専門家の技術支援のための氏ジェイソン・アドキンスに感謝します。

1.脱脂商業グリアジン<ol><li>メスシリンダーをアセトン150ml中に測定250mlの三角フラスコに注ぎます。 <ol><li>室温でマグネチックスターラー上でスピン棒で攪拌しながら、商業グリアジン粉末30gを追加します。アルミ箔でフラスコの開口部を密閉し、フード内でO / N撹拌し続けます。 </li></ol></li><li>濾紙で溶液をろ液。 <ol><li>新鮮なアセトン（約50ml）でろ液を洗います。アセトンを排出させるために10分間放置してみましょう。 </li><li>このような細胞培養正方形の皿のような大きな皿に下をろ紙とともにろ液を転送します。残留アセトンの蒸発を遅くするために、大きなろ紙で全体の皿をカバーしています。 </li><li>ろ液は、ボンネットO / Nで完全に乾燥することができます。室温で気密容器内の脱脂グリアジンを保管してください。 </li></ol></li></ol>精製されたグリアジンの調製<ol><li> WAの150ミリリットルを測定しますメスシリンダーとターと千ミリリットルの三角フラスコに注ぎます。 <ol><li>混乱のシリンダーを無水エタノール350ミリリットルを測定し、同じ千ミリリットルの三角フラスコに注ぎます。全く気泡が溶液混合物から生成されなくなるまでスピン棒を - （1,000回転800）を激しく撹拌します。 </li></ol></li><li>撹拌しながら、脱脂商用グリアジン粉末20グラムを追加します。途中で空気を含ま塊の形成を避けるために、一度に少量でグリアジンを追加します。 O / N撹拌し続けます。 </li><li>千ミリリットルのメスシリンダーにソリューション全体を転送します。 2日間放置してみましょう。この時間の間に、不純物がシリンダの底部に析出されます。 </li><li>ピペットでロータリーエバポレーターに上清を移して、できるだけ多くの上清からエタノールを除去。エタノールの割合が減少すると、グリアジンは、集合体として溶液中で表示されます。 </li><li>メタノールに回転/浸漬することによりグリアジン凝集体を含む溶液を凍結/ドライアイス混合物、凍結乾燥し、真空下で-70℃で。凍結乾燥の前に、溶液全体が任意の液体ずに凍結されていることを確認します。 注：凍結乾燥したグリアジンは、多孔性固体を形成します。 </li><li>乳鉢と乳棒で凍結乾燥したグリアジンを粉砕し、微粉末（&lt;0.5 mm）を得るためにコーヒーグラインダーで挽きます。室温で気密容器と店に製品を転送します。 </li></ol>グリアジンとECAの3重合反応<ol><li>計量バランス、風袋中のシンチレーションバイアルを（体積は約20ミリリットルである）を配置します。 scitillationバイアルに3.2グラムの蒸留水および6.8グラムの無水エタノールを追加します。 </li><li>バイアルに磁気スピン棒（20×3 mm）を入れ、マグネチックスターラー上にシンチレーションバイアルを移動し、激しく撹拌 - 空気の泡が水性エタノール混合物から生成されなくなるまで（800千rpm）を。 </li><li>攪拌しながら、バイアルに4 N HClを40μlを添加します。 STIながらバイアルにグリアジン20mgを追加します。<html> RRING、およびグリアジン粉末を完全に水性エタノールの混合物に溶解するまで攪拌し続けます。 </li><li> 1,000回転 - 攪拌速度はまだ800である間ECA100μlの - を確認した後グリアジン液が肉眼には明らかである、ゆっくりと80を追加します。 <ol><li> 500rpmに攪拌速度を下げ、そして1時間撹拌し続けます。反応が進行するにつれて、重合反応が進行中であることを示している濁度を観察します。 </li></ol></li><li>反応が終了すると、遠心チューブに溶液を移し、チューブの重量のバランスをとります。 20分間10,000×gでの反応生成物を遠心。この間、副生成物の沈殿物及びナノ粒子はsupernantantに残ります。副生成物の主成分は、PACAホモポリマーです。 </li><li>遠心分離後、シンチレーションバイアル（または任意の気密容器）にピペットを用いて製造したナノ粒子懸濁液（上清）を転送し、室温で保管してください。 </li></ol>商品のタイトル &quot;&gt; 4。キャラクタリゼーション<ol><li> 20ミリリットルのシンチレーションバイアルに3.2グラムの水および6.8グラムの無水エタノールを混合することにより、68重量％エタノール水溶液の10グラムを準備し、全く気泡が溶液混合物から生成されなくなるまで撹拌します。 <ol><li>攪拌しながら混合液に4 N HClを40μlを添加します。攪拌しながら調製したエタノール溶液にナノ粒子懸濁液の50μlのを追加します。 </li></ol></li><li>上記で調製した試料溶液を用いて、動的光散乱（DLS）を持つナノ粒子のサイズを測定し、製造元の指示に従ってください。 注：最終製品のサイズを200nmよりも小さくなければなりません。それが200nmよりも大きい場合、生成物は、長期間安定ではないだろう。就業ECAが新鮮でない場合は、大きなナノ粒子が生成されます。 </li></ol>製品の5.審査<ol><li>このような手鏡としてガラス板を準備します。石鹸水でガラス板の表面を洗浄します。 R流水でガラス板の表面inse。清浄化された表面を乾燥させたり、次の工程で乾燥させずに使用します。 </li><li>ガラス板の一部に）3.6で得られたナノ粒子懸濁液をスプレーし、す​​ぐに流水で表面を洗い流してください。 </li><li>ガラス板の表面に、純水をスプレー。コー​​ティングされていない面がクリアされている間（ナノ粒子懸濁液を噴霧）塗面ホールド水層を観察します。 </li></ol>

