Name: simultaneous recording of electroretinography and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats
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Funding for this project was provided by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 1046203 (BVB, AJV) and Melbourne Neuroscience Institute Fellowship (CTN).

<ol>
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The authors have no disclosures relevant to this work.

ERGおよびVEPはそれぞれ網膜と皮質からの視覚機能の客観的な尺度です。同時記録​​の利点は、全体の視覚経路のより包括的なビューが与えられるということです。具体的には、それらの同時評価から補足情報は例えば、視神経障害がプライマリ脳萎縮19と共存することができる、ERGはまだ明確なVEPは18症状重複する障害のために（視覚路に損傷部位の鮮明な描写を提供することができ、 20、またはVEP損失）は視覚路21,22にいくつかの場所での怪我の症状によって混乱することができるとき。同時にERGおよびVEPを測定することによって、網膜および皮質応答の間のゲインの指数も導出することができます。これは微妙な病理学的変化を検出するための有用なツールを提供することができます。現在のプロトコルは、一般的に使用される実験用ラットにERGおよびVEP測定を可能にするが、容易に広告することができます他の哺乳動物種23-25 ​​にapted。げっ歯類からERGおよびVEP波形は26-28人間の目で観察された応答のための合理的な前臨床サロゲートを提供します。 特定の刺激プロトコルを設計することにより、双方のERGおよびVEP応答が単一の記録セッション中に取得することができる。 表1は、連続フラッシュ間の回復時間を適切に考慮した光レベルの進行を示しています。キシラジン：このプロトコルは、信号対雑音特性を最大にし、ケタミンの単回投与によって提供麻酔ウィンドウ内録画時間を制限する必要性とのバランスを提供します。従って、この技術は、基本的な生理機能および疾患の研究のための視覚機能の客観的な定量的測定のために有用であり得ます。 視覚系の総合的な評価は、同時に両側性網膜応答と視覚誘発皮質応答を評価することにより達成することができます。しかし、各技術は、単独で実施することができ、単眼の代わりに、両眼の手順を簡略化します。現在のプロトコルは、ラットは、ロッド支配網膜を持っていることを考えると、ロッドの経路を分離するために選ばれた暗順応ERGおよびVEP信号を説明しています。光適合応答が研究に大きな関心がある場合には、背景光に予め適応によって明ERGおよびVEP信号を行うことも可能です。 この手法の1つの主要な制限は、安定した電極配置を可能にするために麻酔条件下で手順を実施する必要があります。それにもかかわらず、このアプローチは、微妙な処理変化の検出を可能にする堅牢な信号対ノイズ特性を提供します。 STRと光順応に対する感度の小振幅に、いくつかのステップが密接にこの応答の成功記録を確実にするために観察する必要があります。まず、十分な暗順応を含む、実施される必要があります0.52ログCD -薄暗いテストフラッシュ（10分以下の一夜暗暗赤色照明下での適応（≥8時間）、電極配置（17.4 cd.m -2、λ 最大 = 600 nm）であり、再暗順応。 SM -2）。さらに、STRの信号対雑音特性が短い刺激間間隔（ すなわち 、2秒）で収集し、複数の信号（ 即ち、20信号）にわたって平均することによって改善することができます。目と皮質の両方のこの包括的な評価の利点の1つは、反対側の記録3との比較を可能にすることです。このように、特に注意は、最小限の眼間と間の皮質の変動性を確保するために、（ すなわち 、同じ大きさと形状の電極）電極の製造に取られるべきです。 生体内の視覚路の対策とその疾患関連のプロセスに提供するために、両方のERGおよびVEP技術の広範な利用を考えると、他の経路特異的Pを照合するために有用であろうrotocols（ 例えば 、ON / OFFまたはコーンサブタイプ特異的）、および臨床診断にこの技術のアプリケーションを拡張するために、異なる刺激モダリティ（ 例えば 、ちらつき、パターン、のこぎり波）との同時ERG / VEPの記録を行います。将来的には、このアプリケーションのもう一つの論理的なステップはまた、神経生理学30に麻酔薬の影響を避けるために、意識的な29から同時に自由に動く動物をERGおよびVEPを記録することであろう。

