Name: the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice
Uploaded: 2016-12-29T12:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 47 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

This research was supported by NASA (NNX15AC17G to CMD), and by NASA cooperative agreement NCC 9-58 (E000010 to CMD, NBPF02802 and NBPF04201 to RDH) with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.

<ol>
	<li>Dinges, D. F., Orne, M. T., Whitehouse, W. G., Orne, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+placement+of+a+nap+for+alertness:+contributions+of+circadian+phase+and+prior+wakefulness.">Temporal placement of a nap for alertness: contributions of circadian phase and prior wakefulness.</a> Sleep. 10, 313-329 (1987).</li><li>Dinges, D. F., Powell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microcomputer+analyses+of+performance+on+a+portable,+simple+visual+RT+task+during+sustained+operations.">Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual RT task during sustained operations.</a> Behav Res Method Inst Comp. 17, 652-655 (1985).</li><li>Kribbs, N. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+one+night+without+nasal+CPAP+treatment+on+sleep+and+sleepiness+in+patients+with+obstructive+sleep+apnea.">Effects of one night without nasal CPAP treatment on sleep and sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.</a> Am Rev Respir Dis. 147, 1162-1168 (1993).</li><li>Basner, M., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+sensitivity+of+the+psychomotor+vigilance+test+(PVT)+to+sleep+loss.">Maximizing sensitivity of the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) to sleep loss.</a> Sleep. 34, 581-591 (2011).</li><li>Basner, M., Mollicone, D., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+and+Sensitivity+of+a+Brief+Psychomotor+Vigilance+Test+(PVT-B)+to+Total+and+Partial+Sleep+Deprivation.">Validity and Sensitivity of a Brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B) to Total and Partial Sleep Deprivation.</a> Acta Astronaut. 69, 949-959 (2011).</li><li>Dinges, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cumulative+sleepiness,+mood+disturbance,+and+psychomotor+vigilance+performance+decrements+during+a+week+of+sleep+restricted+to+4-5+hours+per+night.">Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night.</a> Sleep. 20, 267-277 (1997).</li><li>Drummond, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+basis+of+the+psychomotor+vigilance+task.">The neural basis of the psychomotor vigilance task.</a> Sleep. 28, 1059-1068 (2005).</li><li>Jewett, M. E., Dijk, D. J., Kronauer, R. E., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose-response+relationship+between+sleep+duration+and+human+psychomotor+vigilance+and+subjective+alertness.">Dose-response relationship between sleep duration and human psychomotor vigilance and subjective alertness.</a> Sleep. 22, 171-179 (1999).</li><li>Lim, J., Dinges, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+and+vigilant+attention.">Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1129, 305-322 (2008).</li><li>Van Dongen, H. P., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep,+circadian+rhythms,+and+psychomotor+vigilance.">Sleep, circadian rhythms, and psychomotor vigilance.</a> Clin Sports Med. 24 (2), 237-249 (2005).</li><li>Van Dongen, H. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caffeine+eliminates+psychomotor+vigilance+deficits+from+sleep+inertia.">Caffeine eliminates psychomotor vigilance deficits from sleep inertia.</a> Sleep. 24 (7), 813-819 (2001).</li><li>Blatter, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+and+age+differences+in+psychomotor+vigilance+performance+under+differential+sleep+pressure+conditions.">Gender and age differences in psychomotor vigilance performance under differential sleep pressure conditions.</a> Behav Brain Res. 168 (2), 312-317 (2006).</li><li>Lim, J., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+and+vigilant+attention.">Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1129, 305-322 (2008).</li><li>Basner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mars+520-d+mission+simulation+reveals+protracted+crew+hypokinesis+and+alterations+of+sleep+duration+and+timing.">Mars 520-d mission simulation reveals protracted crew hypokinesis and alterations of sleep duration and timing.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110, 2635-2640 (2013).</li><li>Christie, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microdialysis+elevation+of+adenosine+in+the+basal+forebrain+produces+vigilance+impairments+in+the+rat+psychomotor+vigilance+task.">Microdialysis elevation of adenosine in the basal forebrain produces vigilance impairments in the rat psychomotor vigilance task.</a> Sleep. 31, 1393-1398 (2008).</li><li>Christie, M. A., McKenna, J. T., Connolly, N. P., McCarley, R. W., Strecker, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=24+hours+of+sleep+deprivation+in+the+rat+increases+sleepiness+and+decreases+vigilance:+introduction+of+the+rat-psychomotor+vigilance+task.">24 hours of sleep deprivation in the rat increases sleepiness and decreases vigilance: introduction of the rat-psychomotor vigilance task.</a> J. Sleep Res. 17, 376-384 (2008).</li><li>Oonk, M., Davis, C. J., Krueger, J. M., Wisor, J. P., Van Dongen, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+and+time-on-task+performance+decrement+in+the+Rat+Psychomotor+Vigilance+Task.">Sleep deprivation and time-on-task performance decrement in the Rat Psychomotor Vigilance Task.</a> Sleep. 38, 445-451 (2015).</li><li>Loomis, S., McCarthy, A., Edgar, D., Tricklebank, M., Gilmour, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioural+evidence+that+modafinil+and+amphetamine+do+not+produce+equivalent+qualities+of+wake+promotion+in+sleep-restricted+rats.">Behavioural evidence that modafinil and amphetamine do not produce equivalent qualities of wake promotion in sleep-restricted rats.