The authors wish to thank Drs. Sung-wan An and Mike O&#8217;Donnell for practical advice on establishing this assay, Dr. Chih-Jen Cheng for helpful discussions on the use of ion-specific electrodes, and Dr. Chou-Long Huang for his mentorship and support. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (K08DK091316 to ARR) and the American Society of Nephrology Gottschalk Award to ARR.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

一緒にイオン固有の電極を有するラムゼイアッセイの使用は、孤立した昆虫マルピーギ（腎）細管内の流体分泌速度とイオンフラックスの測定を可能にします。 20以上の細管は 、インビトロmicroperfused細管内の個々のアッセイと比較してより高いスループットを可能にする、一度にアッセイすることができます。また、イオン特異電極は、第2の装置への流体の少量の移動に導入?...

<html>腎上皮イオン輸送は、生物のiono-と浸透圧調節の下にあります。 キイロショウジョウバエマルピーギ（腎臓）細管上皮イオン輸送の分子メカニズムを研究するための比類のない機会を提供しています。これは、生理的な研究への尿細管のアクセスとペアにショウジョウバエの強力な遺伝学の組み合わせに起因するものです。技術1を開拓し 、研究者の名にちなんで名付けラムゼイアッセイは、孤立したマルピーギ細管から流体分泌速度を測定し、ダウと同僚2で 1994年にショウジョウバエに設立されました。これは、流体の分泌を調節する細胞特異的なシグナル伝達経路を定義するには、そのようなGAL4-UASシステム3,4 ショウジョウバエ遺伝的ツールを使用して、さらなる研究のために道を開きました。例は、他の多くの中で6,7-ペプチドホルモン5に対する応答におけるカルシウムシグナル伝達を含みます。 ハエは、尿細管の主なセグメントからの塩化カリウムに富む流体の分泌を介して起こるでve_content &quot;&gt;遺伝子技術と古典的な生理学的研究の組み合わせは、その尿の生成を示している。これは主に、陽イオンの並列経上皮分泌を介して行われKは+だけでなく、 の Na + は 、主細胞、およびClを通して- 。星細胞8-12を通じて分泌別途経上皮の K +およびNa +フラックスを測定する能力は、流体分泌の測定よりも輸送メカニズムのより詳細な特性評価を可能にします単独で、例えば、非刺激ショウジョウバエ細管ではNa + / K + -ATPアーゼ阻害剤ウアバインは、主細胞への取り込みは、有機アニオントランスポーター阻害剤タウロコール酸13によって阻害された場合でも、体液分泌2には影響を与えないが、リントンとオドネルは、ウアバインが脱分極することを示しました側底膜電位、およびNa +フラックス9を上昇させます 。代表的な結果に示すように、我々はこれらの結果をレプリケートし、K +フラックス14を同時に減少させることが示されました。増加の Na + フラックスおよび K +フラックスを減少させた分泌の正味の変化が生じ、流体分泌に対する反対の効果を持っています。 。このように、「ウアバインパラドックス」、すなわちへの2つの解像度があり、 ショウジョウバエの細管内の流体の分泌に影響を与えませんウアバイン初期観察は：まず、刺激細管に、流体分泌に対するウアバインの効果は明らかではないが原因有機アニオントランスポーター13によるその取り込み。そして第二に、非刺激細管に、ウアバインは（代表的な結果とrefを参照してください。9）液分泌の純変化なしで、その結果、上皮の Na + および K +フラックスへの影響に反対しています。 Na + / K + -ATPのため、主な役割非刺激細管にアーゼ基底膜を越えて輸送プロセスを共役型のNa +のための有利な濃度勾配を生成するために、細胞内のNa +濃度を低下させることです。確かに、別々 の Na + および K +フラックスを測定することにより、我々は、フライナトリウム-カリウム-2-塩化共輸送体（NKCC）を欠いている細管をさらにウアバイン添加後減少し、経上皮に変化がないがないと、経上皮K +フラックスが低下していることを実証しましたNa +が14フラックス 。これらの知見は、NKCCを通じてセルに入るの Na + をNa + / K + -ATPアーゼを介してリサイクルされ、私たちの結論を支持しました。別の例では、Ianowski ら 6mmの10 mMのからバスK +濃度の低下は、流体分泌の純変化なしで、経上皮K +フラックスとRhodniusのprolixusから尿細管における増加した上皮の Na + 流入を減少することが観察され<sup&gt; 15。幼虫細管全体での Na + フラックスおよび K +フラックスの差動効果も塩分17を飼育することに応答して変動する塩食16に二蚊の種に応じて、 ショウジョウバエの細管において観察されています。 ラムゼイアッセイ調製物における経上皮イオンフラックスの測定における最大の課題は、分泌された流体内のイオン濃度の決意です。この課題は、難photometery 18、放射性イオン19を使用すると、電子プローブ波長分散分光法20を含む様々なソリューションと満たされています。これらの技術は、イオン濃度を測定するための機器に分泌液滴の移動を必要とします。非刺激ショウジョウバエ細管により分泌される流体の体積が小さいため、通常は0.5〜NL /分で、これは技術的な課題を提起し、分泌された流体の一部である場合、エラーが導入され転送時に失わ。対照的に、イオン特異的電極の使用は、 その場での （イオン濃度を算出することが可能な）イオン活性の測定を可能にします。現在のプロトコルは、K +イオノフォア21としてバリノマイシン使用してRhodnius細管全体の経上皮K +フラックスを測定するためにMaddrellらによって使用されるものから適合し、また、4- ターシャの -butylcalix [4]アレーン四酢酸の使用が記載されましたテトラエチルエステル系NaがMesserli らによって特徴づけられる特異的イオン固有の電極を+。アル。22。イオン特定電極はまた、大人の9,23および幼虫16 キイロショウジョウバエでラムゼイアッセイにおいてマルピーギ細管により分泌液中のイオン濃度を測定するために使用されてきた、ニュージーランドアルパインウェタ（Hemideinaマオリ ）24と蚊17インチ ここでは、詳細にラムゼイとしての使用を記載ショウジョウバエからマルピーギ細管流体分泌速度を測定するだけでなく、分泌液、したがって、経上皮イオンフラックスの計算内の K +およびNa +の濃度を決定するために、イオン固有の電極を使用すると言います。アッセイの概要を図1に提供されます。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53144/53144fig1.jpg" /> マルピーギ細管の図1の回路図とイオン濃度を測定するためのイオン特定電極の使用とラムゼイアッセイ 。この図は、ラムゼイアッセイのためのセットアップを示しています。 （A）各フライは、4つの細管、前方細管一対の後部細管のペア、血リンパに囲まれた腹腔内のそのフロートを持っています。各ペアでは、二つの細管はその後、中腸とhindguの接合部に尿を空に尿管、に参加しますトン。細管は、ブラインド・エンドです。尿は（赤で示した）は、流体分泌メインセグメントによって生成され、消化管に尿管に向かって内外に流れます。解剖後、細管のペアは、尿管を横断することにより、腸から解離します。 （B）は、尿細管のペアは、その後、アッセイ皿のウェル内入浴食塩水の液滴に移しました。 2細管の一つは、「アンカー細管は、「金属ピンの周りを包み、不活性であるとしてここでいいます。他の細管は、分泌細管です。 （液体を分泌しない）最初のセグメントと分泌細管の主なセグメントは、入浴の生理食塩水の液滴内に残ります。その後、イオンと水の移動入浴生理食塩水から、主要セグメントの尿細管内腔へ、および生体内で起こるように、尿管に向かって移動します。下部セグメント（青）が入浴生理食塩水、したがって不活性外です。尿管が切断されるので、分泌液が尿管の切断端からの液滴として現れます。 T彼は、分泌が続くように、流体液滴が時間とともに拡大し、分泌され、その直径は、接眼マイクロメータを用いて測定されます。