電図（ERG）と視覚誘発電位（VEP）の測定は、視覚経路の完全性の有用な定量的評価を提供します。 VEPは、同じ光のイベント、次の一次視覚野への網膜から視覚経路の対応する機能の完全性を測定しながら、ERGは、光刺激に対する網膜の電気的応答を測定します。この原稿は、一般的に使用される実験用モデル、ラットにおけるERGおよびVEP応答の記録と分析のためのプロトコルについて説明します。 ERGは、光のフラッシュに網膜の総電気​​的応答を定量化することにより、キー網膜細胞クラスの数の機能的完全性の指標を提供します。イオンフラックスの協調一連の光開始によって開始され、オフセット、眼の外側に配置された表面電極を用いて測定することができる電圧の検出可能な変化を生じます。得られた波形がseの組み合わせを表し、振幅、タイミングおよび周波数の異なる明確に定義されたコンポーネントのリース、。研究の実質的な本体は、これらのコンポーネントは、比較的、多くの脊椎動物の網膜を横切って部品を互いに分離することができる保存されていることを示しています。思慮深く刺激（フラッシュ刺激、背景、刺激間隔）の条件を選択し、分析するために合成波形の特定の機能を選択することによって1は網膜細胞1,2の特定のグループの測定値を返すのを確信することができます。これらの特性は、網膜機能の非侵襲的測定として有用性ひいてはERGの広範なアプリケーションの基礎となります。この原稿が正（すなわち、光受容体（PIII成分）、双極細胞（PII成分）と網膜神経節細胞、ERGを測定し、網膜の主要な細胞のクラスのいくつかについての情報を返すために、その機能を解析するための方法論に焦点を当てて暗順応閾値応答またはPSTR）。 3の領域V1に視神経、視索、視床（外側膝状核、LGN）と光学放射を介してシリアルに伝え。げっ歯類では、大多数-それぞれの目のX字形の4から視神経線維の（90〜95％）とは反対側の中脳を支配します。 ERGとは異なり、特定の細胞のクラスにVEPの異なるコンポーネントを帰するようまだできていない、どこにも視覚的な経路に沿って5こうして変更はVEP波形に影響を与える可能性があります。それにもかかわらず、VEPは、ビジュアル性能と視覚路の完全性の有用な非侵襲性の尺度です。 VEPは、ERGと組み合わせて使用される場合、視覚系（ すなわち、網膜/視覚経路）のより完全な評価を提供することができます。 ERGおよびVEP記録は、アプリに応じて、単独で又は組み合わせて実施することができますカチオン。この論文に記載の方法は、網膜と皮質視覚誘発両眼からの電気生理学や麻酔したラットにおける両半球の同時評価を可能にします。これは、より包括的に網膜機能および網膜機能の変化が視覚誘発皮質機能に持つことができる上流の効果を評価するための便利な方法です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Alligator clip</td><td>generic brand</td><td>HM3022</td><td>Stainless steel 26 mm clip for connecting VEP screw electrodes to cables</td></tr><tr><td>Bioamplifier</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>ML 135</td><td>For amplifying ERG and VEP signals</td></tr><tr><td>Carboxymethylcellulose sodium 1.0%</td><td>Allergan</td><td>CAS 0009000-11-7</td><td>Viscous fluid for improving signal quality of the active ERG electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Carprofen 0.5%</td><td>Pfizer Animal Health Group</td><td>CAS 53716-49-7</td><td>Proprietary name: Rimadyl injectable (50 mg/ml). For post-surgery analgesia, diluted to 0.5% (5 mg/ml) in normal saline</td></tr><tr><td>Chlorhexadine 0.5%</td><td>Orion Laboratories</td><td>27411, 80085</td><td>For disinfecting surgical instruments</td></tr><tr><td>Circulating water bath</td><td>Lauda-K&amp;ouml;nigshoffen</td><td>MGW Lauda</td><td>For maintaining body temperature of the anesthetized animal during surgery and electrophysiological recordings</td></tr><tr><td>Dental amalgam</td><td>DeguDent GmbH</td><td>64020024</td><td>For encasing the electrode-skull assembly to make it more robust</td></tr><tr><td>Dental burr</td><td>Storz Instruments, Bausch and Lomb</td><td>#E0824A</td><td>A miniature drill head of ~ 0.7 mm diameter for making a small hole in the skull over each hemisphere to implant VEP screws</td></tr><tr><td>Drill</td><td>Bosch</td><td>Dremel 300 series</td><td>An automatic drill for trepanning</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode lead</td><td>Grass Telefactor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>F-E2-30</td><td>Platinum cables for connecting silver wire electrodes to the amplifier</td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Cage</td><td>custom-made</td><td></td><td>Ensures light proof to maintain dark adaptation. Encloses the Ganzfeld setup to improve signal to noise ratio</td></tr><tr><td>Gauze swabs</td><td>Multigate Medical Products Pty Ltd</td><td>57-100B</td><td>For drying the surgical incision and exposed skull surface during surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Ganzfeld integrating sphere</td><td>Photometric Solutions International</td><td></td><td>Custom designed light stimulator: 36 mm diameter, 13 cm aperture size</td></tr><tr><td>Velcro</td><td>VELCRO Australia Pty Ltd</td><td>VELCRO Brand Reusable Wrap</td><td>Hook-and-loop fastener to secure the electrodes and the animal on the recording platform</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane 99.9%</td><td>Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd</td><td>CAS 26675-46-7</td><td>Proprietary Name: Isoflo(TM) Inhalation anaaesthetic. Pharmaceutical-grade inhalation anesthetic mixed with oxygen gas for VEP electrode implant surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Troy Laboratories</td><td>Ilium Ketamil</td><td>Proprietary name: Ketamil Injection, Brand: Ilium. Pharmaceutical-grade anesthetic for electrophysiological recording</td></tr><tr><td>Luxeon LEDs</td><td>Phillips Lighting Co.