Diese Studie wurde unterstützt durch den Verdienst Review Award # B1495-R (zu Jeffrey R. Capadona) und die Presidential Early Career Award für Wissenschaftler und Ingenieure (PECASE) (zur Jeffrey R. Capadona) aus den Vereinigten Staaten von Veteranen Angelegenheiten Rehabilitation Forschung und Entwicklungsservice. Darüber hinaus wurde diese Arbeit vom Amt des Assistant Secretary Of Defense for Health Affairs durch das Peer überprüft medizinische Forschungsprogramm unter Award Nr. teilweise unterstützt. W81XWH-15-1-0608. Die Autoren erkennen Quelle für ihre Sommer-Forschung, die finanzielle Unterstützung. Den Inhalt repräsentieren nicht die Ansichten des United States Department of Veterans Affairs oder Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten. Die Autoren möchten Hiroyuki Arakawa in der Home-Nagetier Verhalten Kern für seine Führung im entwerfen und Testen von Nagetier Verhaltens Protokolle zu danken. Die Autoren möchten auch James Drake und Kevin Talbot vom Department of Mechanical Home- und Luft-und Raumfahrttechnik Danke für ihre Hilfe bei der Entwicklung und Herstellung von Nagetier Leiter Test.

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Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

Der kritischste Teil des Protokolls zu eine starke Analyse zu gewährleisten ist die konsequente Dreharbeiten. Wenn die Videos gut beleuchtet und gefilmt an der richtigen Stelle sind, wie im ersten Abschnitt des Protokolls diskutiert, wird das System eine genaue Analyse durchführen können. Wie bei jedem Bildverarbeitungs-Problem wird die Arbeit in der Vorverarbeitung die Nachbearbeitung genauer und einfacher machen. Als solche bedeutet dafür sorgen, dass das Gerät und die Tiere während des Tests gut beleuchteten sin...

Es gibt viele etablierte Methoden, Funktions- und Verhaltensstörungen Motor und kognitive Beeinträchtigungen1,2,3zu beurteilen. Einige der häufiger eingesetzten Methoden gehören Prüfungen feine Motorik über Pfote Platzierung, stepping und Gliedmaßen Koordination auf einer Leiter Test4, Test Grobmotorik und Stress Verhalten über Freiland-Gitter-Test5 ,6, und Tests für Angst, Depression und Verzweiflung über die erzwungene Schwimmen testen7,8 oder Rotor Stab9. Viele dieser Methoden setzen jedoch auf menschliche Forscher erzielen "das Tier" oder seine Leistung subjektiv zu beurteilen. Die Notwendigkeit für eine subjektive menschliche Beurteilung kann langsam die Generierung und Analyse der Daten sowie präsentieren die Möglichkeit für einen absichtlichen oder unabsichtlichen Einfluss der Forschung Bias in der Studie10. Weitere, subjektive Bewertung der Daten stellt auch das Risiko einer ungenauen Datendarstellung, es durch Vergesslichkeit, schlechte Motivation, unsachgemäße Ausbildung oder Fahrlässigkeit11sein.
Die Verwendung von ein Freiland-Gitter-Test und ein Leiter Test bei Ratten mit intracortical Mikroelektroden12,13implantiert haben wir vor kurzem berichtet. Aufgrund der Neuheit der Ergebnisse dieser Studien, begannen wir sofort mit denen und weitere Funktionstests in vielen laufenden Studien im Labor. Im Vorgriff auf unbeabsichtigte menschliche generiert Variabilität infolge einer Zunahme der Zahl der subjektiven Gutachter und den Analyse-Durchsatz zu verbessern machten wir uns eine automatisierte, Computer-gestützte Programm erzielen Verhaltens Tests erstellen, und das Potenzial für Fehler stark einschränken.
Hier berichten wir über die Entwicklung der BVAS. Der BVAS nutzt Computer-Analyse, um ein offenes Feld Raster und eine Leiter Test bzw. wie Metriken von grob- und Motorik zu erzielen. Die Ergebnisse können verwendet werden, möglich Motorik Defizite verursacht durch Verletzung oder Krankheit, unabhängig von der Verletzung oder Erkrankung Modell aufzuklären. Die Analysecodes können entfallen Änderungen in behavioral Prüfgeräte oder verschiedene Metriken der motorischen Funktion der Gäste angepasst werden. Daher kann der BVAS in vielen Anwendungen, über unsere beabsichtigten Gebrauch oder die beabsichtigte Verwendung der derzeit Beschäftigten von anderen Labors implementiert werden.
Beachten Sie, dass die offenen Netz und Leiter Feldversuche Videoaufzeichnung erfordern. Daher erfordert jede Prüfung eine Videokamera [1080p, mindestens 15 Frames pro Sekunde (fps)], einen Laptop und einen Platz zum Speichern von video-Daten. Legen Sie für beide Tests die Kamera in eine zentrierte Position, so dass der ganze Apparat auf den Rahmen zu sehen. Die Kamera auf einem Stativ oder Gerüste zu verankern, so dass es während der Prüfung bewegt sich nicht. Halten Sie die Ränder des Videoframes so dicht wie möglich parallel zu den Rändern des Tests Apparates. Achten Sie darauf das gleiche Personal alle Tests abgeschlossen und das Zimmer ist gut beleuchtet mit einem temperierten System. Verwenden Sie den gleichen Raum für alle Tiere im Laufe des Tests, mit minimalen Änderungen in den Raum. Getreide oder Bananenchips machen gute Belohnungen zu ermutigen, die Tiere Verhalten Tests absolvieren.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sprague Dawley rats, male, 201-225 g</td><td>Charles River</td><td>CD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Webcam HD Pro c920</td><td>Logitec</td><td>960-000764</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excel</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matalb 2017a, Computer Vision System Toolbox</td><td>Mathworks</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Open field grid test</td><td>Made in-house at Case Western Reserve University</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ladder test</td><td>Made in-house at Case Western Reserve University</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a novel single animal motor function tracking system using simple, readily available software

