Name: primary endodermal epithelial cell culture from the yolk sac membrane of japanese quail embryos
Uploaded: 2016-03-10T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos at JoVE.com

Il finanziamento per lo sviluppo del protocollo attuale è sostenuta in particolare da &quot;Obiettivo per il Piano Top Università&quot; della National Taiwan University, Taiwan (grant ID-104R350144), così come il Ministero della Scienza e della Tecnologia di Taiwan (grant ID: PIU &#39;104 -2313-B-002-039-MY3). Ringraziamo in modo particolare il Centro di Biotecnologie della National Taiwan University per fornire un ambiente animale e spazio laboratorio per lo studio corrente.

NOTA: Questa procedura è una modifica di un modello di pollo protocollo di cultura sviluppato da Bauer et al 2013 e Nakazawa et al, 2011. 2,9.. 1. Preparare sano embrionale Giorno 5 embrioni da Quail giapponese <ol><li> Mettere 1 maschio e 3 femmine sessualmente maturi quaglia giapponese insieme nella stessa gabbia. Portare l&#39;alimentazione e acqua ad libitum. Regolare la luce nella stanza animale 14 ore di luce e 10 ore di buio. </li><li> Raccogliere le uova fecondate in sacchetti di plastica ogni giorno nel pomeriggio e tenerli in un frigorifero C 16 ° per ritardare il tasso di crescita degli embrioni. </li><li> Dopo aver raccolto un numero sufficiente di uova in un periodo di due settimane, incubare le uova fecondate in un incubatore a 37 ° con una buona ventilazione per cinque giorni. </li></ol> 2. Preparare basale medio e Wash Solutions <ol><li> Utilizzare DMEM / F-12 di media (regolata a pH 7.2) come mezzo di crescita, e integrarlacon il 10% nuovo siero vitello nato (siero bovino neonatale) e l&#39;1% Pen-Strep Ampho. Soluzione (PSA, penicillina, 10 5 unità / l; streptomicina, 100 mg / l; amfotericina B, 0,25 mg / L). </li><li> Preparare la soluzione tampone fosfato (PBS) ad una concentrazione 10 volte per lo stoccaggio; usare una soluzione di PBS 1x (contenente NaCl, 137.93 mm, KCl, 2.667 mm, KH 2 PO 4, 1.471 mm, Na 2 HPO 4 -7h 2 O, 8,06 mm, regolare a pH 7,2) per lavare e inumidire il sacco vitellino membrana mentre che separa il endoderma dal tuorlo d&#39;uovo e l&#39;albumina. </li><li> Utilizzare terreno DMEM (regolata a pH 7,2) per risospendere pellet endoderma. </li></ol> 3. Raccolta di primaria TEE da Quail YSMs giapponesi <ol><li> Incubare le uova raccolte per 5 giorni (passo 1,3). Esaminare le uova da parte di un Candler uovo per confermare il normale sviluppo embrionale. NOTA: Il embrionali giorno 5, il confine del YSM mesoderma è molto chiara e le 3 strati embrionali sono meno strettamente collegati tra loro, per cui è facile da obTain endoderma. Utilizzare solo le uova che mostrano lo sviluppo normale circolazione capillare per le collezioni YSM. </li><li> Pulire il guscio d&#39;uovo accuratamente con acqua fresca e il 75% di etanolo. Aprire il guscio d&#39;uovo dalla posizione di cella d&#39;aria per un paio di forbici, delicatamente sbucciare e raccogliere tutta la YSM da pinze e posto in un piatto della cultura 10 centimetri pieno di 37 ° C 1x PBS. </li><li> Utilizzando un paio di forbici rimuovere l&#39;embrione, tuorlo e albume d&#39;uovo, e delicatamente lavare la YSM con 1x PBS tre volte e posizionare YSM in soluzione PBS in un piatto della cultura 10 cm. </li><li> Utilizzare pinze e un paio di forbici per rimuovere il ectoderma da YSM. Utilizzare 2 pinze, una per tenere saldamente lo strato di cellule endodermico, e l&#39;altro per tenere il mesoderma