</td><td></td><td>For light stimulation twenty 5 W and one 1 W LEDs.</td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>BS4 50-2625</td><td>Holds the ERG active electrode during recordings</td></tr><tr><td>Needle electrode</td><td>Grass Telefactor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>F-E2-30</td><td>Subcutaneously inserted in the tail to serve as the ground electrode for both the ERG and VEP</td></tr><tr><td>Phenylephrine 2.5% minims&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bausch and Lomb</td><td>CAS 61-76-7</td><td>Instilled with Tropicamide to achieve maximal dilation for ERG recording</td></tr><tr><td>Povidone iodine 10%</td><td>Sanofi-Aventis</td><td>CAS 25655-41-8</td><td>Proprietory name: Betadine, Antiseptic to prepare the shaved skin for surgery 10%, 500 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Powerlab data acquisition system</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>ML 785</td><td>Controls the LEDs</td></tr><tr><td>Proxymetacaine 0.5%</td><td>Alcon Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 5875-06-9</td><td>For corneal anaesthesia during ERG recordings</td></tr><tr><td>Saline solution</td><td>Gelflex</td><td></td><td>Non-injectable, for electroplating silver wire electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Scope Software</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>version 3.7.6</td><td>Simultaneously triggers the stimulus via the Powerlab system and collects data</td></tr><tr><td>Silver (fine round wire)</td><td>A&amp;amp;E metal</td><td>0.3 mm</td><td>Used to make active and inactive ERG electrodes, and the inactive VEP electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless streel screws&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MicroFasterners</td><td></td><td>0.7 mm shaft diameter, 3 mm in length to be implanted over the primary visual cortex and serve as the active VEP electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Stereotaxic frame</td><td>David Kopf</td><td>Model 900</td><td>A small animal stereotaxic instrument for locating the primary visual cortices according to Paxinos &amp;amp; Watson&#039;s 2007 rat brain atlas coordinates</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical blade</td><td>Swann-Morton Ltd.</td><td>0206</td><td>For incising the area of skin overlaying the primary visual cortex to implant the VEP electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Suture</td><td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co.,Ltd</td><td></td><td>3-0 silk braided suture non-absorbable, for skin retraction during VEP electrode implantation surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Tobramycine eye ointment 0.3%</td><td>Alcon Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 32986-56-4</td><td>Proprietary name: Tobrex. Prophylactic antibiotic ointment applied around the skin wound after surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Tropicamide 0.5%</td><td>Alcon Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 1508-75-4</td><td>Proprietary name: 0.5% Mydriacyl eye drop, Instilled to achieve mydriasis for ERG recording</td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine</td><td>Troy Laboratories</td><td>Ilium Xylazil-100</td><td>Pharmaceutical-grade anesthetic for electrophysiological recording</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette tip</td><td>Eppendorf Pty Ltd</td><td>0030 073.169</td><td>Eppendorf epTIPS 100 - 5,000 ml, for custom-made electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Microsoft Office Excel</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>version 2010</td><td>spreadsheet software for data analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Lethabarb Euthanazia Injection</td><td>Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd</td><td>LETHA450</td><td>325 mg/ml pentobarbital sodium for rapid euthanazia</td></tr></tbody></table>