</a> Sleep Medicine. 14, 185 (2013).</li><li>Deurveilher, S., Bush, J. E., Rusak, B., Eskes, G. A., Semba, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychomotor+vigilance+task+performance+during+and+following+chronic+sleep+restriction+in+rats.">Psychomotor vigilance task performance during and following chronic sleep restriction in rats.</a> Sleep. 38, 515-528 (2015).</li><li>Davis, C. M., Roma, P. G., Hienz, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rodent+model+of+the+human+psychomotor+vigilance+test:+Performance+comparisons.">A rodent model of the human psychomotor vigilance test: Performance comparisons.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 259, 57-71 (2016).</li><li>Lim, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+brain+fatigue+from+sustained+mental+workload:+an+ASL+perfusion+study+of+the+time-on-task+effect.">Imaging brain fatigue from sustained mental workload: an ASL perfusion study of the time-on-task effect.</a> Neuroimage. 49, 3426-3435 (2010).</li><li>Tucker, A. M., Basner, R. C., Stern, Y., Rakitin, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+variable+response-stimulus+interval+effect+and+sleep+deprivation:+an+unexplored+aspect+of+psychomotor+vigilance+task+performance.">The variable response-stimulus interval effect and sleep deprivation: an unexplored aspect of psychomotor vigilance task performance.</a> Sleep. 32, 1393-1395 (2009).</li><li>Skinner, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The behavior of organisms: an experimental analysis. , (1938).</li><li>Warm, J. S., Parasuraman, R., Matthews, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vigilance+requires+hard+mental+work+and+is+stressful.">Vigilance requires hard mental work and is stressful.</a> Hum Factors. 50, 433-441 (2008).</li><li>Blatter, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+and+age+differences+in+psychomotor+vigilance+performance+under+differential+sleep+pressure+conditions.">Gender and age differences in psychomotor vigilance performance under differential sleep pressure conditions.</a> Behav Brain Res. 168, 312-317 (2006).</li><li>Raymann, R. J., Van Someren, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-on-task+impairment+of+psychomotor+vigilance+is+affected+by+mild+skin+warming+and+changes+with+aging+and+insomnia.">Time-on-task impairment of psychomotor vigilance is affected by mild skin warming and changes with aging and insomnia.</a> Sleep. 30, 96-103 (2007).</li><li>Beijamini, F., Silva, A. G., Peixoto, C. A., Louzada, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+gender+on+psychomotor+vigilance+task+performance+by+adolescents.">Influence of gender on psychomotor vigilance task performance by adolescents.</a> Braz J Med Biol Res. 41, 734-738 (2008).</li><li>Davis, C. M., DeCicco-Skinner, K. L., Hienz, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficits+in+Sustained+Attention+and+Changes+in+Dopaminergic+Protein+Levels+following+Exposure+to+Proton+Radiation+Are+Related+to+Basal+Dopaminergic+Function.">Deficits in Sustained Attention and Changes in Dopaminergic Protein Levels following Exposure to Proton Radiation Are Related to Basal Dopaminergic Function.</a> PLoS One. 10, 0144556 (2015).</li><li>Stebbins, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+latency+as+a+function+of+amount+of+reinforcement.">Response latency as a function of amount of reinforcement.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 5, 305-307 (1962).</li><li>Stebbins, W. C., Lanson, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+latency+as+a+function+of+reinforcement+schedule.">Response latency as a function of reinforcement schedule.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 5, 299-304 (1962).</li><li>Christie, M. A., McCarley, R. W., Strecker, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twenty-four+hours,+or+five+days,+of+continuous+sleep+deprivation+or+experimental+sleep+fragmentation+do+not+alter+thirst+or+motivation+for+water+reward+in+rats.">Twenty-four hours, or five days, of continuous sleep deprivation or experimental sleep fragmentation do not alter thirst or motivation for water reward in rats.</a> Behav Brain Res. 214, 180-186 (2010).</li><li>Koban, M., Sita, L. V., Le, W. W., Hoffman, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+of+rats:+the+hyperphagic+response+is+real.">Sleep deprivation of rats: the hyperphagic response is real.</a> Sleep. 31, 927-933 (2008).</li><li>Moody, D. B., Stebbins, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Animal Psychophysics, The Design and Conduct of Sensory Experiments. , 277-302 (1970).</li><li>Pfingst, B. E., Hienz, R. D., Kimm, J., Miller, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction-time+procedure+for+measurement+of+hearing+I.+Suprathreshold+functions.">Reaction-time procedure for measurement of hearing I. Suprathreshold functions.</a> J Acoust Soc Am. 57, 421-430 (1975).</li><li>Stebbins, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+reaction+time+and+the+derivation+of+equal+loudness+contours+for+the+monkey.">Auditory reaction time and the derivation of equal loudness contours for the monkey.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 9, 135-142 (1966).</li><li>Hienz, R. D., Weerts, E. M., VandeBerg, J. L., Williams-Blanger, S., Tardif, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Baboon in Biomedical Research. , (2009).</li><li>May, B. J., Huang, A. Y., Aleszczyk, C. M., Hienz, R. D., Klump, G. M., Dooling, R. J., Fay, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods of Comparative Acoustics. , 95-108 (1995).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

