators18-19 have been demonstrated, exhibiting ultra-narrow line-width, high free-spectral range and record values of low energy consumption.
To attain these exciting results, a robust repeatable fabrication protocol must be developed. In this paper we take an in-depth look at our fabrication protocol which employs electron-beam lithography for the definition of photonic crystal patterns and uses wet and dry etching techniques. Our optimised fabrication recipe results in photonic crystals that do not suffer from vertical asymmetry and exhibit very good edge-wall roughness. We discuss the results of varying the etching parameters and the detrimental effects that they can have on a device, leading to a diagnostic route that can be taken to identify and eliminate similar issues.
The key to evaluating slow light waveguides is the passive characterization of transmission and group index spectra. Various methods have been reported, most notably resolving the Fabry-Perot fringes of the transmission spectrum20-21 and interferometric techniques.22-25 Here, we describe a direct, broadband measurement technique combining spectral interferometry with Fourier transform analysis.26 Our method stands out for its simplicity and power, as we can characterise a bare photonic crystal with access waveguides, without need for on-chip interference components, and the setup only consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with no need for moving parts and delay scans.
When characterising photonic crystal cavities, techniques involving internal sources21 or external waveguides directly coupled to the cavity27 impact on the performance of the cavity itself, thereby distorting the measurement. Here, we describe a novel and non-intrusive technique that makes use of a cross-polarised probe beam and is known as resonant scattering (RS), where the probe is coupled out-of plane into the cavity through an objective. The technique was first demonstrated by McCutcheon et al.28 and further developed by Galli et al.29

Use of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities has been widely adopted by the photonics community in many differing applications. Therefore fabrication and characterization of these devices are of great interest. This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two optical characterization methods, namely: interferometric (waveguides) and resonant scattering (cavities).

フォトニック結晶スローライト導波路とキャビティの作製と評価

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

工学

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the milli-scale structure of barbs and barbules largely determines the directional pattern of reflected light; and through the macro-scale spatial structure of overlapping, curved feathers, these directional effects create the visual texture. Milli-scale and macro-scale effects determine where on the organism's body, and from what viewpoints and under what illumination, the iridescent colors are seen. Thus, the highly directional flash of brilliant color from the iridescent throat of a hummingbird is inadequately explained by its nano-scale structure alone and questions remain. From a given observation point, which milli-scale elements of the feather are oriented to reflect strongly? Do some species produce broader "windows" for observation of iridescence than others? These and similar questions may be asked about any organisms that have evolved a particular surface appearance for signaling, camouflage, or other reasons.
In order to study the directional patterns of light scattering from feathers, and their relationship to the bird's milli-scale morphology, we developed a protocol for measuring light scattered from biological materials using many high-resolution photographs taken with varying illumination and viewing directions. Since we measure scattered light as a function of direction, we can observe the characteristic features in the directional distribution of light scattered from that particular feather, and because barbs and barbules are resolved in our images, we can clearly attribute the directional features to these different milli-scale structures. Keeping the specimen intact preserves the gross-scale scattering behavior seen in nature. The method described here presents a generalized protocol for analyzing spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from complex biological materials at multiple structural scales.

We present a non-destructive method for sampling spatial variation in the direction of light scattered from structurally complex materials. By keeping the material intact, we preserve gross-scale scattering behavior, while concurrently capturing fine-scale directional contributions with high-resolution imaging. Results are visualized in software at biologically-relevant positions and scales.

生物材料からの空間的及び道順変化する光散乱の測定

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the ...

Observation and Analysis of Blinking Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering

From a single molecule at a silver nanoaggregate junction, blinking surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is observed. Here, a protocol is presented on how to prepare the SERS-active silver nanoaggregate, record a video of certain blinking spots in the microscopic image, and analyze the blinking statistics. In this analysis, a power law reproduces the probability distributions for bright events relative to their duration. The probability distributions for dark events are fitted by a power law with an exponential function. The parameters of the power law represent molecular behavior in both bright and dark states. The random walk model and the speed of the molecule across the entire silver surface can be estimated. It is difficult to estimate even when using averages, autocorrelation functions, and super-resolution SERS imaging. In the future, power law analyses should be combined with spectral imaging, because the origins of blinking cannot be confirmed by this analysis method alone.