ミネラルオイルの層は、分泌液の蒸発を防止します。リファレンスとイオン特定電極が分泌液のイオン濃度を測定する。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53144/53144fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td><td>Ellsworth Adhesives</td><td>http://www.ellsworth.com/dow-corning-sylgard-184-silicone-encapsulant-0-5kg-kit-clear/</td><td>May be purchased from multiple distributors</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish, polystyrene, 100 mm x 15 mm</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB0875712</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish, polystyrene, 35 mm x 10 mm</td><td>Corning Life Sciences</td><td>Fisher 08-757-100A</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Handle #3</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10003-12</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Blades #1</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10011-00</td><td>Specific brand is not important; use appropriate sharps precautions</td></tr><tr><td>Needle, 30 G x 1/2</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>305106</td><td>Use appropriate sharps precautions</td></tr><tr><td>Minutien pins, black anodized, 0.15 mm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>26002-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope with ocular micrometer</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ800</td><td>Specific brand is not important; this is given as an example</td></tr><tr><td>Sheet of black stained glass, 3 mm (1/8 inch) thick</td><td>Hobby shop</td><td></td><td>Example includes Spectrum Black Opal by Spectrum Glass (http://www.delphiglass.com/spectrum-glass/opalescent/spectrum-black-opal)</td></tr><tr><td>Glass cutting tools (glass cutter, glass cutting pliers)</td><td>Hobby shop</td><td></td><td>Examples include the Studio Pro Lightweight Running Pliers by Diamond Tech (http://www.delphiglass.com/glass-cutters-tools/pliers-nippers/studio-pro-lightweight-running-pliers) and the Studio Pro Brass Glass Cutter by Diamond Tech (http://www.delphiglass.com/glass-cutters-tools/glass-cutters/studio-pro-brass-glass-cutter). Use appropriate safety precautions when cutting glass</td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillary tube, unfilamented, GC120-10, OD 1.2 mm, ID 0.69 mm, length 10 cm</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>30-0042</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillary tube, filamented, GC120F-10, OD 1.2 mm, ID 0.69 mm, length 10 cm</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>30-0044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitric acid, 70%</td><td>Sigma</td><td>438073</td><td>CAUTION: see Material Data Safety Sheet for appropriate storage and handling guidelines. Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Cimarec 7 in x 7 in hotplate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>11675911Q</td><td>Specific brand is not important; caution when heated</td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore dichlorodimethylsilane</td><td>Sigma</td><td>40136-1ML</td><td>CAUTION: see Material Data Safety Sheet for appropriate storage and handling guidelines</td></tr><tr><td>Two-step vertical pipet puller</td><td>Narishige</td><td>PC-10</td><td>Other pipet pullers can be used; this is given as an example</td></tr><tr><td>Glass petri dish, 150 mm diameter x 15 mm height</td><td>Fisher</td><td>08-748E</td><td>Specific brand is not important; only one dish needed</td></tr><tr><td>World Precision Instruments E210 1 mm micropipette storage jar</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-821-852</td><td>May be available from other distributors. Useful to have two jars. Note that although this jar is specified for 1 mm pipets, and the pipets used here are 1.2 mm, in our experience the 1 mm jar works best for the 1.2 mm pipets.