La metodologia qui descritta si traduce in prestazioni rPVT in ratti che confrontano favorevolmente in molti aspetti del tipico prestazioni PVT riportati in letteratura umana. Utilizzando le tecniche attuali, si può formare rapidamente ratti per eseguire la rPVT, e le prestazioni ottenute con queste tecniche sono caratterizzati da discriminazioni chiari (cioè elevati livelli di corretta rispondenti, bassi livelli sia di rispondere prematura e decade). Inoltre, le distribuzioni tempo di reazione ottenuti con i...

Il test di vigilanza psicomotoria umana (PVT) è uno strumento ben convalidato ampiamente utilizzato per misurare vigilanza e attenzione sostenuta negli esseri umani, ed è stato originariamente sviluppato da Dinges et al. 1-3 per la valutazione della stabilità dei tempi di reazione e l&#39;attenzione (ad esempio, gli errori in termini di risposte e cali di attenzione precoce), sia all&#39;interno sessioni nel suo complesso e in tutto il tempo all&#39;interno delle singole sessioni. Nel corso degli anni, la PVT umana è stata modificata e aggiornata 4-11 per monitorare cambiamenti temporali nei vari aspetti attenzione, ed è stato dimostrato di essere sensibile ai cambiamenti di privazione del sonno e la stanchezza, ed è influenzata dal consumo di droghe e l&#39;età dei soggetti 12 , 13. La PVT è una procedura apparentemente semplice in cui un soggetto tocca brevemente una schermata quando uno stimolo (di solito un display numero di LED) appare in modo casuale nel tempo, in genere dopo 2 - 10 s. Nella versione umana, la visualizzazione del numero viene incrementato in ms e si fermò quando tegli schermo viene toccato, indicando così il tempo di reazione del soggetto (RT). Riduzioni di vigilanza sono indicati da 1) ha rallentato i tempi di reazione, 2) un aumento della decade (definito &quot;errori di omissione&quot; nella letteratura umana, e di solito definita come RT che sono&gt; 500 ms di lunghezza), e 3) l&#39;aumento rispondendo prematura (definito &quot;errori di commissione&quot; o &quot;false partenze&quot; nella letteratura umana). Altre misure possono essere ottenuti anche con la PVT per l&#39;esame delle variabili come genere e di età differenze; per una revisione di tali misure, vedi Basner e Dinges 4. Infine, la PVT è stato impiegato nella zona generale di valutazione del rischio per l&#39;uomo, ed è stato utilizzato con successo in una vasta gamma di aree operative che includono le industrie militari, aereo e ferroviario, di primo intervento, e ambienti estremi, come missioni estreme Ambiente della NASA operazioni (NEEMO), l&#39;international Mars500 Progetto 14, e sul Spac internazionalee Station (ISS). Sulla ISS, la PVT è chiamato &quot;Reazione Self-Test&quot; ed è impiegato per fornire gli astronauti con individualizzato valutazioni legate alla fatica (ad esempio, i cambiamenti nella RTS o cali di attenzione). La PVT umana è stato in uso per decenni, come hanno fatto le versioni di roditori di compiti tempi di reazione semplici (che sono in qualche modo simile). E &#39;stato solo di recente, tuttavia, che una controparte roditore al PVT umano è stato riportato in letteratura. Christie e colleghi hanno descritto una versione del PVT umana per i ratti, e hanno riportato diminuzioni di vigilanza seguenti privazione del sonno 15,16. Recenti studi inoltre hanno riportato versioni del rPVT 17-19. Questi rapporti hanno descritto cambiamenti attenzione sostenuta in seguito a diverse tecniche di privazione del sonno; alti livelli tuttavia, i dati di questi studi hanno anche riportato di prematura rispondenti (ad esempio, in alcuni casi, più del 40% del numero totale di respons); tali prestazioni sono molto diverso da tutti gli spettacoli PVT con gli esseri umani. Tale una grande differenza di roditore vs. prestazioni umane sono probabilmente a causa di differenze nei parametri specifici impiegati nella umana contro le versioni roditore della PVT; per esempio, la Christie et al. studio ha impiegato un caso che varia 3-7 s foreperiod, mentre un PVT umano impiega normalmente 2-10 s foreperiod (anche se vedi Basner et al 5 per una versione a 3 min del PVT umana che utilizza un 1 -. 