capillare. </li><li> Sotto un microscopio da dissezione, separare e separare l&#39;endoderma dal bordo del mesoderma nella direzione verso l&#39;embrione. Raccogliere il endoderma giallo chiaro in 50 ml provette da centrifuga con un contagocce e posto in 15 ml di mezzo di coltura in un C wat 37 °er bagno fino a tutte le collezioni di tessuti sono stati completati. </li></ol> 4. La digestione del Endoderma fette da digestione collagenasi <ol><li> Appena sciogliere 6,5 unità di tipo IV collagenasi in 10 ml di DMEM. </li><li> Centrifugare le provette da 50 ml (3.4) a 130 xg per 3 min a RT. Aspirare il terreno e mettere tutto il endoderma in un piatto di cultura 6 centimetri con una pipetta. Aggiungere la soluzione collagenasi 1 ml di questo piatto della cultura. </li><li> Tagliare il endoderma raccolto da 2 embrioni quaglia con un paio di forbici curve finché le dimensioni di ogni fetta è di circa 2 a 3 mm. Utilizzare un contagocce, raccogliere tutte le fette in un tubo da 50 ml centrifuga insieme a 9 ml di soluzione di collagenasi fresca. </li><li> Digerire il tessuto con collagenasi per 30 min a 37 ° C agitando bagnomaria a 175 rpm. Questo parziale digestione con collagenasi viene utilizzato per migliorare la proliferazione cellulare espianto. </li><li> Centrifugare a 130 xg per 3 minuti a temperatura ambiente e rimuovere delicatamente la frazione surnatante con una pipetta. Lavare il pellet mediante sospensione in 20 ml di DMEM e rimuovere il surnatante dopo 130 xg centrifugazione per 3 min. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet con 12 ml di terreno di coltura (DMEM / F12 con il 10% e l&#39;1% NBCS PSA) e seminare con delicatezza e altrettanto in un 24-pozzetti (ogni soluzione cella bene con 500 microlitri). </li><li> Incubare espianti di tessuto a 37 ° C in 5% CO 2 in aria per 2 giorni per consentire cellule a proliferare dai tessuti. </li><li> Incubare le cellule per altri 2 giorni e si caratterizza per la vitalità cellulare da un protocollo di test di vitalità cellulare. 15 NOTA: Living cellule mantengono un ambiente riducente all&#39;interno del citoplasma. Resazurina, l&#39;ingrediente attivo, è non tossico, cellule composto permeabile che è di colore blu e praticamente non fluorescente. Una volta aggiunto al colture cellulari, resazurina si riduce a resorufina nel citosol dagli enzimi mitocondriali. Resorufina è di colore rosso e altamente fluorescente. cellule vitali continuamente convertire resazurina a resorufina, increAsing la fluorescenza complessiva e il colore del mezzo di coltura delle cellule circostanti. </li><li> Eseguire endoderma cellule epiteliali isolamento RNA totale, trascrizione e quantitativa real-time PCR dell&#39;espressione dell&#39;mRNA gene marcatore invertire come descritto. 16,17 <ol><li> Utilizzare PCR trascrittasi inversa per rilevare SOAT1 mRNA (senso: 5&#39;-GAAGGGGCCTATCTGGAACG-3 &#39;; antisenso: 5&#39;-ATCTGCACGTGACATGACCA-3&#39;; PCR prodotto = 168 bp) come marcatore specifico per le cellule CEE. Utilizzare β-actina mRNA (senso: 5&#39;- TGGTGAAGCTGTAGCCTCTC-3 &#39;; antisenso: 5&#39;-GTGATGGACTCTGGTGATGG-3&#39;; prodotto di PCR = 151 bp) come gene housekeeping e di controllo interno. </li><li> Utilizzare elettroforesi su gel per rilevare la dimensione del prodotto di RT-qPCR. Preparare 1% gel, e mescolare 10 ml di prodotto qPCR con la tintura di carico 2 ml. Carico 10 microlitri miscela in ciascun pozzetto nel gel di agarosio 1%, ed eseguire il gel mediante 100V per 30 min. </li></ol></li></ol>