</td></tr><tr><td>Silica Gel, Tel-Tale Desiccant, indicating, 10-18 mesh</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S161-500</td><td>Indicating silica useful for determining whether silica gel retains desiccating ability</td></tr><tr><td>World Precision Instruments MicroFil, 34G</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-821-914</td><td>May be available from other distributors.</td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe with luer lock</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>309659</td><td>May be available from other distributors.</td></tr><tr><td>3 ml syringe with luer lock</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>309657</td><td>May be available from other distributors.</td></tr><tr><td>D300 3-way stopcock with female luer lock inlet port, male luer outlet port with rotating collar and guard</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>UX-30600-02</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Female Luer Locking Connector</td><td>4 Medical Solutions</td><td>ADC 9873-10</td><td>Specific brand is not important; barbed end is ~4 mm at narrowest point and ~7 mm at widest point.</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone Tubing I.D. x O.D. x Wall: 1/16 x 1/8 x 1/32 in. (1.59 x 3.18 x 0.79 mm)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-179-110</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>E-3603 tubing, I.D. x O.D.: 1/32 x 3/32 in</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14171208</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Modeling clay</td><td></td><td></td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore potassium ionophore I, cocktail B</td><td>Sigma</td><td>99373</td><td>CAUTION: see Material Data Safety Sheet for appropriate storage and handling guidelines</td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore sodium ionophore X</td><td>Sigma</td><td>71747</td><td>Sodium ionophore X = 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetraacetic acid tetraethylester</td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether</td><td>Sigma</td><td>73732</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore sodium tetraphenylborate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>72018</td><td>CAUTION: see Material Data Safety Sheet for appropriate storage and handling guidelines</td></tr><tr><td>Schneider&#039;s Drosophila medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>21720024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High impedance electrometer</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>FD223a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microelectrode holder 1 mm with 45&amp;deg; body, vented, with handle</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-1051</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microelectrode holder 1 mm with straight body, vented</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-1007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver wire</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-1318</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulators, pair</td><td>Leitz</td><td></td><td>Various brands/models will work; this is an example</td></tr><tr><td>Faraday cage</td><td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation</td><td>81-334-03</td><td>This is an example; any Faraday cage will work</td></tr><tr><td>Single gooseneck fiberoptic light</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>mineral oil</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP-2629</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>forceps, Dumont #5 with Biologie tip</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11295-10</td><td>May be available from other distributors.</td></tr></tbody></table>