4 s foreperiod) . L&#39;uso di valori foreperiod relativamente brevi può spesso causare negli animali &quot;timing&quot; le loro risposte, e quindi in grado di promuovere, attraverso il rinforzo accidentale, aumento del numero di risposte premature, come sono stati riportati negli studi di roditori rPVT correnti. La versione del rPVT qui descritto è basato sulla nostra dell&#39;articolo precedentemente pubblicato 20, e fornisce una descrizione dettagliata delle tecniche e procedure. differiscerispetto alle versioni precedentemente pubblicate del rPVT per i seguenti aspetti: 1) ratti sono stati addestrati con i valori foreperiod variabili di 3 - 10 s, e 2) ratti dovevano rispondere rapidamente, in quanto solo le risposte all&#39;interno di una finestra di risposta breve (anche definito un &quot;limitata hold &quot;) a seguito di insorgenza stimolo sono state rafforzate (1,5 s nel presente studio, 3,0 s nelle precedenti versioni pubblicate del rPVT). Usando queste modifiche così come brevi timeout per errato rispondendo portato a maggiori livelli di controllo dello stimolo, come indicato da significativi miglioramenti nella precisione e livelli di risposta precoce ridotta. Il presente rapporto descrive inoltre i cambiamenti prevedibili delle variabili di performance (ad esempio, difficoltà di attenzione, RTS) che sono parallele a quelle osservate nell&#39;uomo in sede di esame di vigilanza decrementa 21, e in sede di esame altre misure di performance, tra cui l&#39;effetto umano &quot;il tempo sul compito&quot; e il response- intervallo di stimolo (RSI) effetto che si osserva nel PVT umana <sup&gt; 22. La versione finale del rPVT descritto qui inizia accendendo una luce casa (vedi Figura 1). Dopo un intervallo variabile (foreperiod) di 3 - 10 s è trascorso, la chiave del naso-Poke è illuminato per un massimo di 1,5 s. (Per assicurare un&#39;equa distribuzione delle foreperiods durate, i valori sono generati in modo casuale senza sostituzione da un elenco di 36 possibili valori che vanno da 3 a 10 s, sulla base di incrementi di 200 ms.) Illuminazione della chiave nosepoke è il segnale per un animale rispondere, e una risposta che si verifica tra 150 a 1.500 ms seguito all&#39;insorgenza di luce è rinforzato con un pellet di 45 mg. Dopo una risposta rinforzata, sia la luce chiave naso-Poke e la luce casa siano spenti e un 1 s inter-trial intervallo (ITI; casa luce fuori) ne consegue. Nose-poke a prima dell&#39;inizio luce producono un 8 s timeout (TO) dalle contingenze sperimentali che viene segnalata da spegnere la luce casa. Se non risposte si verificano entro le s res 1.5finestra ponse, sia la luce e la luce nosepoke casa sono spenti, e un 1 s ITI ne consegue. Il valore successivo foreperiod programmata per il successivo processo inizia dopo che sia l&#39;1 s ITI o gli 8 s per, a seconda di quale si sono verificati durante il processo precedente. Le sessioni sono condotte al giorno (5 giorni / settimana), di solito sono costituiti da circa 200 prove, e finiscono dopo 30 min. Ciò risulta con ogni prova avente una durata di circa 7,5 s, in media. Un progetto per prestazioni di base stabile sulla rPVT si ottiene 1) inizialmente adattamento di un topo per prendere pellet cibo dal vassoio di cibo nella camera, 2) un ratto di rispondere su un tasto Poke naso rafforzando approssimazioni successive alla finale-shaping mano il naso colpire risposta, e 3) lo svolgimento di sedute giornaliere dove i parametri della procedura rPVT (vale a dire, foreperiod, ITI, AD, e tempi di-illuminazione dei tasti) vengono gradualmente adeguato nel corso di una sessione, a seconda di quanto bene ogni ratto sta eseguendo durante ogni sessione (descritto in dettaglio nel seguito).