This protocol describes the analysis of blinking surface-enhanced Raman scattering due to the random walk of a single molecule on a silver surface using power laws.

点滅表面増強ラマン散乱の観測と解析

From a single molecule at a silver nanoaggregate junction, blinking surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is observed. Here, a protocol is presented on ...

化学

High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

The goal of this protocol is to build a parallel high-extinction and high-resolution optical Brillouin spectrometer. Brillouin spectroscopy is a non-contact measurement method that can be used to obtain direct readouts of viscoelastic material properties. It has been a useful tool in material characterization, structural monitoring and environmental sensing. In the past, Brillouin spectroscopy has usually employed scanning Fabry-Perot etalons to perform spectral analysis. This process requires high illumination power and long acquisition times, making the technique unsuitable for biomedical applications. A recently introduced novel spectrometer overcomes this challenge by employing two VIPAs in a cross-axis configuration. This innovation enables sub-Gigahertz (GHz) resolution spectral analysis with sub-second acquisition time and illumination power within the safety limits of biological tissue. The multiple new applications facilitated by this improvement are currently being explored in biological research and clinical application.

Here we present a protocol to build a rapid Brillouin spectrometer. Cascading virtually imaged phase array (VIPA) etalons achieve a measurement speed more than 1,000 times faster than traditional scanning Fabry-Perot spectrometers. This improvement provides the means for Brillouin analysis of tissue and biomaterials at low power levels in vivo.

ブリルアン散乱分析用高速サブGHzの分光

The goal of this protocol is to build a parallel high-extinction and high-resolution optical Brillouin spectrometer. Brillouin spectroscopy is a ...

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. SRS imaging modality can be obtained using commercial laser-scanning microscopes by equipping with a non-descanned forward detector with proper bandpass filters and lock-in amplifier (LIA) detection scheme. A schematic layout of a typical SRS microscope includes the following: two pulsed laser beams, (i.e., the pump and probe directed in a scanning microscope), which must be overlapped in both space and time at the image plane, then focused by a microscope objective into the sample through two scanning mirrors (SMs), which raster the focal spot across an x-y plane. After interaction with the sample, transmitted output pulses are collected by an upper objective and measured by a forward detection system inserted in an inverted microscope. Pump pulses are removed by a stack of optical filters, whereas the probe pulses that are the result of the SRS process occurring in the focal volume of the specimen are measured by a photodiode (PD). The readout of the PD is demodulated by the LIA to extract the modulation depth. A two-dimensional (2D) image is obtained by synchronizing the forward detection unit with the microscope scanning unit. In this paper, the implementation of an SRS microscope is described and successfully demonstrated, as well as the reporting of label-free images of polystyrene beads with diameters of 3 &#181;m. It is worth noting that SRS microscopes are not commercially available, so in order to take advantage of these characteristics, the homemade construction is the only option. Since SRS microscopy is becoming popular in many fields, it is believed that this careful description of the SRS microscope implementation can be very useful for the scientific community.

In this manuscript, the implementation of a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope, obtained by the integration of an SRS experimental set-up with a laser scanning microscope, is described. The SRS microscope is based on two femtosecond (fs) laser sources, a Ti-Sapphire (Ti:Sa) and synchronized optical parametric oscillator (OPO).

刺激されたラマン散乱に基づく非線形顕微鏡の実施

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. ...

Optimizing Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analyzers Based on Gain Spectrum Engineering

Demonstrated is a unique method for sensing performance enhancement in Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers (BOTDA). A Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is superimposed with two symmetric Brillouin loss spectra (BLS). This leads to a complex engineered spectrum shape that is more resistant to the sensing system noise. Instead of only one pump and probe interaction as in the conventional BOTDA setup, three optical probe waves are exploited, with one probe located in the BGS and the other two symmetrically in the BLS. Due to the resistance and insensitivity of the engineered spectrum shape to the noise, the sensing performance is enhanced by 60% and the measurand resolution is doubled.

A protocol for Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers based on gain spectrum engineering is presented. Enhancements in the sensing performance, including sensing range and measurand resolution are achieved and the excess Brillouin intensity noise is studied. The protocol introduces a new way to enhance distributed Brillouin sensing performance.

