Name: quantifying the effects of antimicrobials on in vitro biofilm architecture using comstat software
Uploaded: 2020-12-14T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 18 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software at JoVE.com

作者感谢囊性纤维化基金会为这项研究提供资金。

1. 细菌分离物收集
<ol><li>从 SickKids（多伦多）接受吸入妥布霉素根除治疗的 CF 儿科患者队列中获取 铜绿假单胞菌 分离株。在-80°C的柠檬酸甘油中冷冻分离物，并在使用前进行至少三次传代培养。</li>
</ol>2. 体外 生物膜的形成
注:使用腔室盖玻片方法1 进行体外生物膜形成并进行修饰。该模型的整体工作流程如图 1 所示。
<ol><li>在用胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂和5%绵羊血制备的血琼脂上培养 铜绿假单胞菌 分离物过夜（参见 材料表）。</li>
	<li>将血琼脂中的 1-2 个细菌菌落接种到 4 mL 溶原肉汤 （LB） 中。在设置为225rpm的振荡器上在37°C下生长过夜。</li>
	<li>通过在 4 mL 新鲜 LB 中加入 40 μL 培养物来制备 1:100 稀释的过夜接种物。 在 37 °C 下在设置为 225 rpm 的振荡器上生长 3-4 小时，以在 600 nm （OD600） 处达到约 0.1 的光密度（早期对数期）。</li>
	<li>将 220 μL 接种物转移到 8 室盖玻片的每个孔中。在37°C下不受干扰地孵育24小时。</li>
	<li>从每个孔中缓慢取出培养基，以防止生物膜在基底脱落。 注意: 将载玻片向前倾斜 45° 角，并从每个腔室孔的底角吸出培养基，而不用移液器吸头接触底座。</li>
	<li>制备 100 μL 56 μg/mL 荧光标记单克隆抗体 （mAb）（参见 材料表）并缓慢加入到指定腔室孔的一侧。在室温 （RT） 下孵育 1 小时，以使抗体附着在细菌抗原表位上。 注:使用前，将荧光标记的（红色）mAb Psl0096 稀释在 LB 中，以获得 56 μg/mL 的终浓度。Psl0096 是一种抗 Psl mAb（Cam003 的优化亲和衍生物），它与 I 类 Psl 表位结合，Psl 表位是 铜绿假单胞菌 生物膜的关键 EPS 基质成分，参与初始细胞附着和结构完整性15。</li>
	<li>准备并缓慢加入 100 μL 的 1000 μg/mL 抗生素溶液（参见 材料表）到指定腔室孔的一侧。在37°C下不受干扰地孵育24小时。 注:使用前，在 LB 中稀释 50 mg/mL 妥布霉素抗生素储备液，以获得 1000 μg/mL 的终浓度。</li>
</ol>3. 生物膜荧光染色
<ol><li>制备 0.01 mM 活细胞染色荧光染料溶液。慢慢地从腔室孔中取出培养基，并向每个孔中加入 200 μL 染料混合物。在室温下在黑暗中孵育 45 分钟。 注:使用前，通过将 4 μL 的 5 mM 原液加入 2 mL LB 中来制备活细胞染色（绿色）荧光染料。</li>
	<li>从每个孔中缓慢取出培养基，并用 200 μL 新鲜 LB 洗涤 2 次。</li>
	<li>向每个孔中加入 200 μL 新鲜 LB，并通过共聚焦显微镜进行检查。</li>
</ol>4. 通过共聚焦显微镜进行图像采集
注:图像处理和 COMSTAT 分析程序如图 2 所示。在生物膜染色的同一天采集孔的图像。如果可视化延迟超过 1 小时，则将带腔室的盖玻片在黑暗中冷藏，直到进一步处理。