<table><tbody><tr><td>Modular rat operant chamber with stainless steel grid floor</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-008</td><td>Med Associates Inc.&lt;br/&gt; PO Box 319&lt;br/&gt; St. Albans, Vermont 05478,&lt;br/&gt; USA&lt;br/&gt; Phone: (802) 527-2343</td></tr><tr><td>Sound attenuating chamber&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-022MD</td><td>Houses rat operant chamber</td></tr><tr><td>Houselight for rat</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-215M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1&quot; diameter rat nose poke response key</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-119M-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellet receptacle, trough type</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-200R2M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modular pellet dispenser for rat, 45-mg</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-203M-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCI Operating package for up to 8 operant chambers</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>MED-SYST-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SmartCtrl</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>DIG-716P1</td><td>This catalog number has 8 outputs and 4 inputs which is the minimum needed to run the rPVT; SmartCtrl can also be purchased with 16 outputs and 8 inputs for more flexibility</td></tr><tr><td>Med-PC IV software</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>SOF-735</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC computer with PCI card slot</td><td>Any manfacturer (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt;, Dell)</td><td></td><td>Use of the PCI operating package requires a computer with a PCI card slot. Systems that use PCIe are available. Contact Med Associates for details.</td></tr><tr><td>Dustless Precision pellets 45-mg rodent grain-based diet</td><td>Bio Serv</td><td>FO165</td><td>Bio-Serv&lt;br/&gt; One 8th Street, Suite 1&lt;br/&gt; Frenchtown, NJ 08825, USA&lt;br/&gt; Phone: (800)-996-9908;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Standard chow pellets are commonly used. Different pellets (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt;, sucrose) can be acquired from Bio Serv.</td></tr></tbody></table>

the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice

L&#39;umano psicomotorio vigilanza Test (PVT) è una procedura ampiamente usato per misurare le variazioni di fatica e attenzione sostenuta. Il presente articolo descrive una versione roditore della PVT-definito il &quot;rPVT&quot; -che misura aspetti simili di attenzione (ad esempio, la precisione le prestazioni, la velocità del motore, prematuro rispondere, e cali di attenzione). I dati sono presentati che dimostrano sia a breve che a lungo termine utilità del rPVT quando impiegato con ratti di laboratorio. Ratti facilmente imparare il rPVT, e imparare a eseguire la procedura di base richiede meno di due settimane di allenamento. Una volta acquisite, le prestazioni di ratto nel rPVT mostrano un alto grado di somiglianza a queste stesse misure di performance nel PVT umana, compresa similitudini, vuoti di attenzione, i tempi di reazione, decrementa di vigilanza attraverso il tempo della sessione (cioè, l&#39;umano &quot;time-on compito &quot;effetti), e l&#39;effetto intervallo di risposta-stimolo (RSI) descritto per gli esseri umani. Così il rPVT può essere uno strumento estremamente prezioso per valutare gli effetti di una vasta gamma di variabili sul attenzione sostenuta del tutto simili a spettacoli PVT umani, e quindi possono essere utili per lo sviluppo di nuovi trattamenti per le disfunzioni neurocomportamentali.