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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Participation+of+endodermal+epithelial+cells+on+the+synthesis+of+plasma+LDL+and+HDL+in+the+chick+yolk+sac.">Participation of endodermal epithelial cells on the synthesis of plasma LDL and HDL in the chick yolk sac.</a> Microsc Res Tech. 35 (4), 340-348 (1996).</li><li>Mobbs, I. G., McMillan, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+the+endodermal+epithelium+of+the+chick+yolk+sac+during+early+stages+of+development.">Structure of the endodermal epithelium of the chick yolk sac during early stages of development.</a> Am J Anat. 155 (3), 287-309 (1979).</li><li>Mobbs, I. G., McMillan, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+across+endodermal+cells+of+the+chick+yolk+sac+during+early+stages+of+development.">Transport across endodermal cells of the chick yolk sac during early stages of development.</a> Am J Anat. 160 (3), 285-308 (1981).</li><li>Nakazawa, F., Alev, C., Jakt, L. M., Sheng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yolk+sac+endoderm+is+the+major+source+of+serum+proteins+and+lipids+and+is+involved+in+the+regulation+of+vascular+integrity+in+early+chick+development.">Yolk sac endoderm is the major source of serum proteins and lipids and is involved in the regulation of vascular integrity in early chick development.</a> Dev Dyn. 240 (8), 2002-2010 (2011).</li><li>Noble, R. C., Cocchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+metabolism+and+the+neonatal+chicken.">Lipid metabolism and the neonatal chicken.</a> Prog Lipid Res. 29 (2), 107-140 (1990).</li><li>Shand, J. H., West, D. W., McCartney, R. J., Noble, R. C., Speake, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+esterification+of+cholesterol+in+the+yolk+sac+membrane+of+the+chick+embryo.">The esterification of cholesterol in the yolk sac membrane of the chick embryo.</a> Lipids. 28 (7), 621-625 (1993).</li><li>Speier, J. S., Yadgary, L., Uni, Z., Wong, E. 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There is no competing financial interests or other conflicts of interest. We did not get any funding from any private company.

Poiché il sistema di coltura precedente ha solo un successo limitato, è necessario un sistema di coltura migliore. L&#39;endoderma quaglie YSM giapponese richiede un trattamento con enzimi proteolitici, come collagenasi per allentare le giunzioni cellula-cellula per ottenere una migliore performance di crescita negli espianti ex-vivo. I nostri dati mostrano che il numero di cellule derivanti dal trattamento di digestione parziale sono stati superiori dalla coltura tissutale non digerito dopo la semina per 2 giorni <st...