<ol><li>使用具有适当激光激发波长和滤光片组的共聚焦显微镜系统（参见 材料表）获取孔的图像。 注:此处，分别使用 561 nm 和 491 nm 激发波长激发荧光标记（红色）mAb 和活细胞（绿色）染料。</li>
	<li>使用 20-25 倍水浸镜头以 0.3 μm 的增量捕获分层 z 堆栈图像（从基质到每个生物膜段的顶部）。每孔至少采集 6 个图像堆栈。 注意:在这里，使用带有 25 倍水浸镜头的高分辨率相机可视化图像，并使用图像分析软件进行处理（参见 材料表）。在单次实验中保持所有采集的软件设置和数字成像参数（即亮度和灵敏度）不变。</li>
	<li>将图像另存为 OME-TIFF 以进行 COMSTAT 分析。 注意: 确保为每个通道（即红色和绿色）单独保存 OME-TIFF。此步骤因所使用的图像分析软件而异。</li>
	<li>重复步骤 2.1-4.3，从每个细菌分离株总共 3 个生物学重复（即 3 个独立实验）中捕获图像。</li>
</ol>5. COMSTAT分析
注意:使用免费提供的计算机程序 COMSTAT16,17 定量分析图像，该程序被重写为插件 （Comstat2） 到 ImageJ。阅读下载的软件包中分析生物膜图像堆栈的一般说明。本文提供了一个总结的方案，其中推荐了选定的 ImageJ 处理步骤和 COMSTAT 特征，用于量化抗菌剂对生物膜形成的影响。
<ol><li>从 http://www.comstat.dk/ 下载 Comstat2 包。在已安装的文件夹中，找到 ImageJ 并运行它。</li>
	<li>在桌面上创建一个源文件夹，并向该文件夹添加一个 OME-TIFF。</li>
	<li>从源文件夹中打开 OME-TIFF，并删除任何不包含生物质的空图层。这些层将是 z 堆栈的第一层或最后几层。 注意:显微镜定义的 z 堆栈边界有时会被用户高估。删除这些空层可为 COMSTAT 分析建立更精细的 z 堆栈边界。</li>
	<li>通过选择 "文件"|" 在 ImageJ 中导入 OME-TIFF进口 |图像序列。找到源文件夹，高亮显示而不打开它，然后单击" 选择"。将出现一个"序列选项"窗口。选择" 确定"。 注意:要在 ImageJ 中导入其他图像，请先从源文件夹中删除之前的 OME-TIFF，然后将新的 OME-TIFF 添加到文件夹中，并重复步骤 5.3 和 5.4。</li>
	<li>通过选择 "图像"|"来翻转生物膜的方向 |转型 |翻转 Z 形，将基质定位为第一个（最顶部）堆栈。 注意:COMSTAT 算法从顶部（堆栈 1）到底部在 z 方向上读取生物膜。根据所使用的共聚焦显微镜系统，OME-TIFF输出可以反转。因此，通过将基质定位为图像堆栈 1 来颠倒切片的顺序非常重要，以防止输出数据产生缺陷。</li>
	<li>通过选择" 图像"|"属性。将出现一个"源"窗口。<ol><li>将"长度单位"指定为"微米"。</li>
		<li>使用以下公式以数学方式确定"像素宽度"和"像素高度": <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/61759/61759equ01.jpg"> (1) 这里，"像素宽度"和"像素高度"定义为0.427，其中电荷耦合器件（CCD）上像素的物理长度为16 μm;总放大倍率为25倍;放大镜位置为 1.5 倍。 注意:用于计算每个像素的单元大小的公式可能因显微镜相机制造商而异。或者，"像素宽度"和"像素高度"可以通过空间校准来定义（参见 https://imagej.net/Spatial_Calibration）。</li>
