第 11 章
液体・固体・分子間力
気体、液体及び固体の分子比較
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...
分子間力 vs 分子内力
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular ...
分子間力
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...
分子間力の比較：融点、沸点及び混和性
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...
表面張力、毛細管現象及び粘度
Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded ...
相転移
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the ...
相転移：気化と凝縮
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...
蒸気圧
When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally ...
クラウジウス-クライペイロン方程式
The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor ...
相転移：融解と凝固
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy ...
相転移：昇華と凝結
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and ...
熱・冷却曲線
When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance ...
位相図
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. ...
固体の構造
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds ...
分子性及びイオン性固体
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their ...
イオン性結晶構造
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is ...
金属固体
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a ...
バンド理論
When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, ...
ネットワーク共有結合固体
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, ...
X線結晶学
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, ...
格子配置と配位数
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its ...
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