use of the ramsay assay to measure fluid secretion and ion flux rates in the drosophila melanogaster malpighian tubule

腎上皮イオン輸送の調節は、生物が外部条件の変化の顔にイオン性および浸透圧の恒常性を維持することができます。 キイロショウジョウバエマルピーギ（腎臓）細管が原因でこの生物の強力な遺伝学と生理学的研究への尿細管のアクセスに、上皮のイオン輸送の分子メカニズムを研究するための比類のない機会を提供しています。ここで、我々は、分泌液中のナトリウム及びカリウムの濃度を測定するために、イオン特異的電極を使用して、単離されたフライ尿細管からの流体の分泌速度を測定するためラムゼイアッセイの使用を記載しています。このアッセイは、イオン濃度を測定するための別の装置に分泌液を転送する必要なく、一度に20〜細管の上皮の流体及びイオンフラックスの研究を可能にします。遺伝的に異なる細管は、輸送プロセスにおける特定の遺伝子の役割を評価するために分析することができます。また、Bathing生理食塩水を添加し、その化学的性質、または薬物またはホルモンの影響を調べるために改変することができます。要約すると、この技術は、基本的なショウジョウバエの細管上皮イオン輸送機構、ならびにこれらの輸送メカニズムの規制の分子特徴づけを可能にします。

図7、図8、K +およびNa +濃度を測定するために、イオン特定電極とラムゼイアッセイの使用を示す遺伝的および薬理学的に異なるK +およびNa +フラックス 、単独の流体分泌速度を測定することにより、捕捉されない情報を区別することができます。 図 Na +フラックスが（ 図7B）に変更されていない間NKCCにおけるホ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule at JoVE.com

Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule

このプロトコルは、 キイロショウジョウバエから単離しマルピーギ（腎）細管からの流体分泌速度を測定するためのラムゼイアッセイの使用を記載しています。また、イオン特異的電極の使用は、経上皮イオンフラックスの計算を可能にする、分泌液中のナトリウム及びカリウムの濃度を測定するために、記載されています。

で液分泌とイオンフラックス速度を測定するためのラムゼイアッセイの使用<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em&gt;マルピーギ管

Modulation of renal epithelial ion transport allows organisms to maintain ionic and osmotic homeostasis in the face of varying external conditions. The ...

use-ramsay-assay-to-measure-fluid-secretion-ion-flux-rates-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule

11.8K ビュー.  University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. このプロトコルは、 キイロショウジョウバエから単離しマルピーギ（腎）細管からの流体分泌速度を測定するためのラムゼイアッセイの使用を記載しています。また、イオン特異的電極の使用は、経上皮イオンフラックスの計算を可能にする、分泌液中のナトリウム及びカリウムの濃度を測定するために、記載されています。 

ビデオ: Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated. Thus, simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity and behavior are essential to correlate brain activity to behavior. For such behavioral analyses, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, allows us to incorporate genetically encoded calcium indicators such as GCaMP1, to monitor neuronal activity, and to use sophisticated genetic manipulations for optogenetic or thermogenetic techniques to specifically activate identified neurons2-5. Use of a thermogenetic technique has led us to find critical neurons for feeding behavior (Flood et al., under revision). As a main part of feeding behavior, a Drosophila adult extends its proboscis for feeding6 (proboscis extension response; PER), responding to a sweet stimulus from sensory cells on its proboscis or tarsi. Combining the protocol for PER7 with a calcium imaging technique8 using GCaMP3.01, 9, I have established an experimental system, where we can monitor activity of neurons in the feeding center &#x2013; the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), simultaneously with behavioral observation of the proboscis. I have designed an apparatus ("Fly brain Live Imaging and Electrophysiology Stage": "FLIES") to accommodate a Drosophila adult, allowing its proboscis to freely move while its brain is exposed to the bath for Ca2+ imaging through a water immersion lens. The FLIES is also appropriate for many types of live experiments on fly brains such as electrophysiological recording or time lapse imaging of synaptic morphology. Because the results from live imaging can be directly correlated with the simultaneous PER behavior, this methodology can provide an excellent experimental system to study information processing of neuronal networks, and how this cellular activity is coupled to plastic processes and memory.