		<li>将"体素深度"定义为 0.3（即每个 z 堆栈层之间的增量空间）。在"源"窗口中选择 "确定 "。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>通过选择" 图像"|"调整 |阈值。将出现一个"阈值"窗口。 注意:图像中的对象将显示为红色，背景为灰度。或者，可以使用"阈值"窗口中的下拉菜单将"红色"更改为"黑白"，从而以黑白方式调整阈值。<ol><li>在图像窗口中，将滑块调整到最右侧（即生物膜的最顶层）。要消除背景噪声，请使用显示图像直方图的"阈值"窗口手动设置最大和最小阈值。首先，通过尽可能向右调整下滑块来设置最大阈值。其次，使用上部滑块调整最小阈值，该阈值将图像分割为两个独立的阶段:红色生物量和灰度背景（图 3）。 注:本文所述的体外生物膜形成和荧光显微镜程序在理想情况下生成 OME-TIFF，允许通过简单的直方图阈值方法将图像分割成两个不同的阶段。然而，在某些情况下，不同阶段之间的直方图区别并不那么清楚。这可能是由于存在广泛的背景噪声、不同的背景强度或生物量和背景之间的低强度对比。在这种情况下，用户应采用增强的分割程序18,19。<ol><li>或者，使用"阈值"窗口中设置为"默认"的左侧下拉菜单通过算法调整单个图像的阈值。此功能提供了 17 种不同的算法阈值选项供您选择（请参阅 https://imagej.net/Auto_Threshold）。选择最适用的选项，然后选择"自动"以设置阈值。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>调整阈值后，使用图像窗口中的滑块滚动浏览每一层，以确保在整个过程中充分消除背景噪声。</li>
		<li>在"阈值"窗口中选择" 设置 "以首先修复较低的阈值。将出现"设置阈值水平"窗口。选择" 确定"。再次选择" 设置 "，然后重复此步骤以修复最大阈值。 注意: 每次选择"设置"时，下方滑块可能会自动调整。在这种情况下，请手动重新调整滑块（如果使用其中一个算法阈值，请选择"自动"）并重复步骤 5.6.2–5.6.3。主要思想是，每当滑块自动重新调整时，应在之后再选择两次"设置"，以确保上限和下限阈值都固定。</li>
		<li>选择" 应用 "，将出现"将堆栈转换为二进制"窗口。选择" 确定"，然后退出"阈值"窗口。</li>
		<li>通过选择 Plugins |生物格式 |生物格式导出器|.输入新文件名并在源文件夹中另存为 OME-TIFF。将出现"生物格式导出器 - 多个文件"窗口。选择" 确定"。将出现一个"生物格式导出器选项"窗口。选择" 确定"。 注意:在继续进行 COMSTAT 分析之前，请确保仅将新调整的黑白 OME-TIFF 保存在源文件夹中。从文件夹中删除所有原始 OME-TIFF。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>通过选择 Plugins |Comstat2 |.将出现一个"关于"窗口。选择" 确定"。将出现三个窗口。<ol><li>在"观察到的目录"窗口（右上角）中，选择 "添加"。找到源文件夹，高亮显示而不打开它，然后选择"选择"。将出现一个"目录中的图像"窗口（左上角），其中列出了要通过 COMSTAT 分析的 OME-TIFF。</li>
		<li>在"Comstat 2.1"窗口（右下角）上，取消选择"自动阈值（Otsu 方法）"，以确保软件使用之前为单个 OME-TIFF 设置的阈值。此外，取消选择 连接体积过滤器g （CVF），以确保分析中包括生物膜的非常薄的部分以及在生物膜结构空隙中发现的自由漂浮细胞或生物质。 注意:在这里，取消选择CVF，因为COMSTAT分析是在非常早期的生物膜（24小时初始生长）和抗菌处理后剩余的浮游细胞/菌落上进行的。对于成熟的生物膜，选择CVF以确保仅对连接到生物膜结构的生物量进行量化。</li>
		<li>在"Comstat 2.1"窗口（右下角）上，选择所需的定量分析特征。在这里，选择 生物质量、厚度分布 和 表面积。选择 "转到 "以运行程序。在"日志"窗口（左下角）中，输出数据显示正在处理中，直到出现"完成选定的功能/图像！记录 COMSTAT 测量值。这些测量值也会自动保存为源文件夹中的 TXT 文件。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