simultaneous recording of electroretinography and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation, while the VEP measures the corresponding functional integrity of the visual pathways from the retina to the primary visual cortex following the same light event. The ERG waveform can be broken down into components that reflect responses from different retinal neuronal and glial cell classes. The early components of the VEP waveform represent the integrity of the optic nerve and higher cortical centers. These recordings can be conducted in isolation or together, depending on the application. The methodology described in this paper allows simultaneous assessment of retinal and cortical visual evoked electrophysiology from both eyes and both hemispheres. This is a useful way to more comprehensively assess retinal function and the upstream effects that changes in retinal function can have on visual evoked cortical function.

ERG波（&gt; -1.38ログcd.sm -2）、B波（&gt; - 4.99ログcd.sm -2）のSTR（&lt; - 4.99ログcd.sm -2）とVEPに（&gt; - 0.52 cd.smを記録-2）（ 図1および3）を同時に記録しました。非常に薄暗い点滅で約220ミリ秒（ 図1および図2）では、正のSTR（PSTR）をフラッシュした後、約110ミリ秒を見られて、負のSTR（NSTR）。大B波とのERG、そのPII応答を分析することができる適度なフラッシュの発症後50〜100ミリ秒の間のピーク（ 図1および図2）。この刺激エネルギーで、ピークの前に負の波は無視できます。明るく発光エネルギーでは負のたわみ波はPIII応答（ 図2）を用いて定量することができる、より顕著になります。続い - ;暗所視のVEP波形は否定応答（70ミリ秒ウィンドウ15 P1N1）を示しています<html>正の振れ（N1P2; 30から100ミリ秒）（ 図3と図4）。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54158/54158fig1.jpg" /> 図1.グループの平均ERG波形。ERGは、刺激強度の増加に伴って変化します。波形の左側の数字は、波形を誘発するために使用露光量を示しています。パネルごとに異なる​​振幅と時間スケールを注意してください。調光器の発光エネルギーでは暗順応閾値応答の正と負のコンポーネントが（PSTR、NSTR）誘発することができます。刺激エネルギーが明るくなるにつれ、aおよびb波応答をアッセイすることができる、と対になっフラッシュパラダイムは、錐体応答を測定することができる。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54158/54158fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> PLOAD / 54158 / 54158fig2.jpg &quot;/&gt; 図2 ERG分析を示す。（A）桿体機能は、A波をモデル化するためにPIIIを用いてアッセイすることができます。 1.22と1.52ログcd.sm -2（白丸、○）での波はRmのPIII（飽和振幅、μV）を返す最小の90％にPIII（灰色の線、式1）とのアンサンブルとして適合していますS（感度、メートル2 .cd -1 .S -3）とTD（タイミングの遅延、ミリ秒）パラメータを設定します。（B）ロッド双極細胞の機能は、（平均±SEM）ロッドPIIの強度応答シリーズをモデル化することによってアッセイすることができます那珂ラシュトン機能（灰色の線）と（白丸○）。これは、V 最大 （飽和振幅、μV）を返し、K（1 /感度、CDのSMを記録-2）とn（スロープ）。（C）網膜神経節細胞の機能は、薄暗い光エネルギーでアッセイし、PSTRのピーク振幅によって定量化される（PSTR アンペア ）とタイミング（ それ PSTR </sUB&gt;）。（D）コーン双極細胞の機能は、コーンPIIのピーク振幅（コーンPII アンプ ）とタイミング（コーンPII それ ）によって定量化ペアリングフラッシュパラダイムで誘発される。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54158/54158fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54158/54158fig3.jpg" /> 図3.グループの平均VEP波形。VEP波形の形状は、刺激エネルギーの増加に伴って変化します。波形の左側の数字は、波形を誘発するために使用される露光量を示している。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54158/54158fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54158/54158fig4.jpg" /> Figu4. VEPの解析と強度応答関数再。 （A）VEPの振幅分析は（P1N1）の谷と（N1P2）振幅をピークに谷するピークとします。これらの応答の暗黙的な倍は（ それ ）も返されます（P1 それ 、N1 それ 、P2 それ ）。（B）VEP P1N1振幅（平均±SEM）刺激エネルギーの増加に伴って増加する。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54158/54158fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。この図。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