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, extends its proboscis for feeding, responding to a sugar stimulus from its proboscis or tarsus. I have combined observations of the proboscis extension response (PER) with a calcium imaging technique, allowing us to monitor the activity of neurons in the brain, simultaneously with behavioral observation.

同定されたニューロンと摂食行動からカルシウム信号の同時記録キイロショウジョウバエ</em

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated.  Thus, ...

神経科学

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

アッセイのメソッドショウジョウバエ行動

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous system and protects neural tissue from toxins and pathogens. Defects in the formation of this barrier have been correlated with neuropathies, and the breakdown of this barrier has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is critical to identify the genes that regulate the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier to identify potential therapeutic targets. In order to understand the exact roles these genes play in neural development, it is necessary to assay the effects of altered gene expression on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Many of the molecules that function in the establishment of the blood-brain barrier have been found to be conserved across eukaryotic species, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Fruit flies have proven to be an excellent model system for examining the molecular mechanisms regulating nervous system development and function. This protocol describes a step-by-step procedure to assay for blood-brain barrier integrity during the embryonic and larval stages of D. melanogaster development.

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Blood-brain barrier integrity is critical for nervous system function. In Drosophila melanogaster, the blood-brain barrier is formed by glial cells during late embryogenesis. This protocol describes methods to assay for blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance in D. melanogaster embryos and third instar larvae.

ショウジョウバエメラノガスターにおける血液脳関門完全性に関するアッセイ

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous ...

発生生物学

Measuring Physiological Responses of Drosophila Sensory Neurons to Lipid Pheromones Using Live Calcium Imaging

Unlike mammals, insects such as Drosophila have multiple taste organs. The chemosensory neurons on the legs, proboscis, wings and ovipositor of Drosophila express gustatory receptors1,2, ion channels3-6, and ionotropic receptors7 that are involved in the detection of volatile and non-volatile sensory cues. These neurons directly contact tastants such as food, noxious substances and pheromones and therefore influence many complex behaviors such as feeding, egg-laying and mating. Electrode recordings and calcium imaging have been widely used in insects to quantify the neuronal responses evoked by these tastants. However, electrophysiology requires specialized equipment and obtaining measurements from a single taste sensillum can be technically challenging depending on the cell-type, size, and position. In addition, single neuron resolution in Drosophila can be difficult to achieve since taste sensilla house more than one type of chemosensory neuron. The live calcium imaging method described here allows responses of single gustatory neurons in live flies to be measured. This method is especially suitable for imaging neuronal responses to lipid pheromones and other ligand types that have low solubility in water-based solvents.

Measuring Physiological Responses of Drosophila Sensory Neurons to Lipid Pheromones Using Live Calcium Imaging

The forelegs and proboscis of Drosophila contain a rich repertoire of gustatory sensory neurons. Here, we present a method using calcium imaging to measure physiological responses from sensory neurons in the foreleg and proboscis of live flies upon exogenous application of a gustatory pheromone.

の生理反応を測定します<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;ライブカルシウムイメージングを使用して脂質フェロモンの感覚ニューロン

Unlike mammals, insects such as Drosophila have multiple taste organs. The chemosensory neurons on the legs, proboscis, wings and ovipositor of Drosophila ...

免疫・感染学

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of the right type and quantity of food therefore has a major influence on quality of life. Research on feeding behavior focuses on the underlying processes that ensure actual feeding and unravels the role of factors regulating internal energy homeostasis and the neuronal bases of decision-making. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster, with its great variety of genetically traceable tools for labeling and manipulating single neurons, allows mapping of neuronal networks and identification of molecular signaling cascades involved in the regulation of food intake. This report demonstrates the CApillary FEeder assay (CAFE) and shows how to measure food intake in a group of flies for time spans ranging from hours to days. This easy-to-use assay consists of glass capillaries filled with liquid food that flies can freely access and feed on. Food consumption in the assay is accurately determined using simple measurement tools. Herein we describe step-by-step the method from setup to successful execution of the CAFE assay, and provide practical examples to analyze the food intake of a group of flies under controlled conditions. The reader is guided through possible limitations of the assay, and advantages and disadvantages of the method compared to other feeding assays in D. melanogaster are evaluated.