<ol>
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没有规定的方法来定量比较 体外 生物膜结构的三维图像，并且由于操作者之间的可变性，在这种情况下描述的程序通常难以标准化20。因此，该协议为寻求量化不同抗菌条件下 体外 生物膜结构变化的COMSTAT应用提供了一个简单且可重复的框架。该技术的优势是使用 CF 铜绿假单胞菌 分离物建模的，该分离物以生物膜重复的形式生长，并暴露于妥布霉素和抗 Psl mAb Psl0096。
该协议以及相关工作中概述的最关键步骤之一是图像阈值13,21。图像阈值过程是一种分割技术，它将灰度图像还原为可读的黑白格式，用于 COMSTAT 算法。在此过程中，有效地区分哪些灰度像素应被视为生物质（黑色）与背景噪声（白色），否则阈值将改变分配给单个生物膜图像22的体积和形态。在 ImageJ 中，可以通过许多不同的方式执行阈值设置:手动或通过 17 个选项之一进行算法操作;为单个图像设置或通过将固定值（由用户确定）应用于一组图像17;应用于整个图像（全局）;或算法应用于 8 位图像的特定区域（局部）23,24。所选择的阈值测量方法以及如何执行取决于操作员的判断，这可能会在生物膜图像分析中引入重大错误，并导致截然不同的结果。
在本协议中，手动执行全局阈值以分割单个 16 位 z 堆栈图像。尽管算法方法与人工方法相比具有优势，包括消除用户干预13,22 和减少图像处理时间（尤其是对于大型数据集）25，但它们没有考虑到异质样本图像的广泛特征变异性，正如在铜绿假单胞菌分离株中观察到的那样 26,27,28.先前的研究表明，为了在数值上将生物膜活动与结构变化相关联，有必要以模拟生物膜异质性的方式对图像进行阈值化29,30。鉴于 ImageJ 中可用于阈值的算法与专家确定的值不一致30 和技术限制，包括无法分割离散几何属性22，因此被认为不太合适。这些算法也受到限制，因为很少有研究评估它们在手动操作方面的优势和劣势。在没有就阈值分析的最佳算法达成共识的情况下，ImageJ 中基于眼睛的手动方法仍然是最合适的13,17。
除了阈值分析之外，CVF 是另一种分割过程，可用于从三维生物膜图像中去除额外的背景噪声（例如，未附着在生物膜结构上的浮游元素）。然而，在分析早期生物膜时，利用CVF存在产生零或意外低COMSTAT输出的风险，因为该函数假设所有生物膜都以连接的方式从基质31生长。生物膜可能由空间结构组成，例如充满液体和漂浮细胞的空隙或通道32,33，CVF错误地从分析中排除了这些结构。在本文描述的研究中，CVF 的去选择很重要，特别是因为执行 COMSTAT 以量化抗菌治疗后剩余的浮游细胞/菌落。同样，在某些条件下，不同的细菌菌株在生物膜内产生非常薄的区域，由于设定的体素深度为 16（在本例中为 0.3 μm），CVF 特征无法检测到这些区域，随后从分析中去除。因此，本研究取消了CVF的选择，以防止零输出或生物量的低估。
该协议的最后一个关键步骤涉及选择最能代表生物膜结构形态变化的定量分析功能。在这里，选择了生物量、厚度分布和表面积。量化生物量和厚度的COMSTAT参数广泛用于描述铜绿假单胞菌生物膜结构变化的研究8,9,10,11,14,27。虽然解释的频率较低，但本文发现表面与生物体积比（在表面积输出中）在量化聚集方面最为有效，聚集是抗微生物药物耐药性的重要机制，可防止抗感染剂穿透生物膜的全部深度5。这一观察结果与之前的工作一致，该工作确定了表面与生物体积比的负相关，表明密集聚集的细菌细胞34,35。此外，一项密切相关的研究报告称，与过度生产的 Psl 菌株相比，扁平形成的未分化 PA01 生物膜的表面与生物体积比高 2.6 倍，后者在视觉上形成被描述为超生物膜结构的聚集体36。值得注意的是，由于生物膜固有的复杂性，无论选择何种分析功能，即使实验条件保持不变，通常都会产生可变的COMSTAT结果。因此，CLSM 图像的所有定量测量都应在每种条件下至少进行 3 次生物学重复和一致数量的 z 堆栈图像，并伴有统计分析。
总体而言，通过COMSTAT量化CLSM图像的一个关键方法是开发用于软件操作和分析的标准化框架。据我们所知，这种整合并不存在，而是过剩的生物膜培养框架、图像分割技术和应用于不同研究的操作参数。在没有金标准的情况下，该协议为确定抗菌剂对 体外 生物膜形成的影响的实验室之间的透明度迈出了重要的一步。该技术的一个局限性是它不包括用于区分活细胞和死细胞的双重荧光染色程序。因此，该方法的未来应用可能希望纳入活力测定，作为确定活细胞数量的内部对照。同样，结晶紫测定可能有助于将相对细胞密度与显微镜结果相关联。随着用于图像分割的新数学建模和算法插件的兴起，研究改进该协议以更好地描述生物膜异质性的不同方法可能也是值得的。这可能包括用于捕获生物膜基质不规则性的脚本、分段体素和通道的空间相干性以及局部阈值。就临床应用而言，该方案可能有助于衡量用于治疗生物膜感染的不同抗菌剂的治疗成功。它对于测试用于破坏生物膜的各种策略也可能很有价值，以使它们更容易受到抗菌治疗的影响。