La principale risorsa alimentare dell&#39;embrione aviaria è tuorlo, composto da 33% di lipidi, proteine ​​17% e 1% di ceneri. 1 Durante lo sviluppo embrionale, la membrana sacco vitellino (YSM) cresce all&#39;interno della cavità addominale embrionale e copre gradualmente il tuorlo superficie. Con inizio alle embrionali giorno 2, l&#39;espressione del gene associato con il metabolismo dei lipidi e l&#39;angiogenesi è gradualmente aumentata in YSM, e il YSM sviluppa lentamente proiezioni villi-like. 8,9 Queste proiezioni aumentano l&#39;assorbimento delle sostanze nutritive tuorlo per sostenere lo sviluppo embrionale. Il YSM è un tessuto extraembryonic che contiene tre strati germinali, endoderma, mesoderma ed ectoderma. 14 Il ectoderma sacco vitellino si trova di fronte l&#39;albume e collegamenti con la membrana vitellina per coprire delicatamente il sacco vitellino. Le cellule epiteliali endodermico si trovano ad affrontare direttamente verso il tuorlo d&#39;uovo e servono come portali di utilizzo di nutrienti. 6 Come si espande il YSM, endodermico cellule epiteliali (TEE) può essere diviso per ShapE e funzionalità in due gruppi, zona vitellina e zona vasculosa. 7 Area vitellina è composto da cellule endodermico ed è distante dalla dell&#39;embrione; zona vasculosa è composto da cellule mesodermiche e copre TEE differenziati con i vasi sanguigni e dei tessuti connettivi. Di embrionali giorno 5, il tuorlo è totalmente coperto da ectoderma e endoderma di YSM e l&#39;area vascolare è cresciuto rapidamente. Il YSM assorbe, ricompone e rilascia i lipidi (come il tuorlo di derivazione molto lipoproteine ​​a bassa densità) e le proteine ​​nel sistema circolatorio embrionale. 9, 2 Pertanto, abbiamo stabilito un embrionale sistema di coltura cellulare primaria giapponese quaglie endodermico epiteliale, per studiare i meccanismi di lipidi utilizzo in YSM durante lo sviluppo embrionale aviaria. I lipidi quali trigliceridi, lecitina, fosfolipidi e colesterolo estere (CE) sono le fonti di energia primaria per gli embrioni aviaria. Nelle prime fasi di sviluppo, lipidi tuorlo sono composed di solo l&#39;1,3% del CE e sale al 10-15% a medio termine della aviaria sviluppo embrionale 3, 11. estere Il colesterolo è sintetizzato dal colesterolo da steroli O-aciltransferasi 1 (SOAT1) in aviario YSM embrionale. 4 La forma di colesterolo stoccaggio è CE, CE viene effettuata in lipoproteine, e lipoproteine ​​vengono trasportati dalla circolazione ai tessuti. 13 Una settimana prima portello c&#39;è una rapida crescita degli embrioni aviaria. Circa il 68% delle restanti contenuti di lipidi nel tuorlo vengono assorbiti durante questa fase. 10 Il meccanismo con cui tuorlo lipidi vengono utilizzati possono essere chiarita da un modello di ricerca CEE. Un protocollo cultura pollo CEE è stato creato per raggiungere questo obiettivo di ricerca. 2, 9 Tuttavia, a causa del basso tasso di successo di espianti di tessuto, è necessario un procedimento di coltura cellulare CEE per studiare la funzione di alcuni enzimi e proteine ​​nel mediare utilizzazione nutriente embrioni aviaria durante lo sviluppo.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle Medium</td><td>Gibco by Life technologies</td><td>12800-017 10 X 1 L</td><td>For wash the EECs pellets</td></tr><tr><td>D-MEM/F-12</td><td>Gibco by Life technologies</td><td>12400-024 10 X 1 L</td><td>As the basal medium in culturing EECs</td></tr><tr><td>NBCS</td><td>Gibco by Life technologies</td><td>16010-159</td><td>As the supplyment serum in culturing EECs</td></tr><tr><td>Pen-Strep Ampho. Solution</td><td>BI (Biological Industries)</td><td>03-033-1B 100 ml</td><td>For attenuating the possible infection&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase Type IV</td><td>Gibco by Life technologies</td><td>17104-019 1 g</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Collagenase is a protease with specificity for the bond between a neutral amino acid (X) and glycine in the sequence Pro-XGly-Pro. As the protease for dissociation of cells from primary tissue.</td></tr><tr><td>24-well plate</td><td>FALCON&lt;sup&gt;&amp;reg;&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>REF-353047</td><td>For EECs to attach and extension</td></tr><tr><td>50 ml PP centrifuge tubes</td><td>Corning&lt;sup&gt;&amp;reg;&lt;/sup&gt; CentriStar&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>430829</td><td>For transportion of membranes and enzyme digestion</td></tr><tr><td>50 ml Conical bottomed Tube with Cap</td><td>PRO TECH</td><td>CT-50-PL-TW</td><td>For transportion of membranes and enzyme digestion</td></tr><tr><td>Reciprocal shaking bath</td><td>DEAGLE</td><td>SB302</td><td>For better enzymatic digestion on membranes</td></tr></tbody></table>

primary endodermal epithelial cell culture from the yolk sac membrane of japanese quail embryos

Abbiamo stabilito un endodermico epiteliale modello di coltura cellulare (CEE) per studiare la funzione di alcuni enzimi e proteine ​​nel mediare l&#39;utilizzo dei nutrienti da embrioni aviaria durante lo sviluppo. Fecondate uova di quaglia giapponesi sono state incubate a 37 ° C per 5 giorni e poi tuorlo membrane SAC (YSM) sono stati raccolti per stabilire il sistema di coltura CEE. Abbiamo isolato lo strato endoderma embrionale da YSM, e affettato la membrana in 2 - 3 pezzi mm e parzialmente digerito con collagenasi prima della semina in piastre di coltura da 24 pozzetti. Il TEE proliferano fuori del tessuto e sono pronti per studi su colture cellulari. Abbiamo trovato che il TEE aveva caratteristiche tipiche di YSM in vivo, per esempio, l&#39;accumulo di gocce lipidiche, espressione di steroli O-aciltransferasi e lipoproteina lipasi. Il trattamento di digestione parziale significativamente aumentato il tasso di successo della cultura CEE. Utilizzando il TEE, abbiamo dimostrato che l&#39;espressione di SOAT1 è stata regolata dal cAMP dla proteina chinasi A ependent percorso relativo. Questo sistema di coltura quaglia CEE giapponese primario è uno strumento utile per lo studio embrionale trasporto dei lipidi e di chiarire il ruolo dei geni coinvolti nella mediazione di utilizzo dei nutrienti nel YSM durante lo sviluppo embrionale aviaria.