<ol><li>Vauthier, C., Dubernet, C., Fattal, E., Pinto-Alphandary, H., Couvreur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Poly%28alkylcyanoacrylates%29+as+biodegradable+materials+for+biomedical+applications%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Adv.+Drug+Deliver.+Rev%22%5BJournal%5D)">Poly(alkylcyanoacrylates) as biodegradable materials for biomedical applications.</a> Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 55, 519-548 (2003).</li>
<li>Wieser, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Chemistry+of+gluten+proteins%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Food+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Chemistry of gluten proteins.</a> Food Microbiol. 24, 115-119 (2007).</li>
<li>Bietz, J. A., Wall, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Identity+of+high+molecular+weight+gliadin+and+ethanol+soluble+glutenin+subunits+of+wheat%3A+Relation+to+gluten+structure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cereal+Chem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Identity of high molecular weight gliadin and ethanol soluble glutenin subunits of wheat: Relation to gluten structure.</a> Cereal Chem. 57, 415-421 (1980).</li>
<li>Kim, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Production+of+composites+by+using+gliadin+as+a+bonding+material%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Cereal+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Production of composites by using gliadin as a bonding material.</a> J. Cereal Sci. 54, 168-172 (2011).</li>
<li>Kim, S., Kim, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Production+of+gliadin-poly%28ethyl+cyanoacrylate%29+nanoparticles+for+hydrophilic+coating%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Nanopart.+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Production of gliadin-poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for hydrophilic coating.</a> J. Nanopart. Res. 16, 1-10 (2014).</li>
<li>Behan, N., Birkinshaw, C., Clarke, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Poly+n-butyl+cyanoacrylate+nanoparticles%3A+a+mechanistic+study+of+polymerisation+and+particle+formation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biomaterials%22%5BJournal%5D)">Poly n-butyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles: a mechanistic study of polymerisation and particle formation.</a> Biomaterials. 22, 1335-1344 (2001).</li>
<li>Nicolas, J., Couvreur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Synthesis+of+poly%28alkyl+cyanoacrylate%29-based+colloidal+nanomedicines%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Wiley+Interdiscip.+Rev.+Nanomed.+Nanobiotechnol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Synthesis of poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)-based colloidal nanomedicines.</a> Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 1, 111-127 (2009).</li>
<li>Kim, S., Evans, K., Biswas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Production+of+BSA-poly%28ethyl+cyanoacrylate%29+nanoparticles+as+a+coating+material+that+improves+wetting+property%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Colloid+Surface.+B%22%5BJournal%5D)">Production of BSA-poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles as a coating material that improves wetting property.</a> Colloid Surface. B. 107, 68-75 (2013).</li>
<li>Lander, L. M., Siewierski, L. M., Brittain, W. J., Vogler, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+systematic+comparison+of+contact+angle+methods%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Langmuir%22%5BJournal%5D)">A systematic comparison of contact angle methods.</a> Langmuir. 9, 2237-2239 (1993).</li>
<li>Davies, J., Nunnerley, C. S., Brisley, A. C., Edwards, J. C., Finlayson, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Use+of+Dynamic+Contact+Angle+Profile+Analysis+in+Studying+the+Kinetics+of+Protein+Removal+from+Steel+Glass%2C+Polytetrafluoroethylene%2C+Polypropylene%2C+Ethylenepropylene+Rubber%2C+and+Silicone+Surfaces%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22+J.+Colloid+Interf.+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Use of Dynamic Contact Angle Profile Analysis in Studying the Kinetics of Protein Removal from Steel Glass, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Polypropylene, Ethylenepropylene Rubber, and Silicone Surfaces.</a> J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 182, 437-443 (1996).</li>
<li>Giolando, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Nano-crystals+of+titanium+dioxide+in+aluminum+oxide%3A+A+transparent+self-cleaning+coating+applicable+to+solar+energy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Sol.+Energy%22%5BJournal%5D)">Nano-crystals of titanium dioxide in aluminum oxide: A transparent self-cleaning coating applicable to solar energy.</a> Sol. Energy. 97, 195-199 (2013).</li>
</ol>

Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

There are several critical steps in the production of the nanoparticle suspension. If the purified gliadin contains impurities, the reaction with ECA will produce side products. Although these unwanted products can be removed from the reaction medium during the centrifugation stage, it lowers the yield of the major product. If the gliadin solution prepared during experimental step 2.3) does not show clear separation between supernatant and precipitate after two days, the solution needs to stand for longer time. Using fre...

The goal of this article is to show the protocol for the preparation of nanoparticle suspension that modifies the wetting property of materials by a simple spray. The presented nanoparticle suspension is made from alkyl cyanoacrylate1 and a cereal protein, gliadin2,3. During the manufacturing process, protein aggregates are formed in aqueous ethanol4. Subsequent reaction with monomer (alkyl cyanoacrylate) produces the nanoparticle that is comprised of a protein core surrounded by linear polymer chains [poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)]5.
Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)s are biodegradable and have been used for the production of nanoparticles via emulsion polymerization6. This reaction is spontaneously initiated by the hydroxyl groups dissociated from water or by other nucleophilic groups in the reaction medium7. In the case of the reaction presented in this article, the amine groups on the surface of protein aggregates initiate the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate monomers5,8. As a result of this reaction, nanoparticles are formed in the reaction medium. The core of the nanoparticle is protein aggregates and the outer layer is poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) chains. The prepared nanoparticle has a strong affinity on most materials (more precisely, any material which PACA can adsorb to) and adheres onto their surface to form a thin coating on a nanometer scale. A simple spray coating instantly turns the surface of the materials hydrophilic.
Gliadin is one of the main fractions of gluten, which is in the endosperms of wheat. Gliadins are mainly monomeric proteins with molecular weights around 28,000 - 55,000. Non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and hydrophobic bonds are responsible for the aggregation of gliadins2. Although gliadin is chosen as a reactant in this article, many other proteins can also be used for the same purpose. However, the reaction condition needs to be modified accordingly because the condition for inducing aggregation is dependent on the type of protein to be employed8. Compared with other proteins, gliadin is more readily available, purification is simple, and production cost is low. Although ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) is chosen as a monomer for the presented reaction, other alkyl cyanoacrylates can also be used for the same reaction. The reason for choosing ECA is that it is readily available at low cost.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) monomer</td><td>K&amp;amp;R International (Laguna Niguel, CA)</td><td>I-1605</td><td>Any pure ECA can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Gliadin</td><td>MGP Ingredients, Inc (Atchison, KS)</td><td>Gift from the company</td><td>Gliadin can be purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat #: G3375-25G). Instead of gliadin, any commercial&amp;nbsp; gluten can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>HCl</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any reagent grade chemical can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any reagent grade chemical can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any reagent grade chemical can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol (100%)</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any reagent grade chemical can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any grade filter paper larger than 10 cm can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture square dish</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any dish larger than 20 x 20 cm can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Coffee grinder</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any coffee grinder can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Rotary evaporator</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any rotary evaporator can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Freeze Dryer</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any freeze dryer that can reach -70 &amp;deg;C can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any centrifuge that can apply 1,000 x g can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic stirrer</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any magnetic stirrer that can turn spin bar to 1,000 rpm can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)</td><td>Brookhaven Instruments Corporation</td><td>NanoBrook Omni Zeta Potential Analyzer</td><td>DLS from any company can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)</td><td>Carl Zeiss Inc.</td><td></td><td>Any SEM can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Dynamic Contact Angle (DCA)</td><td>Thermo Cahn Instruments</td><td></td><td>Any DCA can be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a protocol for the production of gliadin-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles for hydrophilic coating