Wir haben vor kurzem gezeigt, dass Implantation intracortical Mikroelektroden in den motor Corteces von Ratten führt zu sofortigen und dauerhaften motorische Defizite. Motorische Beeinträchtigungen wurden manuell durch ein offenes Feld Raster Test zur Messung der Grobmotorik und durch einen Leiter-Test, um die feinen Motorik Messen quantifiziert. Hier diskutieren wir eine Technik für die automatisierte Quantifizierung der Videoaufnahme Tests mit unserem benutzerdefinierten Capadona Behavioral Video Analysesystem: Raster und Leiter Test oder BVAS. Einfach und leicht zugänglich ist Codierung Software nutzt (siehe die Tabelle der Materialien), dieses Programm ermöglicht die Verfolgung eines einzelnen Tieres auf freiem Feldraster und die Leiter-Tests. In öffnen Feldraster tracking Code Schwellen das Video für die Intensität, verfolgt die Position der Ratte über 3 min Dauer des Raster-Tests und analysiert den Weg. Anschließend berechnet und zurückgegeben Messungen für die insgesamt zurückgelegte Strecke, die maximale Geschwindigkeit erreicht, die Anzahl der Windungen mit Links - und Rechtshänder und die Gesamtzahl der Rasterlinien, durchzogen von der Ratte. In ladder, tracking, den Code wieder Schwellen das Video für Intensität, verfolgt die Bewegung der Ratte über die Leiter, und Renditen berechneten Messungen einschließlich der Zeit, die Ratte, die Leiter zu überqueren, die Anzahl der Pfote rutscht unterhalb der Ebene der Auftritt der Stromlaufplan-Strompfade und dem Auftreten von Ausfällen durch Stagnation oder Umkehrungen. Unser Ziel ist, dass die BVAS hier entwickelt für die Analyse der motorischen Funktion in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen, darunter viele Modelle von Verletzungen oder Krankheiten eingesetzt werden können.