Al fine di raggiungere l&#39;obiettivo di stabilire un modello cellulare coerente e utile, abbiamo bisogno di estendere e stabilizzare il tasso di proliferazione e le prestazioni dei TEE aviaria. Abbiamo confrontato incubazione diretta del endoderma senza digestione enzimatica con endoderma parzialmente digerito con gli enzimi proteolitici, come la collagenasi o collagenasi più 0,6 U di dispasi. Dispasi è un ammino-endopeptidasi che idrolizza i legami peptidici N-terminale di residui d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos at JoVE.com

Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos

To study the mechanism of lipid utilization in yolk sac membranes during the late stages of avian embryonic development, we established a primary Japanese quail embryonic endodermal epithelial cell culture system.

Primaria endodermico cellule epiteliali Cultura dal tuorlo Sac membrana di giapponesi Quail embrioni

We established an endodermal epithelial cell culture model (EEC) for studying the function of certain enzymes and proteins in mediating nutrient ...

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Universidad San Sebastian

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Developmental Biology

8.8K Views.  National Taiwan University. To study the mechanism of lipid utilization in yolk sac membranes during the late stages of avian embryonic development, we established a primary Japanese quail embryonic endodermal epithelial cell culture system.

Video: Primary Endodermal Epithelial Cell Culture from the Yolk Sac Membrane of Japanese Quail Embryos

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Metodo per la Cultura di Chick primi embrioni ex vivo (Nuova Cultura)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

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Biologia

Analysis of Neural Crest Migration and Differentiation by Cross-species Transplantation

Avian embryos provide a unique platform for studying many vertebrate developmental processes, due to the easy access of the embryos within the egg. Chimeric avian embryos, in which quail donor tissue is transplanted into a chick embryo in ovo, combine the power of indelible genetic labeling of cell populations with the ease of manipulation presented by the avian embryo.
Quail-chick chimeras are a classical tool for tracing migratory neural crest cells (NCCs)1-3. NCCs are a transient migratory population of cells in the embryo, which originate in the dorsal region of the developing neural tube4. They undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition and subsequently migrate to other regions of the embryo, where they differentiate into various cell types including cartilage5-13, melanocytes11,14-20, neurons and glia21-32. NCCs are multipotent, and their ultimate fate is influenced by 1) the region of the neural tube in which they originate along the rostro-caudal axis of the embryo11,33-37, 2) signals from neighboring cells as they migrate38-44, and 3) the microenvironment of their ultimate destination within the embryo45,46. Tracing these cells from their point of origin at the neural tube, to their final position and fate within the embryo, provides important insight into the developmental processes that regulate patterning and organogenesis.
Transplantation of complementary regions of donor neural tube (homotopic grafting) or different regions of donor neural tube (heterotopic grafting) can reveal differences in pre-specification of NCCs along the rostro-caudal axis2,47. This technique can be further adapted to transplant a unilateral compartment of the neural tube, such that one side is derived from donor tissue, and the contralateral side remains unperturbed in the host embryo, yielding an internal control within the same sample2,47. It can also be adapted for transplantation of brain segments in later embryos, after HH10, when the anterior neural tube has closed47.
Here we report techniques for generating quail-chick chimeras via neural tube transplantation, which allow for tracing of migratory NCCs derived from a discrete segment of the neural tube. Species-specific labeling of the donor-derived cells with the quail-specific QCPN antibody48-56 allows the researcher to distinguish donor and host cells at the experimental end point. This technique is straightforward, inexpensive, and has many applications, including fate-mapping, cell lineage tracing, and identifying pre-patterning events along the rostro-caudal axis45. Because of the ease of access to the avian embryo, the quail-chick graft technique may be combined with other manipulations, including but not limited to lens ablation40, injection of inhibitory molecules57,58, or genetic manipulation via electroporation of expression plasmids59-61, to identify the response of particular migratory streams of NCCs to perturbations in the embryo's developmental program. Furthermore, this grafting technique may also be used to generate other interspecific chimeric embryos such as quail-duck chimeras to study NCC contribution to craniofacial morphogenesis, or mouse-chick chimeras to combine the power of mouse genetics with the ease of manipulation of the avian embryo.62

An approach for analyzing migration and eventual fate of avian neural crest cells in quail-chick chimeric embryos is described. This method is a simple and straightforward technique for tracing neural crest cells during migration and differentiation that are otherwise difficult to distinguish within an unmanipulated chick embryo.