This protocol describes simultaneous measurement of electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats.

麻酔ラットにおける電図および視覚誘発電位の同時記録

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

simultaneous-recording-electroretinography-visual-evoked-potentials

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.3K ビュー.  University of Melbourne. This protocol describes simultaneous measurement of electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats. 

ビデオ: Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both laboratory and clinical settings. Currently, preclinical ERG and VEP measurements are performed with anesthesia to ensure stable electrode placements. However, the very presence of anesthesia has been shown to contaminate normal physiological responses. To overcome these anesthesia confounds, we develop a novel platform to assay ERG and VEP in conscious rats. Electrodes are surgically implanted sub-conjunctivally on the eye to assay the ERG and epidurally over the visual cortex to measure the VEP. A range of amplitude and sensitivity/timing parameters are assayed for both the ERG and VEP at increasing luminous energies. The ERG and VEP signals are shown to be stable and repeatable for at least 4 weeks post surgical implantation. This ability to record ERG and VEP signals without anesthesia confounds in the preclinical setting should provide superior translation to clinical data.

We show surgical implantation and Recording procedures to measure visual electrophysiological signals from the eye (electroretinogram) and brain (visual evoked potential) in conscious rats, which is more analogous to the human condition where recordings are conducted without anesthesia confounds.

覚醒ラットに移植し、無線電図の記録と視覚誘発電位

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both ...

行動学

Using the Electroretinogram to Assess Function in the Rodent Retina and the Protective Effects of Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the retina. The ERG is a sensitive measure of changes in retinal function that are pan-retinal, but is less effective for detecting damage confined to a small area of retina. In the present work we describe how to record the &#8216;flash&#8217; ERG, which is the potential generated when the retina is exposed to a brief light flash. We describe methods of anaesthesia, mydriasis and corneal management during recording; how to keep the retina dark adapted; electrode materials and placement; the range and calibration of stimulus energy; recording parameters and the extraction of data. We also describe a method of inducing ischemia in one limb, and how to use the ERG to assess the effects of this remote-from-the-retina ischemia on retinal function after light damage. A two-flash protocol is described which allows isolation of the cone-driven component of the dark-adapted ERG, and thereby the separation of the rod and cone components. Because it can be recorded with techniques that are minimally invasive, the ERG has been widely used in studies of the physiology, pharmacology and toxicology of the retina. We describe one example of this usefulness, in which the ERG is used to assess the function of the light-damaged retina, with and without a neuroprotective intervention; preconditioning by remote ischemia.

The electroretinogram (ERG) is an electrical potential generated by the retina in response to light. This paper describes how to use the ERG to assess retinal function, in dark-adapted rats, and how it can be can be used to assess a neuroprotective intervention, in the present case remote ischemic preconditioning.

齧歯類網膜とリモート四肢虚血プレコンディショニングの保護効果に機能を評価するために電図を用いて、

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the ...

神経科学

Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to monitor the disease course in the follow-up period. Changes in the VEP parameters closely correlate with pathological damage in the optic nerve. This protocol provides a detailed description about the rodent model of optic nerve microinjection, in which a partial demyelination lesion is produced in the optic nerve. VEP recording techniques are also discussed. Using skull implanted electrodes, we are able to acquire reproducible intra-session and between-session VEP traces. VEPs can be recorded on individual animals over a period of time to assess the functional changes in the optic nerve longitudinally. The optic nerve demyelination model, in conjunction with the VEP recording protocol, provides a tool to investigate the disease processes associated with demyelination and remyelination, and can potentially be employed to evaluate the effects of new remyelinating drugs or neuroprotective therapies.