Nach der hier vorgestellten Methoden Ratten abgeschlossen das Freiland-Raster und Leiter tests 2 X pro Woche. Die Daten wurden analysiert, sowohl mit BVAS als auch manuell mit einer Stoppuhr von ausgebildet und unerfahrene Prüfer. Vorgestellten Ergebnisse sind durchschnittlich von der rohen wöchentliche Partituren aus ein einzelnes Steuerelement nicht implantierten Tier über eine 8-Wochen-Studie, wo Woche "0" entspricht der grundlegend zu testen. Hinweis: Es wurde keine Prüfung in Woc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software at JoVE.com

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

Die aktuelle Studie zielte darauf ab, die Quantifizierung der motorischen Defizite bei Ratten zu automatisieren. Die Erstbewertung Modell bewertet motor Schäden aus einer intracortical Mikroelektrode Implantation im motorischen Kortex. Wir berichten über die Entwicklung und Nutzung eines Tracking-Algorithmus mit leicht anpassbar, einfach und leicht zugänglich, Software-Codierung.

Eine neuartige einzigen tierischen Motorik Tracking-System mit einfachen, leicht verfügbaren Software

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor ...

a-novel-single-animal-motor-function-tracking-system-using-simple

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.5K Aufrufe.  Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Die aktuelle Studie zielte darauf ab, die Quantifizierung der motorischen Defizite bei Ratten zu automatisieren. Die Erstbewertung Modell bewertet motor Schäden aus einer intracortical Mikroelektrode Implantation im motorischen Kortex. Wir berichten über die Entwicklung und Nutzung eines Tracking-Algorithmus mit leicht anpassbar, einfach und leicht zugänglich, Software-Codierung.

Serie: A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software (VTS) have allowed it to be coupled to LMA testing, dramatically improving specificity and sensitivity when compared to the line crossings method with manual scoring. In addition, VTS enables high-throughput experimentation. While similar to automated video tracking used for the open field test (OFT), LMA testing is unique in that it allows mice to remain in their home cage and does not utilize the anxiogenic stimulus of bright lighting during the active phase of the light-dark cycle. Traditionally, LMA has been used for short periods of time (mins), while longer movement studies (hrs-days) have often used implanted transmitters and biotelemetry. With the option of real-time tracking, long-, like short-term LMA testing, can now be conducted using videography. Long-term LMA testing requires a specialized, but easily constructed, cage so that food and water (which is usually positioned on the cage top) does not obstruct videography. Importantly, videography and VTS allows for the quantification of parameters, such as path of mouse movement, that are difficult or unfeasible to measure with line crossing and/or biotelemetry. In sum, LMA testing coupled to VTS affords a more complete description of mouse movement and the ability to examine locomotion over an extended period of time.

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice. Coupling of video tracking software (VTS) and LMA allows for the improvement of specificity and sensitivity, especially when compared with the manual, line crossing method of LMA analysis. Additionally VTS allows long-term tracking of mouse LMA.

Maus Kurz-und Langzeit-Bewegungsaktivität von Video-Tracking-Software analysiert

Locomotor  activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice  and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software ...

Forschung

Verhalten

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

Der "Motor" in der Kfz-implizite Reihenfolge lernen: ein Fuß-stepping serielle Reaktionszeit Aufgabe

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of complex algorithms and mathematical modeling that accompany 3D data collection and analysis procedures. This work provides a simple, user-friendly, step-by-step detailed methodology for 3D kinematic gait analysis during treadmill locomotion in healthy and neurotraumatic rats using a six-camera motion capture system. Also provided are details on 1) calibration of the system in an experimental set-up customized for quadrupedal locomotion, 2) data collection for treadmill locomotion in adult rats using markers positioned on all four limbs, 3) options available for video tracking and processing, and 4) basic 3D kinematic data generation and visualization and quantification of data using the built-in data collection software. Finally, it is suggested that the utility of this motion capture system be expanded to studying a variety of motor behaviors before and after neurotrauma.

Presented here is a protocol to collect and analyze three-dimensional kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion in rodents for preclinical studies.

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of ...

Automated Rat Single-Pellet Reaching with 3-Dimensional Reconstruction of Paw and Digit Trajectories

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. Several automated versions of skilled reaching have been developed recently. Here, we describe a version that automatically presents pellets to rats while recording high-definition video from multiple angles at high frame rates (300 fps). The paw and individual digits are tracked with DeepLabCut, a machine learning algorithm for markerless pose estimation. This system can also be synchronized with physiological recordings, or be used to trigger physiologic interventions (e.g., electrical or optical stimulation).