Analisi della migrazione cresta neurale e la differenziazione delle specie da Cross-trapianto

Avian embryos provide a unique platform for studying many vertebrate developmental processes, due to the easy access of the embryos within the egg. ...

Neuroscienze

Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm

The avian embryo, as an experimental model, has been of utmost importance for seminal discoveries in developmental biology. Among several approaches, the formation of quail-chicken chimeras and the use of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) to sustain the development of ectopic tissues date back to the last century. Nowadays, the combination of these classical techniques with recent in vitro methodologies offers novel prospects to further explore organ formation.
Here we describe a two-step approach to study early- and late-stages of organogenesis. Briefly, the embryonic region containing the presumptive territory of the organ is isolated from quail embryos and grown in vitro in an organotypic system (up to 48 h). Cultured tissues are subsequently grafted onto the CAM of a chicken embryo. After 10 days of in ovo development, fully formed organs are obtained from grafted tissues. This method also allows the modulation of signaling pathways by the regular administration of pharmacological agents and tissue genetic manipulation throughout in vitro and in ovo developmental steps. Additionally, developing tissues can be collected at any time-window to analyze their gene-expression profile (using quantitative PCR (qPCR), microarrays, etc.) and morphology (assessed with conventional histology and immunochemistry).
The described experimental procedure can be used as a tool to follow organ formation outside the avian embryo, from the early stages of organogenesis to fully formed and functional organs.

This article provides an updated approach to the classical quail-chicken chimera system to study organ formation, by combining novel in vitro and in ovo experimental procedures.

Approccio in due fasi per esplorare e tardo-fasi iniziali di formazione dell'organo nel modello aviaria: il timo e le ghiandole paratiroidali organogenesi paradigma

The avian embryo, as an experimental model, has been of utmost importance for seminal discoveries in developmental biology. Among several approaches, the ...

Biologia dello sviluppo

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ideal for experimentation. Currently, the study of these developmental pathways in the chicken embryo is conducted by applying inhibitors and drugs at localized sites and at low concentrations using a variety of methods. In vitro tissue&#160;culturing is a technique that enables the study of tissues separated from the host organism, while simultaneously bypassing many of the physical limitations present when working with whole embryos, such as the susceptibility of embryos to high doses of potentially lethal chemicals. Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol for culturing the embryonic chicken half head in vitro, which presents new opportunities for the examination of developmental processes beyond the currently established methods.

Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol to grow embryonic chicken organs in vitro. Using this method, the development of embryonic chicken tissue can be studied, while maintaining a high degree of control over the culture environment.

Metodo di coltura organotypic per studiare lo sviluppo dei tessuti embrionali di pollo

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...

Quail Chorioallantoic Membrane - A Tool for Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of an avian embryo is a thin, extraembryonic membrane that functions as a primary respiratory organ. Its properties make it an excellent in vivo experimental model to study angiogenesis, tumor growth, drug delivery systems, or photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). At the same time, this model addresses the requirement for the replacement of experimental animals with a suitable alternative. Ex ovo cultivated embryo allows easy substance application, access, monitoring, and documentation. The most frequently used is chick CAM; however, this article describes the advantages of the Japanese quail CAM as a low-cost and high-throughput model. Another advantage is the shorter embryonic development, which allows higher experimental turnover. The suitability of quail CAM for PDD and PDT of cancer and microbial infections is explored here. As an example, the use of the photosensitizer hypericin in combination with lipoproteins or nanoparticles as a delivery system is described. The damage score from images in white light and changes in fluorescence intensity of the CAM tissue under violet light (405 nm) was determined, together with analysis of histological sections. The quail CAM clearly showed the effect of PDT on the vasculature and tissue. Moreover, changes like capillary hemorrhage, thrombosis, lysis of small vessels, and bleeding of larger vessels could be observed. Japanese quail CAM is a promising in vivo model for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy research, with applications in studies of tumor angiogenesis, as well as antivascular and antimicrobial therapy.