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

The CApillary FEeder (CAFE) assay is a simple, budget-friendly, highly reliable method for investigating mechanisms underlying food intake. Used with the highly versatile genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster, it provides a powerful means of gaining new insights into regulatory mechanisms of food intake.

キャピラリーフィーダーアッセイにおいて食物摂取を測定します<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of ...

Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae

Foraging and feeding behaviors allow animals to access sources of energy and nutrients essential for their development, health, and fitness. Investigating the neuronal regulation of these behaviors is essential for the understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying nutritional homeostasis. The use of genetically tractable animal models such as worms, flies, and fish greatly facilitates these types of studies. In the last decade, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a powerful animal model by neurobiologists investigating the neuronal control of feeding and foraging behaviors. While undoubtedly valuable, most studies examine adult flies. Here, we describe a protocol that takes advantage of the simpler larval nervous system to investigate neuronal substrates controlling feeding behaviors when larvae are exposed to diets differing in their protein and carbohydrates content. Our methods are based on a quantitative colorimetric no-choice feeding assay, performed in the context of a neuronal thermogenetic-activation screen. As a read-out, the amount of food eaten by larvae over a 1 h interval was used when exposed to one of the three dye-labeled diets that differ in their protein to carbohydrates (P:C) ratios. The efficacy of this protocol is demonstrated in the context of a neurogenetic screen in larval Drosophila, by identifying candidate neuronal populations regulating the amount of food eaten in diets of different macronutrient quality. We were also able to classify and group the genotypes tested into phenotypic classes. Besides a brief review of the currently available methods in the literature, the advantages and limitations of these methods are discussed and, also, some suggestions are provided about how this protocol might be adapted to other specific experiments.

Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae

Described here is a protocol that enables the colorimetric quantification of the amount of food eaten within a defined interval of time by Drosophila melanogaster larvae exposed to diets of different macronutrient quality. These assays are conducted in the context of a neuronal thermogenetic screen.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫を用いた熱遺伝学的神経細胞スクリーンにおけるマクロ栄養素摂取量の定量化

Foraging and feeding behaviors allow animals to access sources of energy and nutrients essential for their development, health, and fitness. Investigating ...

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This protocol repurposes an instrument often used to measure adult activity, the TriKinetics Drosophila activity monitor (MB5 Multi-Beam Activity Monitor) to study larval activity. The instrument can monitor the movements of animals in 16 individual 8 cm glass assay tubes, using 17 infrared detection beams per tube. Logging software automatically saves data to a computer, recording parameters such as number of moves, times sensors were triggered, and animals&#8217; positions within the tubes. The data can then be analyzed to represent overall locomotion and/or position preference as well as other measurements. All data are easily accessible and compatible with basic graphing and data manipulation software. This protocol will discuss how to use the apparatus, how to operate the software and how to run a larval activity assay from start to finish.

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

This report describes a method for measuring Drosophila larval activity using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor. The device employs infrared beams to detect movements of up to 16 individual animals. Data can be analyzed to represent motion parameters including rates and the positions of the animals within the assay chambers.

幼虫活性の測定<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;アクティビティモニタ

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This ...

生物学

Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator

Epithelial ion transport is vital to systemic ion homeostasis as well as maintenance of essential cellular electrochemical gradients. Intracellular pH (pHi) is influenced by many ion transporters and thus monitoring pHi is a useful tool for assessing transporter activity. Modern Genetically Encoded pH-Indicators (GEpHIs) provide optical quantification of pHi in intact cells on a cellular and subcellular scale. This protocol describes real-time quantification of cellular pHi regulation in Malpighian Tubules (MTs) of Drosophila melanogaster through ex vivo live-imaging of pHerry, a pseudo-ratiometric GEpHI with a pKa well-suited to track pH changes in the cytosol. Extracted adult fly MTs are composed of morphologically and functionally distinct sections of single-cell layer epithelia, and can serve as an accessible and genetically tractable model for investigation of epithelial transport. GEpHIs offer several advantages over conventional pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes and ion-selective electrodes. GEpHIs can label distinct cell populations provided appropriate promoter elements are available. This labeling is particularly useful in ex vivo, in vivo, and in situ preparations, which are inherently heterogeneous. GEpHIs also permit quantification of pHi in intact tissues over time without need for repeated dye treatment or tissue externalization. The primary drawback of current GEpHIs is the tendency to aggregate in cytosolic inclusions in response to tissue damage and construct over-expression. These shortcomings, their solutions, and the inherent advantages of GEpHIs are demonstrated in this protocol through assessment of basolateral proton (H+) transport in functionally distinct principal and stellate cells of extracted fly MTs. The techniques and analysis described are readily adaptable to a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate preparations, and the sophistication of the assay can be scaled from teaching labs to intricate determination of ion flux via specific transporters.

Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator

Cellular ion transport can often be assessed by monitoring intracellular pH (pHi). Genetically Encoded pH-Indicators (GEpHIs)&#160;provide optical quantification of intracellular pH in intact cells. This protocol details the quantification of intracellular pH through cellular ex vivo live-imaging of Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster with pHerry, a pseudo-ratiometric genetically encoded pH-indicator.

蛍光遺伝子にコードされた pH インジケーターとキイロショウジョウバエのマルピギー氏管の上皮細胞で光の定量化の細胞内 pH

Epithelial ion transport is vital to systemic ion homeostasis as well as maintenance of essential cellular electrochemical gradients. Intracellular pH ...

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito

Studies of insect physiology, particularly in those species that are vectors of pathogens causing disease in humans and other vertebrates, provide the foundation to develop novel strategies for pest control. Here, a series of methods are described that are routinely utilized to determine the functional roles of neuropeptides and other neuronal factors (i.e., biogenic amines) on the excretory system of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The Malpighian tubules (MTs), responsible for primary urine formation, can continue functioning for hours when removed from the mosquito, allowing for fluid secretion measurements following hormone treatments. As such, the Ramsay assay is a useful technique to measure secretion rates from isolated MTs. Ion-selective microelectrodes (ISME) can sequentially be used to measure ion concentrations (i.e., Na+ and K+) in the secreted fluid. This assay allows for the measurement of several MTs at a given time, determining the effects of various hormones and drugs. The Scanning Ion-selective Electrode Technique uses ISME to measure voltage representative of ionic activity in the unstirred layer adjacent to the surface of ion transporting organs to determine transepithelial transport of ions in near real time. This method can be used to understand the role of hormones and other regulators on ion absorption or secretion across epithelia. Hindgut contraction assays are also a useful tool to characterize myoactive neuropeptides, that may enhance or reduce the ability of this organ to remove excess fluid and waste. Collectively, these methods provide insight into how the excretory system is regulated in adult mosquitoes. This is important because functional coordination of the excretory organs is crucial in overcoming challenges such as desiccation stress after eclosion and before finding a suitable vertebrate host to obtain a bloodmeal.

This protocol outlines methodologies behind the Ramsay assay, ion-selective microelectrodes, Scanning Ion-selective Electrode Technique (SIET) and in vitro contraction assays, applied to study the adult mosquito excretory system, comprised of the Malpighian tubules and hindgut, to collectively measure ion and fluid secretion rates, contractile activity, and transepithelial ion transport.

成虫の蚊における排泄系の神経ペプチドおよび他の調節因子の活性の研究

Studies of insect physiology, particularly in those species that are vectors of pathogens causing disease in humans and other vertebrates, provide the ...

Malpighian Tubule Dissection from an Adult Fly: Isolating an Osmoregulatory and Excretory Organ

Source: Rossano, A. J. and Romero, M. F. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/55698/" target="_blank">Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This article describes the dissection of the anterior Malpighian tubules (MT) from a female Drosophila fly and an example protocol from Rossano et al. (2017) in which the MTs are prepared for live imaging in a perfusion chamber.

で液分泌とイオンフラックス速度を測定するためのラムゼイアッセイの使用

要約

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同定されたニューロンと摂食行動からカルシウム信号の同時記録キイロショウジョウバエ

アッセイのメソッドショウジョウバエ行動

ショウジョウバエメラノガスターにおける血液脳関門完全性に関するアッセイ

の生理反応を測定します

キャピラリーフィーダーアッセイにおいて食物摂取を測定します

ショウジョウバエ幼虫を用いた熱遺伝学的神経細胞スクリーンにおけるマクロ栄養素摂取量の定量化

幼虫活性の測定

蛍光遺伝子にコードされた pH インジケーターとキイロショウジョウバエのマルピギー氏管の上皮細胞で光の定量化の細胞内 pH

成虫の蚊における排泄系の神経ペプチドおよび他の調節因子の活性の研究

成虫からのマルピーギ尿細管解剖:浸透圧調節器官および排泄器官の分離