生物膜是微生物的聚集体，定向在自产生的细胞外聚合物物质 （EPS） 基质中。EPS 基质非常复杂，主要由细菌细胞、水、蛋白质、多糖、脂质和核酸1 组成，所有这些都使生物膜与自由生活的浮游细胞截然不同。生物膜EPS相互粘附在各种表面上。EPS 基质具有介导代谢物、遗传物质和用于细胞间信号转导和防御的化合物的细胞间交换的特性2。这些特性共同提供了生物膜结构完整性和抵御外部压力源的保护，有助于免疫逃避和抗菌素耐药性3.
铜绿假单胞菌是一种公认的医院病原体，已知它对抗菌药物采取逃避生物膜生长策略。一个典型的例子发生在患有隐性遗传疾病囊性纤维化 （CF） 的患者身上。生物膜在抗菌耐药性铜绿假单胞菌4 的发展中起着关键作用，并允许 CF 患者建立慢性肺部感染，导致肺功能加速下降和过早死亡5。因此，进行体外生物膜研究以测试抗生素和新型抗感染剂对从 CF 6,7 患者获得的铜绿假单胞菌分离株的疗效。生物膜形成后，将抗菌剂应用于结构外部，并使用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜 （CLSM） 生成生物膜段的高分辨率三维重建。通常的做法是使用计算机软件COMSTAT作为ImageJ的插件，以量化生物膜结构的变化8,9,10,11。
尽管COMSTAT可用于量化生物膜结构，但图像分析的可重复性和标准化问题较少得到解决。例如，在运行COMSTAT之前执行的图像处理程序是客观的，但在设置图像阈值12,13时包含主观性因素。以类似的方式，COMSTAT程序允许操作员选择从基本到高级的图像分割条件和参数，以及十种定量分析功能（例如，厚度分布、表面积、生物量、无量纲粗糙度系数）。众多的用户选项，再加上不同的操作人员专业知识水平，可能会导致对生物膜行为的误导性报告。
因此，该协议的目标是提出一种相对简单的方法，用于使用COMSTAT对体外生物膜结构进行定量比较。本文中，使用带腔盖玻片模型14 通过 CLSM 捕获来自铜绿假单胞菌分离物的生物膜片段的三维图像——这是一种用于执行可重复体外生物膜实验的成熟技术。利用 COMSTAT 作为 ImageJ 的插件，该方法使研究人员能够在不同条件下定量识别存在抗菌剂的情况下生物膜结构的变化。总体而言，该方法旨在消除与COMSTAT手动操作相关的主观差异，从而促进各中心协议的标准化。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Anti-Psl mAb, Psl0096</td><td>Medimmune</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blood Agar (TSA with 5 % Sheep Blood) Medium</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>R01200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eight-well Chambered Coverglass w/ non-removable wells</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>155411</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Invitrogen SYTO 9 Green Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Stain</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>S34854</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB BROTH (LENNOX), Liquid Autoclave Sterilized</td><td>BioShop Canada</td><td>LBL666</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tobramycin, 900 &amp;micro;g/mg</td><td>Alfa Aesar by Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>J66040</td><td>It is recommended to perform a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for every batch made to ensure quality control of antimicrobial potency</td></tr><tr><td>Quorum Volocity 6.3</td><td>Quorum Technologies</td><td></td><td>Image analysis software</td></tr></tbody></table>