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the avian embryo is a very useful and applicable tool for various areas of research. A special ex ovo model of Japanese quail CAM is suitable for photodynamic treatment investigation.

Quaglia Membrana corioallantoica - uno strumento per la diagnosi fotodinamica e la terapia

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of an avian embryo is a thin, extraembryonic membrane that functions as a primary respiratory organ. Its properties ...

Ricerca sul cancro

Isolation of Embryonic Tissues and Formation of Quail-Chicken Chimeric Organs Using The Thymus Example

The capacity to isolate embryonic tissues was an essential step for establishing the quail-chicken chimera system, which in turn has provided undisputed contributions to unveiling key processes in developmental biology.
Herein is described an optimized method to isolate embryonic tissues from quail and chickens by microsurgery and enzymatic digestion while preserving its biological properties. After isolation, tissues from both species are associated in an in vitro organotypic assay for 48 h. Quail and chicken tissues can be discriminated by distinct nuclear features and molecular markers allowing the study of the cellular cross-talk between heterospecific association of tissues. This approach is, therefore, a useful tool for studying complex tissue interactions in developmental processes with highly dynamic spatial modifications, such as those occurring during pharyngeal morphogenesis and the formation of the foregut endoderm-derived organs. This experimental approach was first developed to study the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during early-stages of thymus formation. In this, the endoderm-derived prospective thymic rudiment and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme, were isolated from quail and chicken embryos, respectively.
The capacity of the associated tissues to generate organs can be further tested by grafting them onto the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of a chicken embryo. The CAM provides nutrients and allows gas exchanges to the explanted tissues. After 10 days of in ovo development, the chimeric organs can be analyzed in the harvested explants by conventional morphological methods. This procedure also allows studying tissue-specific contributions during organ formation, from its initial development (in vitro development) to the final stages of organogenesis (in ovo development).
Finally, the improved isolation method also provides three-dimensionally (3D) preserved embryonic tissues, that can also be used for high-resolution topographical analysis of tissue-specific gene-expression patterns.

This article provides a method to isolate pure embryonic tissues from quail and chicken embryos that can be combined to form ex vivo chimeric organs.

Isolamento dei tessuti embrionali e formazione degli organi chimerici quaglia-pollo, utilizzando l'esempio di timo

The capacity to isolate embryonic tissues was an essential step for establishing the quail-chicken chimera system, which in turn has provided undisputed ...

In Vitro Culture of Epithelial Cells from Different Anatomical Regions of the Human Amniotic Membrane

Several protocols have been reported in the literature for the isolation and culture of human amniotic epithelial cells (HAEC). However, these assume that the amniotic epithelium is a homogeneous layer. The human amnion can be divided into three anatomical regions: reflected, placental, and umbilical. Each region has different physiological roles, such as in pathological conditions. Here, we describe a protocol to dissect human amnion tissue in three sections and maintain it in vitro. In culture, cells derived from the reflected amnion displayed a cuboidal morphology, while cells from both placental and umbilical regions were squamous. Nonetheless, all the cells obtained have an epithelial phenotype, demonstrated by the immunodetection of E-cadherin. Thus, because the placental and reflected regions in situ differ in cellular components and molecular functions, it may be necessary for in vitro studies to consider these differences, because they could have physiological implications for the use of HAEC in biomedical research and the promising application of these cells in regenerative medicine.

This protocol describes the isolation of epithelial cells from different anatomical regions of the human amniotic membrane to determine their heterogeneity and functional properties for possible application in clinical and physiopathological models.

Cultura in vitro di cellule epiteliali provenienti da diverse regioni anatomiche della membrana amniotica umana

Several protocols have been reported in the literature for the isolation and culture of human amniotic epithelial cells (HAEC). However, these assume that ...