この記事では、単純なスプレーコーティングによって親水性に疎水性表面を変化させるタンパク質ベースのナノ粒子の製造のためのプロトコルを提示します。これらのナノ粒子は、穀物タンパク質（グリアジン）分子の表面上のアルキルシアノアクリレートの重合反応によって製造されます。アルキルシアノアクリレートは、それが材料の表面に適用した場合、即座に、室温で重合する単量体です。その重合反応は、水分を含む表面上に、弱塩基性または求核性種の微量によって開始されます。重合後ニトリル基は、ポリ（アルキルシアノアクリレート）のバックボーンにあるため、重合アルキルシアノアクリレートは、対象物質と強い親和性を示します。彼らはシアノアクリレートの重合を開始することができるアミン基を含有するためのタンパク質はまた、この重合のための開始剤として働きます。凝集タンパク質を開始剤として使用される場合、タンパク質凝集体は、疎水性で囲まれていますアルキルシアノアクリレートの重合反応後のポリ（アルキルシアノアクリレート）鎖。実験条件を制御することにより、ナノメートル範囲の粒子が生成されます。製造されたナノ粒子は、容易にガラス、金属、プラスチック、木材、皮革、及び織物を含むほとんどの物質の表面に吸着します。材料の表面を製造ナノ粒子​​懸濁液を噴霧し、水でリンスされた場合、ナノ粒子のミセル構造は、コンフォメーションが変化し、親水性タンパク質は、空気にさらされています。その結果、ナノ粒子コーティングされた表面は、親水性に変化します。

ナノ粒子は、種々の反応条件下で調製する​​ことができます。グリアジン形態は、エタノール含有量5の広い範囲に集約します。しかし、凝集体の大きさは、付加的な層（ すなわち 、重合ECA）は、この集合に追加されるため、できるだけ小さくする必要があり、このプロセスは、最終的なサイズが大きくなります。粒子の最終サイズが大きすぎると?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating at JoVE.com

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic. The produced nanoparticle is an assembly of gliadin-cyanoacrylate diblock copolymers. Spray coating with the produced nanoparticle changes the surface of target material to a hydrophilic surface.

親水性コーティングのためのグリアジンシアノアクリレートナノ粒子の製造のためのプロトコル

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray ...

a-protocol-for-production-gliadin-cyanoacrylate-nanoparticles-for

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

6.9K ビュー.  USDA/ARS/NCAUR. This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic. The produced nanoparticle is an assembly of gliadin-cyanoacrylate diblock copolymers. Spray coating with the produced nanoparticle changes the surface of target material to a hydrophilic surface.

ビデオ: A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique

Nanotechnology is a relatively new branch of science that involves harnessing the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale (nanoparticles). Nanoparticles can be engineered in a precise fashion where their size, composition and surface chemistry can be carefully controlled. This enables unprecedented freedom to modify some of the fundamental properties of their cargo, such as solubility, diffusivity, biodistribution, release characteristics and immunogenicity. Since their inception, nanoparticles have been utilized in many areas of science and medicine, including drug delivery, imaging, and cell biology1-4. However, it has not been fully utilized outside of "nanotechnology laboratories" due to perceived technical barrier. In this article, we describe a simple method to synthesize a polymer based nanoparticle platform that has a wide range of potential applications. 
The first step is to synthesize a diblock co-polymer that has both a hydrophobic domain and hydrophilic domain. Using PLGA and PEG as model polymers, we described a conjugation reaction using EDC/NHS chemistry5 (Fig 1). We also discuss the polymer purification process. The synthesized diblock co-polymer can self-assemble into nanoparticles in the nanoprecipitation process through hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions.
The described polymer nanoparticle is very versatile. The hydrophobic core of the nanoparticle can be utilized to carry poorly soluble drugs for drug delivery experiments6. Furthermore, the nanoparticles can overcome the problem of toxic solvents for poorly soluble molecular biology reagents, such as wortmannin, which requires a solvent like DMSO. However, DMSO can be toxic to cells and interfere with the experiment. These poorly soluble drugs and reagents can be effectively delivered using polymer nanoparticles with minimal toxicity. Polymer nanoparticles can also be loaded with fluorescent dye and utilized for intracellular trafficking studies. Lastly, these polymer nanoparticles can be conjugated to targeting ligands through surface PEG. Such targeted nanoparticles can be utilized to label specific epitopes on or in cells7-10.

This article describes a nanoprecipitation method to synthesize polymer-based nanoparticles using diblock co-polymers. We will discuss the synthesis of diblock co-polymers, the nanoprecipitation technique, and potential applications.