quantifying the effects of antimicrobials on in vitro biofilm architecture using comstat software

生物膜是微生物的聚集体，它们依赖于自产生的细胞外聚合物物质基质来保护和结构完整性。已知医院病原体 铜绿假单胞 菌采用生物膜生长模式，导致囊性纤维化 （CF） 患者发生慢性肺部感染。计算机程序COMSTAT是一种有用的工具，用于通过从三维共聚焦图像中提取数据来量化 铜绿假单胞菌 生物膜结构中抗菌诱导的变化。然而，软件的标准化操作较少得到解决，这对于生物膜行为的最佳报告和跨中心比较非常重要。因此，该协议的目的是提供一个简单且可重复的框架，用于通过COMSTAT量化不同抗菌条件下的 体外 生物膜结构。该技术使用铜 绿假单胞菌 分离物建模，以生物膜重复的形式生长，并暴露于妥布霉素和抗 Psl 单克隆抗体 Psl0096。循序渐进的方法旨在减少用户的歧义，并最大限度地减少忽视关键图像处理步骤的机会。具体而言，该协议强调消除与COMSTAT手动操作相关的主观变化，包括图像分割和选择适当的定量分析功能。尽管这种方法要求用户在运行COMSTAT之前花费额外的时间处理共聚焦图像，但它有助于最大限度地减少自动输出中错位的生物膜异质性。