Baseline Rat rPVT Performances Con i parametri descritti qui, 86,7% dei 122 ratti maschi ha raggiunto i parametri rPVT finali all&#39;interno di una media di 9,0 (SD = 10.13; n = 122) corsi di formazione informatici automatizzati (descritte in 4.1 - Formazione 4.9 rPVT, nella nostra esperienza, solo approssimativamente 2% dei ratti non acquisirà il rPVT). Utilizzando la metodologia corrente, topi in media 73,4% corretto di rispo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Una versione topo dell&#39;umano psicomotorio vigilanza Test (PVT) è descritto che misura gli aspetti di attenzione simili a quelli misurati con la PVT umana, compresi gli aspetti di vigilanza umana come la precisione le prestazioni, la velocità del motore, rispondendo prematura, e cali di attenzione.

Il roditore psicomotorio vigilanza Test (rPVT): un metodo per la valutazione delle prestazioni neurocomportamentali in ratti e topi

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

the-rodent-psychomotor-vigilance-test-rpvt-method-for-assessing

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

12.0K Views.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Una versione topo dell'umano psicomotorio vigilanza Test (PVT) è descritto che misura gli aspetti di attenzione simili a quelli misurati con la PVT umana, compresi gli aspetti di vigilanza umana come la precisione le prestazioni, la velocità del motore, rispondendo prematura, e cali di attenzione. 

Video: The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

Sensitive and reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, sensorimotor tests sensitive to varying degrees of nigrostriatal dysfunction are fundamental for testing the efficacy of potential therapeutics. Reliable and quite elegant sensorimotor measures exist for rats, however many of these tests measure sensorimotor asymmetry within the rat and are not entirely suitable for the newer genetic mouse models of PD. We have put together a battery of sensorimotor tests inspired by the sensitive tests in rats and adapted for mice. The test battery highlighted in this study is chosen for a) its sensitivity in a wide variety of mouse models of PD, b) its ease in implementing into a study, and c) its low expense. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of PD as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

In Parkinson's disease and movement disorders in general, sensitive and reliable behavioral assays are essential for testing novel potential therapeutics. Here, we describe a manageable battery of sensorimotor tests for mice that are sensitive to varying degrees of injury to the nigrostriatal system and useful for preclinical studies.

Valutazione della Sensorimotor funzione in modelli murini di malattia di Parkinson

Sensitive and  reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of  potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many  ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the &#34;cloud&#34; and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in&#160;cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.

Fully automated system for measuring physiologically meaningful properties of the mechanisms mediating spatial localization, temporal localization, duration, rate&#160;and probability estimation, risk assessment, impulsivity, and the accuracy and precision of memory, in order to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on foundational mechanisms of cognition in mice.

Automatizzato, Quantitative cognitivo / comportamentale Proiezione di topi: per la genetica, farmacologia, Animal Cognition e istruzione laurea

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and ...

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

Un completamente automatizzata Roditore condizionata Protocollo per Sensomotoria Integrazione e esperimenti di controllo cognitive

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

Behavioral Assessment of the Aging Mouse Vestibular System

Age related decline in balance performance is associated with deteriorating muscle strength, motor coordination and vestibular function. While a number of studies show changes in balance phenotype with age in rodents, very few isolate the vestibular contribution to balance under either normal conditions or during senescence. We use two standard behavioral tests to characterize the balance performance of mice at defined age points over the lifespan: the rotarod test and the inclined balance beam test. Importantly though, a custom built rotator is also used to stimulate the vestibular system of mice (without inducing overt signs of motion sickness). These two tests have been used to show that changes in vestibular mediated-balance performance are present over the murine lifespan. Preliminary results show that both the rotarod test and the modified balance beam test can be used to identify changes in balance performance during aging as an alternative to more difficult and invasive techniques such as vestibulo-ocular (VOR) measurements.

Motor control and balance performance are known to deteriorate with age. This paper presents a number of standard noninvasive behavioral tests with the addition of a simple rotary stimulus to challenge the vestibular system and show changes in balance performance in a murine model of aging.