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. We describe an automated version of skilled reaching with motion tracking and three-dimensional reconstruction of reach trajectories.

Automatisierte Ratte Single-Pellet Erreichen mit 3-dimensionalen Rekonstruktion von Pfoten- und Digit-Trajektorien

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the ...

A System for Tracking the Dynamics of Social Preference Behavior in Small Rodents

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and observer-independent manner. Since the beginning of the millennium, the three-chamber test has been widely used as a standard paradigm to evaluate sociability (social preference) and social novelty preference in small rodents. However, this test suffers from multiple limitations, including its dependence on spatial navigation and negligence of behavioral dynamics. Presented and validated here is a novel experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test, while also solving some of its caveats. The system requires a simple and affordable experimental apparatus and publicly available open-source analysis system, which automatically measures and analyzes multiple behavioral parameters at individual and population levels. It allows detailed analysis of the behavioral dynamics of small rodents during any social discrimination test. We demonstrate the efficiency of the system in analyzing the dynamics of social behavior during the social preference and social novelty preference tests as performed by adult male mice and rats. Moreover, we validate the ability of the system to reveal modified dynamics of social behavior in rodents following manipulations such as whisker trimming. Thus, the system allows for rigorous investigation of social behavior and dynamics in small rodent models and supports more accurate comparisons between strains, conditions, and treatments.

Described here is a novel automated experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test and also solves several caveats. This system supplies multiple behavioral parameters that enable rigorous analysis of small rodent behavioral dynamics during the social preference and social novelty preference tests.

Ein System zur Verfolgung der Dynamik des Verhaltens sozialer Präferenzen bei kleinen Nagetieren

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and ...

Tracking Rats in Operant Conditioning Chambers Using a Versatile Homemade Video Camera and DeepLabCut

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on the triggering of lever and nose-poke sensors present inside the chambers. While this provides a detailed view of when and how animals perform certain responses, it cannot be used to evaluate behaviors that do not trigger any sensors. As such, assessing how animals position themselves and move inside the chamber is rarely possible. To obtain this information, researchers generally have to record and analyze videos. Manufacturers of operant conditioning chambers can typically supply their customers with high-quality camera setups. However, these can be very costly and do not necessarily fit chambers from other manufacturers or other behavioral test setups. The current protocol describes how to build an inexpensive and versatile video camera using hobby electronics components. It further describes how to use the image analysis software package DeepLabCut to track the status of a strong light signal, as well as the position of a rat, in videos gathered from an operant conditioning chamber. The former is a great aid when selecting short segments of interest in videos that cover entire test sessions, and the latter enables analysis of parameters that cannot be obtained from the data logs produced by the operant chambers.

This protocol describes how to build a small and versatile video camera, and how to use videos obtained from it to train a neural network to track the position of an animal inside operant conditioning chambers. This is a valuable complement to standard analyses of data logs obtained from operant conditioning tests.

Tracking Ratten in Operant Conditioning Chambers mit einer vielseitigen hausgemachten Videokamera und DeepLabCut

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on ...

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and diverse behavioral features. Identifying behavioral deficiency in animal models is a crucial measure of disease severity, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases where patients often experience impairments in motor function. However, with the availability of various systems to track and assess motor deficits in fly models, such as drug-treated or transgenic individuals, an economical and user-friendly system for precise evaluation from multiple angles is still lacking. A method based on the AnimalTracker application programming interface (API) is developed here, which is compatible with the Fiji image processing program, to systematically evaluate the movement activities of both adult and larval individuals from recorded video, thus allowing for the analysis of their tracking behavior. This method requires only a high-definition camera and a computer peripheral hardware integration to record and analyze behavior, making it an affordable and effective approach for screening fly models with transgenic or environmental behavioral deficiencies. Examples of behavioral tests using pharmacologically treated flies are given to show how the techniques can detect behavioral changes in both adult flies and larvae in a highly repeatable manner.

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

The present protocol assesses the locomotor activity of Drosophila by tracking and analyzing the movement of flies in a hand-made arena using open-source software Fiji, compatible with plugins to segment pixels of each frame based on high-definition video recording to calculate parameters of speed, distance, etc.

Eine einfache Technik zur Bestimmung der lokomotorischen Aktivität in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and ...