Focal demyelination is induced in the optic nerve using lysolecithin microinjection. Visual evoked potentials are recorded via skull electrodes implanted over the visual cortex to examine the signal conduction along the visual pathway in vivo. This protocol details the surgical procedures underlying electrode implantation and optic nerve microinjection.

実験視神経の脱髄のラットモデルにおける視覚誘発電位の記録

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to ...

Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used as a non-invasive technique for recording neural activities of the brain, our understanding of the neurogenesis of EEG is still very limited. Local field potentials (LFPs) recorded via a multi-laminar microelectrode can provide a more detailed account of simultaneous neural activity across different cortical layers in the neocortex, but the technique is invasive. Combining EEG and LFP measurements in a pre-clinical model can greatly enhance understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in the generation of EEG signals, and facilitate the derivation of a more realistic and biologically accurate mathematical model of EEG. A simple procedure for acquiring concurrent and co-localized EEG and multi-laminar LFP signals in the anesthetized rodent is presented here. We also investigated whether EEG signals were significantly affected by a burr hole drilled in the skull for the insertion of a microelectrode. Our results suggest that the burr hole has a negligible impact on EEG recordings.

This protocol describes a simple method for concurrent recording of co-localized electroencephalography (EEG) and multi-laminar local field potential in an anesthetized rat. A burr hole drilled in the skull for the insertion of a microelectrode is shown to produce negligible distortion of the EEG signal.

共局在脳波および齧歯動物のローカル フィールド電位の同時記録

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used as a non-invasive technique for recording neural activities of the brain, our understanding of the ...

Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and cone photoreceptor function as well as inner retinal function and is an important measure in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases as well as inflammatory, toxic, and nutritional retinopathies. Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid and reliable dark-adapted (scotopic) and light-adapted (photopic) ffERG responses. Performing ffERG in infants and children is challenging and often requires general anesthesia in the operating room. However, maintaining retinal dark adaptation in the operating room is becoming increasingly difficult given the numerous light sources from anesthesiology monitoring systems and other equipment. A practical and widely applicable method for ffERG testing is described in the operating room that optimizes retinal dark adaptation. The method reduces operating room time by dark-adapting the patient before general anesthesiology is instituted. The operating room is modified for dark adaptation and any remaining light source in the darkened operating room is minimized with the use of a modified portable foldable darkroom that encloses the patient&#8217;s head and the ERG examiner during ffERG scotopic recordings. The simple method adheres to ffERG international standards and provides valid reliable scotopic and photopic ffERG recordings that are critical to assess objective retinal function in this young age group where subjective assessment of visual function such as visual acuity and visual fields are not possible. Furthermore, the ffERG is the gold standard clinical test in detecting early onset inherited retinal diseases including Leber congenital amaurosis where approved gene therapy has become available. In sedated conditions, very low amplitude ffERG signals can be detected due to minimal orbicularis muscle activity interference, which is particularly relevant in patients after gene therapy to detect improved amplitude responses.

Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid full-field electroretinogram responses in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases. A practical protocol using a portable darkroom is provided to obtain full-field&#160;electroretinogram for infants and children under sedation or general anesthesia in the operating room setting.

最適な暗黒適応と国際基準を達成するために麻酔下で幼児と子供のための電気レチノグラム記録

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and ...

医学

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, resulting in visual dysfunction by interrupting the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor; thus, several models of ocular hypertension have been developed in rodents by either genetic or experimental approaches to investigate the causes and effects of the disease. Among those, some limitations have been reported such as surgical invasiveness, inadequate functional assessment, requirement of extensive training, and highly variable extension of retinal damage. The present work characterizes a simple, low-cost, and efficient method to induce ocular hypertension in rodents, based on low-temperature, full-circle cauterization of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage. The new model provides a technically easy, noninvasive, and reproducible subacute ocular hypertension, associated with progressive RGC and optic nerve degeneration, and a unique post-operative clinical recovery rate that allows in vivo functional studies by both electrophysiological and behavioral methods.

The goal of this protocol is to characterize a novel model of glaucomatous neurodegeneration based on 360&#176; thermic cauterization of limbal vascular plexus, inducing subacute ocular hypertension.