An ex-ovo Chicken Embryo Culture System Suitable for Imaging and Microsurgery Applications

Understanding the relationships between genetic and microenvironmental factors that drive normal and malformed embryonic development is fundamental for discovering new therapeutic strategies. Advancements in imaging technology have enabled quantitative investigation of the organization and maturing of the body plan, but later stage embryonic morphogenesis is less clear. Chicken embryos are an attractive vertebrate animal model system for this application because of its ease of culture and surgical manipulation. Early embryos can be cultured for a short time on filter paper rings, which enables complete optical access for cell patterning and fate studies1,2. Studying advanced developmental processes such as cardiac morphogenesis are traditionally performed through a window of the eggshell3-5, but this technique limits optical access due to window size. We previously developed a simple method to culture whole embryos ex-ovo on hexagonal weigh boats for up to 10 days, which enabled high resolution imaging via ultrasonography6,7. These cultures were difficult to transport, limiting the types of imaging tools available for live experiments. We here present an improved shell-less culture system with a cost-effective, portable environmental chamber. Eggs were cracked onto a hammock created by a polyurethane membrane (cling wrap) affixed circumferentially to a plastic cup partially filled with sterile water. The dimensions of the circumference and depth of the hammock were both critical to maintain surface tension, while the mechanics of the hammock and water beneath helped dampen vibrations induced by transportation. A small footprint circulating water bath was also developed to enable continuous temperature control during experimentation. We demonstrate the ability to culture embryos in this way for at least 14 days without morphogenic defect or delay and employ this system in several microsurgical and imaging applications.

An ex-ovo Chicken Embryo Culture System Suitable for Imaging and Microsurgery Applications

In this article, we present a simple methodology to enable long-term ex-ovo avian embryo culture. This technique is ideal for longitudinal experimentation requiring complete optical accessibility and/or sterile transportation in avian embryos.

Un Ex-ovo Sistema di embrioni di pollo Cultura Adatto per applicazioni di imaging e Microchirurgia

Understanding the relationships between genetic and microenvironmental factors that drive normal and malformed embryonic development is fundamental for ...

Isolation and Culture of Avian Embryonic Valvular Progenitor Cells

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of endocardium surrounded by myocardium. The myocardium secretes cardiac jelly, a hyaluronan-rich gelatinous matrix, into the atrioventricular (AV) junction and outflow tract (OFT) lumen. At stage HH14 valvulogenesis begins when a subset of endocardial cells receive signals from the myocardium, undergo endocardial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and invade the cardiac jelly. At stage HH25 the valvular cushions are fully mesenchymalized, and it is this mesenchyme that eventually forms the valvular and septal apparatus of the heart. Understanding the mechanisms that initiate and modulate the process of EMT and cell differentiation are important because of their connection to serious congenital heart defects. In this study we present methods to isolate pre-EMT endocardial and post-EMT mesenchymal cells, which are the two different cell phenotypes of the prevalvular cushion. Pre-EMT endocardial cells can be cultured with or without the myocardium. Post-EMT AV cushion mesenchymal cells can be cultured inside mechanically constrained or stress-free collagen gels. These 3D in vitro models mimic key valvular morphogenic events and are useful for deconstructing the mechanisms of early and late stage valvulogenesis.

This article will provide a method for isolating and culturing quail or chicken HH14- valve endocardial cells and HH25 valve cushion mesenchymal cells.

Isolamento e la coltura di cellule embrionali aviaria progenitrici valvolare

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of ...

Preparation and Morphological Analysis of Chick Cranial Neural Crest Cell Cultures

During vertebrate development, neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate extensively and differentiate into various cell types that contribute to structures like the craniofacial skeleton and the peripheral nervous system. While it is critical to understand NCC migration in the context of a 3D embryo, isolating migratory cells in 2D culture facilitates visualization and functional characterization, complementing embryonic studies. The present protocol demonstrates a method for isolating chick cranial neural folds to generate primary NCC cultures. Migratory NCCs emerge from neural fold explants plated onto a fibronectin-coated substrate. This results in dispersed, adherent NCC populations that can be assessed by staining and quantitative morphological analyses. This simplified culture approach is highly adaptable and can be combined with other techniques. For example, NCC emigration and migratory behaviors can be evaluated by time-lapse imaging or functionally queried by including inhibitors or experimental manipulations of gene expression (e.g., DNA, morpholino, or CRISPR electroporation). Because of its versatility, this method provides a powerful system for investigating cranial NCC development.

This versatile protocol describes the isolation of premigratory neural crest cells (NCCs) through the excision of cranial neural folds from chick embryos. Upon plating and incubation, migratory NCCs emerge from neural fold explants, allowing for assessment of cell morphology and migration in a simplified 2D environment.

Preparazione e analisi morfologica di colture cellulari di cresta neurale cranica di pulcino

During vertebrate development, neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate extensively and differentiate into various cell types that contribute to structures like ...