ナノ析出法を通じて、ジブロック高分子ナノ粒子の製剤

Nanotechnology is a relatively new branch of science that involves harnessing the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale ...

生物工学

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under appropriate conditions. The glycan nanoparticles are useful carriers for protein factors, which facilitate the in vivo delivery of the proteins and sustain their retention in the targeted tissue. The glycan polyelectrolyte complexes are also ideal for protein delivery, as the incorporation is carried out in aqueous solution, which reduces the likelihood of inactivation of the proteins. Proteins with a heparin-binding site adhere to dextran sulfate readily, and are, in turn, stabilized by the binding. These particles are also less inflammatory and toxic when delivered in vivo. In the protocol described below, SDF-1&#945; (Stromal cell-derived factor-1&#945;), a stem cell homing factor, is first mixed and incubated with dextran sulfate. Chitosan is added to the mixture to form polyelectrolyte complexes, followed by zinc sulfate to stabilize the complexes with zinc bridges. The resultant SDF-1&#945;-DS-CS particles are measured for size (diameter) and surface charge (zeta potential). The amount of the incorporated SDF-1&#945; is determined, followed by measurements of its in vitro release rate and its chemotactic activity in a particle-bound form.

The objective of this protocol is to incorporate SDF-1&#945;, a stem cell homing factor, into dextran sulfate-chitosan nanoparticles. The resultant particles are measured for their size and zeta potential, as well as the content, activity, and in vitro release rate of SDF-1&#945; from the nanoparticles.

SDF-1α-キトサン硫酸デキストランナノ粒子の調製とキャラクタリゼーション

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under ...

化学

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are encapsulated in polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PSPAA) shells and then used as monomers for their self-assembly. Spherical PSPAA micelles upon acid treatment are known to assemble into cylindrical micelles. Exploiting this tendency, the core-shell nanoparticles are induced to aggregate, coalesce, and then transform into long chains. When more than one type of nanoparticles are used, random and block &#8220;copolymers&#8221; of nanoparticles can be obtained. Detailed procedures are reported for the PSPAA encapsulation of nanoparticles, homo- and co-polymerization of the core-shell nanoparticles, separation and purification of the resulting nanoparticle chains. Transformations of single-line chains into double- and triple-line chains are also presented. The synergy between the polymer shell and the embedded nanoparticles leads to an unusual chain-growth polymerization mode, giving long nanoparticle chains that are distinct from the products of the traditional step-growth aggregation process.

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We report protocols for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; various types of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles into long chains of &#8220;homo-&#8220; and &#8220;co-polymers&#8221;.

ポリスチレンを使用しました<em&gt;ブロック</em&gt; - ポリ（アクリル酸）は、それらのホモポリマーおよび共重合用単量体として金属ナノ粒子をコーティングを採用

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are ...

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design efficacious vaccines carriers. Nanoparticle-based platforms can prolong the persistence of vaccine antigens, which could improve vaccine immunogenicity1. Several biodegradable polymers have been studied as vaccine delivery vehicles1; in particular, polyanhydride particles have demonstrated the ability to provide sustained release of stable protein antigens and to activate antigen presenting cells and modulate immune responses2-12.
The molecular design of these vaccine carriers needs to integrate the rational selection of polymer properties as well as the incorporation of appropriate targeting agents. High throughput automated fabrication of targeting ligands and functionalized particles is a powerful tool that will enhance the ability to study a wide range of properties and will lead to the design of reproducible vaccine delivery devices.
The addition of targeting ligands capable of being recognized by specific receptors on immune cells has been shown to modulate and tailor immune responses10,11,13 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize carbohydrates present on the surface of pathogens. The stimulation of immune cells via CLRs allows for enhanced internalization of antigen and subsequent presentation for further T cell activation14,15. Therefore, carbohydrate molecules play an important role in the study of immune responses; however, the use of these biomolecules often suffers from the lack of availability of structurally well-defined and pure carbohydrates. An automation platform based on iterative solution-phase reactions can enable rapid and controlled synthesis of these synthetically challenging molecules using significantly lower building block quantities than traditional solid-phase methods16,17.
Herein we report a protocol for the automated solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides such as mannose-based targeting ligands with fluorous solid-phase extraction for intermediate purification. After development of automated methods to make the carbohydrate-based targeting agent, we describe methods for their attachment on the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles employing an automated robotic set up operated by LabVIEW as previously described10. Surface functionalization with carbohydrates has shown efficacy in targeting CLRs10,11 and increasing the throughput of the fabrication method to unearth the complexities associated with a multi-parametric system will be of great value (Figure 1a).