FIM Imaging and FIMtrack: Two New Tools Allowing High-throughput and Cost Effective Locomotion Analysis

The analysis of neuronal network function requires a reliable measurement of behavioral traits. Since the behavior of freely moving animals is variable to a certain degree, many animals have to be analyzed, to obtain statistically significant data. This in turn requires a computer assisted automated quantification of locomotion patterns. To obtain high contrast images of almost translucent and small moving objects, a novel imaging technique based on frustrated total internal reflection called FIM was developed. In this setup, animals are only illuminated with infrared light at the very specific position of contact with the underlying crawling surface. This methodology results in very high contrast images. Subsequently, these high contrast images are processed using established contour tracking algorithms. Based on this, we developed the FIMTrack software, which serves to extract a number of features needed to quantitatively describe a large variety of locomotion characteristics. During the development of this software package, we focused our efforts on an open source architecture allowing the easy addition of further modules. The program operates platform independent and is accompanied by an intuitive GUI guiding the user through data analysis. All locomotion parameter values are given in form of csv files allowing further data analyses. In addition, a Results Viewer integrated into the tracking software provides the opportunity to interactively review and adjust the output, as might be needed during stimulus integration. The power of FIM and FIMTrack is demonstrated by studying the locomotion of Drosophila larvae.

FIM is a novel, cost effective imaging system designed to track small moving objects such as C. elegans, planaria or Drosophila larvae. The accompanying FIMTrack program is designed to deliver fast and efficient data analysis. Together, these tools allow high-throughput analysis of behavioral traits.

FIM Imaging und FIMtrack: Zwei neuer Instrumente, die Hochdurchsatz und Kosteneffektiv Locomotion Analyse

The analysis of neuronal network function requires a reliable measurement of behavioral traits. Since the behavior of freely moving animals is variable to ...

Neurowissenschaften

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these tasks require sensory-motor integration and involve precise control of bilateral brain circuits. Implementing unimanual behavioral paradigms in animal models will improve the understanding of the contribution of brain structures, like the striatum, to complex motor behavior as it allows manipulation and recording of neural activity of specific nuclei in control conditions and disease during the performance of the task. 
Since its creation, optogenetics has been a dominant tool for interrogating the brain by enabling selective and targeted activation or inhibition of neuronal populations. The combination of optogenetics with behavioral assays sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of specific brain functions. Wireless head-mounted systems with miniaturized light-emitting diodes (LEDs) allow remote optogenetic control in an entirely free-moving animal. This avoids the limitations of a wired system being less restrictive for animals' behavior without compromising light emission efficiency. The current protocol combines a wireless optogenetics approach with high-speed videography in a unimanual dexterity task to dissect the contribution of specific neuronal populations to fine motor behavior.

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

The present protocol describes how to use wireless optogenetics combined with high-speed videography in a single pellet reach-to-grasp task to characterize the neural circuits involved in the performance of skilled motor behavior in freely moving mice.

Im lebenden Organismus Drahtlose optogenetische Steuerung des motorischen Verhaltens

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these ...

A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning

Climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje cells provide instructive signals critical for cerebellum-dependent associative learning. Studying these signals in head-fixed mice facilitates the use of imaging, electrophysiological, and optogenetic methods. Here, a low-cost behavioral platform (~$1000) was developed that allows tracking of associative learning in head-fixed mice that locomote freely on a running wheel. The platform incorporates two common associative learning paradigms: eyeblink conditioning and delayed tactile startle conditioning. Behavior is tracked using a camera and the wheel movement by a detector. We describe the components and setup and provide a detailed protocol for training and data analysis. This platform allows the incorporation of optogenetic stimulation and fluorescence imaging. The design allows a single host computer to control multiple platforms for training multiple animals simultaneously.

We have developed a single platform to track animal behavior during two climbing fiber-dependent associative learning tasks. The low-cost design allows integration with optogenetic or imaging experiments directed towards climbing fiber-associated cerebellar activity.

Eine flexible Plattform zur Überwachung des kleinhirnabhängigen sensorischen assoziativen Lernens

Climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje cells provide instructive signals critical for cerebellum-dependent associative learning. Studying these signals in ...