Behavioral Valutazione del sistema vestibolare invecchiamento mouse

Age related decline in balance performance is associated with deteriorating muscle strength, motor coordination and vestibular function. While a number of ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

La Task attenzionale Set Shifting: una certa flessibilità cognitiva nei topi

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

Procedure operante per la Valutazione di flessibilità comportamentale in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are also referred to as primitive reflexes. They are sensitive and consistent with later outcomes. Abnormal reflexes are described as an absence, persistence, reappearance, or latency of reflexes, which are predictive indices of infants that are at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, often display aberrant developmental reflexes, as would be observed in human infants. The techniques described assess a variety of neurodevelopmental reflexes in neonatal rats. Neurodevelopmental reflex testing offers the investigator a testing method that is not otherwise available in such young animals. The methodology presented here aims to assist investigators in examining developmental milestones in neonatal rats as a method of detecting early-onset brain injury and/or determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The methodology presented here aims to provide a general guideline for investigators.

Behavioral testing is the gold standard for determining outcomes following brain injury, and can identify the presence of developmental disabilities in infants and children. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are an early indicator of these abnormalities. A host of easily accomplished developmental reflex tests in the neonatal rodent were developed and described here.

Neurologico Reflex Test in neonatali Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are ...

Battery of Behavioral Tests Assessing General Locomotion, Muscular Strength, and Coordination in Mice

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the animal&#39;s wellbeing and health. There are numerous behavioral tests that may be applied. We selected a test for general locomotion, the open field test (OFT); a test for muscular strength, the mesh test (MT); and a test for coordination, the rotarod test (RR). Testing can be accomplished on a weekly or monthly basis. As a test for general locomotion, the OFT works by objectively monitoring movement parameters while the mouse is in an open field apparatus. The field is generally a 2&#39; x 2&#39; box, and the movements are recorded through laser sensing or through video capture. The mouse is placed in the center of the open field and allowed to move freely for the test. The MT uses the latency for a mouse to fall off an inverted screen as a measure of muscular strength. A mouse is placed on a screen, which is inverted over a clear box, and is timed for their latency to fall. Three trials are performed, with the best of the three trials scored for that day. A score of 60 s is the maximum time a mouse is left inverted. Mice are given a 5-min rest period between mesh test trials. Lastly, an accelerated protocol on the RR assesses motor coordination and endurance. During a trial, a mouse walks on a rotating rod as it increases in speed from 4 rpm to 40 rpm over 5 min. The trial ends when the mouse touches the magnetized pressure sensor upon falling. Each mouse undergoes three trials, and the best trial is scored for that day. This combined behavioral data allows for the global assessment of mobility, coordination, strength, and movement of the test animals. At least two out of the three behavioral testing measures must show improvement for an animal to qualify as having overall improved motor function.

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects of a disease or treatment on an animal's wellbeing. In order to globally assess motor functioning, we selected tests for general locomotion, muscular strength, and coordination: the open field test, the mesh test, and the rotarod test, respectively.

Batteria di comportamentali test valutazione generale locomozione, forza muscolare e coordinazione in topi

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the ...

Behavioral Assessments of Spontaneous Locomotion in a Murine MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease Model

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder disease, causing the phenomenon of shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and dementia. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can lead to some Parkinson&#8217;s-like symptoms by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. It has been thus used to establish PD models in various animal studies. Here, mice receive MPTP injections (20 mg/kg/day) for seven days and the behavioral tests are performed on the eighth day. This model is adapted efficiently in the study of PD. The behavioral tests here include the cylinder test and the open field test. The cylinder experiment is used to detect the animals&#8217; ability to lift their front paws when put into a different environment. As the PD model mice show arching&#8212;the mouse arches its back&#8212;the number of paw liftings decrease. This test is easy to execute. The open field test is used to detect the amount of time the mice spend on running, walking, and remaining immobile. We analyze animals&#8217; movements in open field using software and obtain data. Lastly, we use L-DOPA, one of the most commonly used PD drugs, as one example to show how to apply this model to the study of PD drugs. Our results indicate that MPTP neurotoxicity induces motor deficit which can be mitigated by L-DOPA.

We describe establishment of a murine model for Parkinson's disease using MPTP, and behavioral assessments using cylinder and open field tests to measure motor function. We then use L-DOPA as one example to show how to apply this model in the study of PD drugs.

Valutazioni del comportamento di locomozione spontanea in un modello murino indotto MPTP del morbo di Parkinson

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder disease, causing the phenomenon of shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.