In this article, a high throughput method is presented for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and their attachment to the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles for further use in targeting specific receptors on antigen presenting cells.

無水物ナノ粒子のハイスループット糖鎖の合成と機能化

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design ...

Preparation of Hydroxy-PAAm Hydrogels for Decoupling the Effects of Mechanotransduction Cues

It is now well established that many cellular functions are regulated by interactions of cells with physicochemical and mechanical cues of their extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. Eukaryotic cells constantly sense their local microenvironment through surface mechanosensors to transduce physical changes of ECM into biochemical signals, and integrate these signals to achieve specific changes in gene expression. Interestingly, physicochemical and mechanical parameters of the ECM can couple with each other to regulate cell fate. Therefore, a key to understanding mechanotransduction is to decouple the relative contribution of ECM cues on cellular functions.
Here we present a detailed experimental protocol to rapidly and easily generate biologically relevant hydrogels for the independent tuning of mechanotransduction cues in vitro. We chemically modified polyacrylamide hydrogels (PAAm) to surmount their intrinsically non-adhesive properties by incorporating hydroxyl-functionalized acrylamide monomers during the polymerization. We obtained a novel PAAm hydrogel, called hydroxy-PAAm, which permits immobilization of any desired nature of ECM proteins. The combination of hydroxy-PAAm hydrogels with microcontact printing allows to independently control the morphology of single-cells, the matrix stiffness, the nature and the density of ECM proteins. We provide a simple and rapid method that can be set up in every biology lab to study in vitro cell mechanotransduction processes. We validate this novel two-dimensional platform by conducting experiments on endothelial cells that demonstrate a mechanical coupling between ECM stiffness and the nucleus.

We present a new polyacrylamide hydrogel, called hydroxy-PAAm, that allows a direct binding of ECM proteins with minimal cost or expertise. The combination of hydroxy-PAAm hydrogels with microcontact printing facilitates independent control of many cues of the natural cell microenvironment for studying cellular mechanostransduction.

メカノキューの影響をデカップリングするためのヒドロキシのPAAmハイドロゲルの調製

It is now well established that many cellular functions are regulated by interactions of cells with physicochemical and mechanical cues of their ...

Synthesis of Thermogelling Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer the clinical advantages of being implanted minimally invasively and easily forming space-filling solids in irregularly shaped defects. Injectable biomaterials have been widely investigated as scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, for the repair of certain load-bearing areas in the body, such as the intervertebral disc, scaffolds should possess adhesive properties. This will minimize the risk of dislocation during motion and ensure intimate contact with the surrounding tissue, providing adequate transmission of forces. Here, we describe the preparation and characterization of a scaffold composed of thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAM-g-CS) and alginate microparticles. The PNIPAAm-g-CS copolymer forms a viscous solution in water at RT, into which alginate particles are suspended to enhance adhesion. Above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), around 30 &#176;C, the copolymer forms a solid gel around the microparticles. We have adapted standard biomaterials characterization procedures to take into account the reversible phase transition of PNIPAAm-g-CS. Results indicate that the incorporation of 50 or 75 mg/ml&#160;alginate particles into 5% (w/v) PNIPAAm-g-CS solutions quadruple the adhesive tensile strength of PNIPAAm-gCS alone (p&#60;0.05). The incorporation of alginate microparticles also significantly increases swelling capacity of PNIPAAm-g-CS (p&#60;0.05), helping to maintain a space-filling gel within tissue defects. Finally, results of the in vitro toxicology assay kit, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and Live/Dead viability assay indicate that the adhesive is capable of supporting the survival and proliferation of encapsulated Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells over 5 days.

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

An injectable tissue engineering scaffold composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAm-g-CS)-containing alginate microparticles was prepared. The adhesive strength, swelling properties and in vitro biocompatibility are analyzed in this study. The characterization techniques developed here may be applicable to other thermogelling systems.

組織工学のためのアルギン酸微粒子と熱ゲルポリ（N-イソプロピルアクリルアミド） - グラフト - コンドロイチン硫酸複合材料の合成

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer ...