Demonstrated is a unique method for sensing performance enhancement in Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers (BOTDA). A Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is ...

Preparation of Extracellular Matrix Protein Fibers for Brillouin Spectroscopy

Brillouin spectroscopy is an emerging technique in the biomedical field. It probes the mechanical properties of a sample through the interaction of visible light with thermally induced acoustic waves or phonons propagating at a speed of a few km/sec. Information on the elasticity and structure of the material is obtained in a nondestructive contactless manner, hence opening the way to in vivo applications and potential diagnosis of pathology. This work describes the application of Brillouin spectroscopy to the study of biomechanics in elastin and trypsin-digested type I collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix. Fibrous proteins of the extracellular matrix are the building blocks of biological tissues and investigating their mechanical and physical behavior is key to establishing structure-function relationships in normal tissues and the changes which occur in disease. The procedures of sample preparation followed by measurement of Brillouin spectra using a reflective substrate are presented together with details of the optical system and methods of spectral data analysis.

We present a protocol for the application of Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy to elastin and trypsin-purified type I collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix to extract their full elastic properties.

ブリルアン分光法のための細胞外マトリックスのタンパク質繊維の調製

Brillouin spectroscopy is an emerging technique in the biomedical field. It probes the mechanical properties of a sample through the interaction of ...

Multiplex Chemical Imaging Based on Broadband Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a nonlinear optical technique for label-free chemical imaging. This analytical tool delivers chemical maps at high speed, and high spatial resolution of thin samples by directly interrogating their molecular vibrations. In its standard implementation, SRS microscopy is narrowband and forms images with only a single vibrational frequency at a time. However, this approach not only hinders the chemical specificity of SRS but also neglects the wealth of information encoded within vibrational spectra. 
These limitations can be overcome by broadband SRS, an implementation capable of extracting a vibrational spectrum per pixel of the image in parallel. This delivers hyperspectral data that, when coupled with chemometric analysis, maximizes the amount of information retrieved from the specimen. Thus, broadband SRS improves the chemical specificity of the system, allowing the quantitative determination of the concentration of the different constituents of a sample. Here, we report a protocol for chemical imaging with broadband SRS microscopy, based on a home-built SRS microscope operating with a custom differential multichannel-lock-in amplifier detection. It discusses the sample preparation, alignment of the SRS apparatus, and chemometric analysis. By acquiring vibrational Raman spectra, the protocol illustrates how to identify different chemical species within a mixture, determining their relative concentrations.

We present a protocol to acquire chemical images with broadband stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. Based on an SRS microscope that operates with differential multichannel-lock-in detection, the protocol describes the sample preparation, adjustment of the SRS apparatus, and chemometrics to disentangle different constituents of chemically heterogeneous samples.

広帯域刺激ラマン散乱顕微鏡に基づく多重化学イメージング

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a nonlinear optical technique for label-free chemical imaging. This analytical tool delivers chemical maps ...

Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy are the most widely used coherent Raman scattering imaging technologies. Hyperspectral SRS and CARS imaging offer Raman spectral information at every pixel, which enables better separation of different chemical compositions. Although both techniques require two excitation lasers, their signal detection schemes and spectral properties are quite different. The goal of this protocol is to perform both hyperspectral SRS and CARS imaging on a single platform and compare the two microscopy techniques for imaging different biological samples. The spectral focusing method is employed to acquire spectral information using femtosecond lasers. By using standard chemical samples, the sensitivity, spatial resolution, and spectral resolution of SRS and CARS in the same excitation conditions (i.e., power at the sample, pixel dwell time, objective lens, pulse energy) are compared. The imaging contrasts of CARS and SRS for biological samples are juxtaposed and compared. The direct comparison of CARS and SRS performances would allow for optimal selection of the modality for chemical imaging.

This paper directly compares the resolution, sensitivity, and imaging contrasts of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) integrated into the same microscope platform. The results show that CARS has a better spatial resolution, SRS gives better contrasts and spectral resolution, and both methods have similar sensitivity.

化学イメージングのためのハイパースペクトル刺激ラマン散乱とコヒーレントアンチストークスラマン散乱顕微鏡の直接比較

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy are the most widely used coherent Raman scattering imaging ...