げっ歯類の外科的緑内障に対する辺縁血管神経叢の全周焼灼

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic ...

Preparing a Rat Model to Assess Visual Pathway Integrity Using an Electrophysiology Setup

Source: Nguyen, C. T. et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/54158">Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2016)
This video demonstrates the preparation of a rat model to study retinal health and visual pathway integrity. Visual evoked potential and electroretinography reference and active electrodes are connected to the rat, followed by aligning the platform with the rat in front of the Ganzfeld bowl for even retinal illumination and closing the Faraday cage to avoid external interference.

電気生理学セットアップを使用して視覚経路の完全性を評価するためのラットモデルの準備

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

Direct-Coupled Electroretinogram Recording of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in a Mouse

Source: Miyagishima, K. J., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/61491">Direct-Coupled Electroretinogram (DC-ERG) for Recording the Light-Evoked Electrical Responses of the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020).
This video demonstrates the recording of a direct-coupled electroretinogram (DC-ERG) on a dark-adapted, anesthetized mouse retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). After applying dilating drops, the animal is placed in a recording setup, and the capillary electrode filled with a salt buffer is placed on the cornea. After establishing the baseline, DC-ERG is recorded.

マウスにおける網膜色素上皮の直接結合網膜電図記録

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Mouse ...

Imaging and Optical Techniques

Recording of Visual Evoked Potentials via the Skull Electrodes in a Rat Model

Source: You, Y., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/52934">Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015).
This video demonstrates the process of measuring visual evoked potentials or VEPs in a dark-adapted, anesthetized rat with pre-implanted skull electrodes, which record the electrical signals from the brain&#39;s visual cortex in response to light stimuli.

ラットモデルにおける頭蓋骨電極による視覚誘発電位の記録

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. VEP ...

Concurrent Electroencephalographic and Local Field Potential Recordings in an Anesthetized Rat

Source: Kang, S., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/56447">Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates the procedure for concurrent recordings of co-localized electroencephalography (EEG) and local field potentials (LFPs) in an anesthetized rat. The process involves preparing the rat and attaching stimulating electrodes to its whisker pads. An EEG spider electrode is placed on the rat&#39;s skull for surface EEG measurements. At the same time, a multi-channel microelectrode is inserted into a specific brain region through a burr hole in the skull to record neural activity from a localized brain area.

麻酔ラットにおける電図および視覚誘発電位の同時記録

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この動画の章

覚醒ラットに移植し、無線電図の記録と視覚誘発電位

齧歯類網膜とリモート四肢虚血プレコンディショニングの保護効果に機能を評価するために電図を用いて、

実験視神経の脱髄のラットモデルにおける視覚誘発電位の記録

共局在脳波および齧歯動物のローカルフィールド電位の同時記録

最適な暗黒適応と国際基準を達成するために麻酔下で幼児と子供のための電気レチノグラム記録

げっ歯類の外科的緑内障に対する辺縁血管神経叢の全周焼灼

電気生理学セットアップを使用して視覚経路の完全性を評価するためのラットモデルの準備

マウスにおける網膜色素上皮の直接結合網膜電図記録

ラットモデルにおける頭蓋骨電極による視覚誘発電位の記録

麻酔ラットにおける脳波および局所電位記録の同時実施

麻酔ラットにおける電図および視覚誘発電位の同時記録

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

覚醒ラットに移植し、無線電図の記録と視覚誘発電位

齧歯類網膜とリモート四肢虚血プレコンディショニングの保護効果に機能を評価するために電図を用いて、

実験視神経の脱髄のラットモデルにおける視覚誘発電位の記録

共局在脳波および齧歯動物のローカル フィールド電位の同時記録

最適な暗黒適応と国際基準を達成するために麻酔下で幼児と子供のための電気レチノグラム記録

げっ歯類の外科的緑内障に対する辺縁血管神経叢の全周焼灼

電気生理学セットアップを使用して視覚経路の完全性を評価するためのラットモデルの準備

マウスにおける網膜色素上皮の直接結合網膜電図記録

ラットモデルにおける頭蓋骨電極による視覚誘発電位の記録

麻酔ラットにおける脳波および局所電位記録の同時実施

共局在脳波および齧歯動物のローカルフィールド電位の同時記録