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), their ultimate clinical use has been hampered by the lack of biologically-relevant degradation observed for most smart materials. This is particularly true for temperature-responsive hydrogels, which are almost uniformly based on polymers that are functionally non-degradable (e.g., poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) or poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA)). As such, to effectively translate the potential of thermoresponsive hydrogels to the challenges of remote-controlled or metabolism-regulated drug delivery, cell scaffolds with tunable cell-material interactions, theranostic materials with the potential for both imaging and drug delivery, and other such applications, a method is required to render the hydrogels (if not fully degradable) at least capable of renal clearance following the required lifetime of the material. To that end, this protocol describes the preparation of hydrolytically-degradable hydrazone-crosslinked hydrogels on multiple length scales based on the reaction between hydrazide and aldehyde-functionalized PNIPAM or POEGMA oligomers with molecular weights below the renal filtration limit. Specifically, methods to fabricate degradable thermoresponsive bulk hydrogels (using a double barrel syringe technique), hydrogel particles (on both the microscale through the use of a microfluidics platform facilitating simultaneous mixing and emulsification of the precursor polymers and the nanoscale through the use of a thermally-driven self-assembly and cross-linking method), and hydrogel nanofibers (using a reactive electrospinning strategy) are described. In each case, hydrogels with temperature-responsive properties similar to those achieved via conventional free radical cross-linking processes can be achieved, but the hydrazone cross-linked network can be degraded over time to re-form the oligomeric precursor polymers and enable clearance. As such, we anticipate these methods (which may be generically applied to any synthetic water-soluble polymer, not just smart materials) will enable easier translation of synthetic smart materials to clinical applications.

Protocols are described for the fabrication of degradable thermoresponsive hydrogels based on hydrazone cross-linking of polymeric oligomers on the bulk scale, microscale, and nanoscale, the latter for preparation of both gel nanoparticles and nanofibers.

自己組織化反応押出、マイクロフルイディクス, 経由で複数の長さスケールでの分解性感温ハイドロゲルを加工・ エレクトロスピニング

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), ...

Synthesis of Stimuli-responsive Nanogels using Aqueous One-step Crosslinking and Co-nanopolymerization

Nanogels consisting of crosslinked-polymeric nanoparticles have been developed for the delivery of numerous chemical and biological therapeutics, owing to their versatile bottom-up synthesis and biocompatibility. While various methods have been employed for nanogel synthesis to date, very few have achieved it without the use of harsh organic solvents or high temperatures that can damage the integrity of the biological payload. In contrast, the methodology presented here accomplishes the synthesis of sub-100 nm sized, protein-loaded nanogels using mild reaction conditions. Here, we present a method for the non-covalent encapsulation of protein-based payloads within nano-gels that were synthesized using an aqueous-based, single-step, crosslinking copolymerization technique. In this technique, we initially electrostatically bind a protein-based payload to a cationic quaternary ammonium monomer and simultaneously cross-link and co-polymerize it using ammonium persulfate and N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetramethylethylenediamine to form nanogels that entrap the protein payload. The size and polydispersity index of the nanogels is determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS), while the surface morphology is assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mass of protein entrapped within nanogels is determined by calculating the encapsulation efficiency. Furthermore, the controlled-release ability of the nanogels via the gradual degradation of redox-responsive structural elements is also assessed in bioreduction assays. We provide examples of nanoparticle optimization data to demonstrate all caveats of nanogel synthesis and characterization using this technique. In general, uniformly sized nanogels were obtained with an average size of 57 nm and a polydispersity index value of 0.093. A high encapsulation efficiency of 76% was achieved. Furthermore, the nanogels exhibited controlled release of up to 86% of the encapsulated protein by gradual degradation of novel redox-responsive components in the presence of glutathione over 48 h.

Nanogels are an excellent and versatile nanoparticle platform for the delivery of biologics. Stimuli-responsive poly(ethylene) glycol-based polymeric nano-gels, capable of encapsulating protein-based payloads, were synthesized using a one-step cross-linking co-nanopolymerization strategy in aqueous conditions. The optimal fabrication and characterization of these novel nanoparticles are presented here.

水性ワンステップ架橋法とコナノ重合法による刺激応答性ナノゲルの合成

Nanogels consisting of crosslinked-polymeric nanoparticles have been developed for the delivery of numerous chemical and biological therapeutics, owing to ...

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

The formulation of a therapeutic compound into nanoparticles (NPs) can impart unique properties. For poorly water-soluble drugs, NP formulations can improve bioavailability and modify drug distribution within the body. For hydrophilic drugs like peptides or proteins, encapsulation within NPs can also provide protection from natural clearance mechanisms. There are few techniques for the production of polymeric NPs that are scalable. Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP) is a process that uses engineered mixing geometries to produce NPs with narrow size distributions and tunable sizes between 30 and 400 nm. This protocol provides instructions on the laboratory-scale production of core-shell polymeric nanoparticles of a target size using FNP. The protocol can be implemented to encapsulate either hydrophilic or hydrophobic compounds with only minor modifications. The technique can be readily employed in the laboratory at milligram scale to screen formulations. Lead hits can directly be scaled up to gram- and kilogram-scale. As a continuous process, scale-up involves longer mixing process run time rather than translation to new process vessels. NPs produced by FNP are highly loaded with therapeutic, feature a dense stabilizing polymer brush, and have a size reproducibility of &#177; 6%.

Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP) is a scalable approach to produce polymeric core-shell nanoparticles. Lab-scale formulations for the encapsulation of hydrophobic or hydrophilic therapeutics are described.

高分子ナノ粒子の疎水性および親水性化合物のカプセル化のため NanoPrecipitation をフラッシュします。

The formulation of a therapeutic compound into nanoparticles (NPs) can impart unique properties. For poorly water-soluble drugs, NP formulations can ...

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

These methods describe how to formulate injectable, supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels for&#160;use as biomaterials. PNP hydrogels are composed of two components: hydrophobically modified cellulose as the network polymer and self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles that act as non-covalent cross linkers through dynamic, multivalent interactions. These methods describe both the formation of these self-assembled nanoparticles through nanoprecipitation as well as the formulation and mixing of the two components to form hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties. The use of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheology to characterize the quality of the synthesized materials is also detailed. Finally, the utility of these hydrogels for drug delivery, biopharmaceutical stabilization, and cell encapsulation and delivery is demonstrated through in vitro experiments to characterize&#160;drug release, thermal stability, and cell settling and viability. Due to its biocompatibility, injectability, and mild gel formation conditions, this hydrogel system is a readily tunable platform suitable for a range of biomedical applications.

This protocol describes the synthesis and formulation of injectable, supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel biomaterials. Applications of these materials for drug delivery, biopharmaceutical stabilization, and cell encapsulation and delivery are demonstrated.

細胞および薬物送達用途のための注射可能な高分子ポリマーナノ粒子ヒドロゲル

These methods describe how to formulate injectable, supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels for&#160;use as biomaterials. PNP hydrogels are ...

親水性コーティングのためのグリアジンシアノアクリレートナノ粒子の製造のためのプロトコル

要約

さらに動画を探す

ナノ析出法を通じて、ジブロック高分子ナノ粒子の製剤

SDF-1α-キトサン硫酸デキストランナノ粒子の調製とキャラクタリゼーション

ポリスチレンを使用しました

無水物ナノ粒子のハイスループット糖鎖の合成と機能化

メカノキューの影響をデカップリングするためのヒドロキシのPAAmハイドロゲルの調製

組織工学のためのアルギン酸微粒子と熱ゲルポリ（N-イソプロピルアクリルアミド） - グラフト - コンドロイチン硫酸複合材料の合成

自己組織化反応押出、マイクロフルイディクス, 経由で複数の長さスケールでの分解性感温ハイドロゲルを加工・エレクトロスピニング

水性ワンステップ架橋法とコナノ重合法による刺激応答性ナノゲルの合成

高分子ナノ粒子の疎水性および親水性化合物のカプセル化のため NanoPrecipitation をフラッシュします。

細胞および薬物送達用途のための注射可能な高分子ポリマーナノ粒子ヒドロゲル

親水性コーティングのためのグリアジンシアノアクリレートナノ粒子の製造のためのプロトコル

要約

さらに動画を探す

ナノ析出法を通じて、ジブロック高分子ナノ粒子の製剤

SDF-1α-キトサン硫酸デキストランナノ粒子の調製とキャラクタリゼーション

ポリスチレンを使用しました

無水物ナノ粒子のハイスループット糖鎖の合成と機能化

メカノキューの影響をデカップリングするためのヒドロキシのPAAmハイドロゲルの調製

組織工学のためのアルギン酸微粒子と熱ゲルポリ（N-イソプロピルアクリルアミド） - グラフト - コンドロイチン硫酸複合材料の合成

自己組織化反応押出、マイクロフルイディクス, 経由で複数の長さスケールでの分解性感温ハイドロゲルを加工・ エレクトロスピニング

水性ワンステップ架橋法とコナノ重合法による刺激応答性ナノゲルの合成

高分子ナノ粒子の疎水性および親水性化合物のカプセル化のため NanoPrecipitation をフラッシュします。

細胞および薬物送達用途のための注射可能な高分子ポリマーナノ粒子ヒドロゲル

自己組織化反応押出、マイクロフルイディクス, 経由で複数の長さスケールでの分解性感温ハイドロゲルを加工・エレクトロスピニング