从感染的CF患者中培养的 铜绿假单胞菌 分离物用于证明该方法在准确量化抗菌诱导 的体外 生物膜结构变化方面的优势。该模型的整体工作流程如图 1 所示。ImageJ 中的图像处理和 COMSTAT 分析过程如图 2 所示。 图 3 显示了 ImageJ 中用于图像分割的简单直方图阈值方法，该方法应用于 CLSM z 堆栈图像（另存为 OME-TIFF）。妥布霉素和抗Psl mAb（Psl0096）引起的生物膜结构变化如图 4所示。分离成活细胞（绿色）和抗体（红色）通道的生物膜片段的代表性共聚焦图像如图 4A所示。COMSTAT三个参数的相应数据，包括平均生物膜厚度、生物量和表面生物体积比，如图 4B-D所示。总体而言，COMSTAT数据显示，与对照井相比，生物膜结构之间存在显着差异。使用妥布霉素，可以分别在 图4B 和 图4C中观察到平均厚度和生物量的明显减少。然而，在存在抗 Psl mAb Psl0096 的情况下， 铜绿假单胞菌 生物膜对妥布霉素具有耐药性。在检查表面与生物体积比（图4D）时，在妥布霉素暴露和未暴露的生物膜中都观察到抗Psl mAb Psl0096（p < 0.0001）显着降低，代表了聚集体的形成（图4A）。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61759/61759fig1v4.jpg"> 图1:体外生物膜形成。将铜绿假单胞菌分离株生长在血琼脂上，并在LB中接种过夜。将过夜培养物按 1:100 稀释并生长至早期对数期（3-4 小时孵育），以获得约 0.1 的最终 OD600。将OD调整的接种物接种到8室盖玻片的每个孔中并生长24小时，使生物膜在孔的底部附着并成熟。小心地从孔中取出培养基，并将荧光标记的（红色）mAb添加到指定的孔中。将腔室盖玻璃孵育 1 小时，使抗体与细菌抗原表位结合。将抗生素加入指定的孔中，并将生物膜生长24小时。从孔中取出培养基，并加入活细胞荧光（绿色）染色剂。孵育45分钟后，用新鲜LB洗涤孔2次，并在LB中进行共聚焦成像。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61759/61759fig02.jpg"> 图 2:图像处理和 COMSTAT 分析。 Comstat2 作为 ImageJ 的插件，用于 体外 生物膜结构的定量分析。（A） 初始设置是通过首先打开在下载的 Comstat2 包中找到的 ImageJ 程序来执行的。然后建议创建一个源文件夹，从中可以添加单个 OME-TIFF 并将其导入到 ImageJ 中。导入后，OME-TIFF 将从源文件夹中删除。* 可以重复这些步骤以添加额外的 OME-TIFF，使操作员能够一次处理多张图像。（B） 图像处理完全在 ImageJ 中执行。OME-TIFF的方向在z方向上翻转，将生物膜基质的第一层分配为堆栈1。** 仅当共聚焦显微镜的 OME-TIFF 输出倒置时，才需要执行此步骤。定义了图像属性，并手动调整了 OME-TIFF 的阈值。Bio-formats Exporter 插件用于将新调整的 OME-TIFF 保存在源文件夹中。（C） 使用 Comstat2 插件执行 COMSTAT 分析。将添加包含 OME-TIFF 的源文件夹。将取消选择可能产生缺陷结果的特定特征，同时选择用于定量分析的所需特征。选择"运行"以启动分析。一旦完成，测量将从自动保存在源文件夹中的 TXT 文件重新编码。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/61759/61759fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61759/61759fig3v4.jpg"> 图 3:ImageJ 中 16 位 CLSM OME-TIFF 的简单直方图阈值。 （A） 具有背景噪声和两个不同阶段的阈值前的OME-TIFF:红色生物量和灰度背景。（B） 阈值窗口，用于通过将较低强度的像素（小于最小设置阈值的值）转换为黑色背景来去除背景噪声并设置最佳阈值。设置最大阈值以建立灰度范围以转换为红色生物量。（C） 生成的高质量分割 z 堆栈图像，以及 （D） 将堆栈转换为二进制黑白 OME-TIFF，该图像对 COMSTAT 算法可读。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/61759/61759fig3v4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61759/61759fig4v2.jpg"> 图 4:荧光标记的 CF 铜绿假单胞菌生物膜在不同抗菌条件下 的代表性 CLSM 图像和 COMSTAT 比较。（A） 在腔室盖玻片中生长的 48 小时生物膜的三维图像。在LB培养基中单独生长的生物膜的活细胞（绿色）通道（左上）和在LB中加入1000μg/ mL妥布霉素（左下），代表对照孔的抗生素作用。暴露于抗Psl mAb Psl0096的生物膜活细胞通道，在妥布霉素不存在（上中部）和存在（底部中）的情况下，显示出聚集体和妥布霉素耐药性的形成。相同生物膜的相应 Psl0096（红色）通道显示在妥布霉素的缺失（右上）和存在（右下）中。白色箭头表示高 Psl 抗体结合，位于活细胞通道中显示的聚集体的同一区域。COMSTAT参数的定量比较以一系列条形图的形式显示，包括（B）平均厚度（整口井），（C）生物量和（D）分离物的表面与生物体积比。一个刻度单位相当于 19.68 μm。每个柱线代表来自 3 个生物学独立实验的多个图像 （n=18） 的平均值，在妥布霉素不存在（灰色条）和存在（黑条）的情况下，均值的标准误差线。*p <0.01 **p <0.001 ***p < 0.0001 通过 Mann-Whitney 检验。<a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/61759/61759fig4v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software at JoVE.com

Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software

抗菌诱导的 铜绿假单胞 菌生物膜结构变化在从囊性纤维化和慢性肺部感染患者培养的临床分离株中有所不同。在共聚焦显微镜之后，COMSTAT软件可用于量化单个分离株的生物膜结构（例如，表面积、厚度、生物量）的变化，以评估抗感染剂的功效。

使用 COMSTAT 软件量化抗菌剂对 体外 生物膜结构的影响

Biofilms are aggregates of microorganisms that rely on a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance for protection and structural ...

quantifying-effects-antimicrobials-on-vitro-biofilm-architecture

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software

3.2K 次观看.  Hospital for Sick Children. 抗菌诱导的 铜绿假单胞 菌生物膜结构变化在从囊性纤维化和慢性肺部感染患者培养的临床分离株中有所不同。在共聚焦显微镜之后，COMSTAT软件可用于量化单个分离株的生物膜结构（例如，表面积、厚度、生物量）的变化，以评估抗感染剂的功效。

视频: Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological properties compared to free living microorganisms. Biofilms in nature are often difficult to investigate and reside under poorly defined conditions1. Using a transparent substratum it is possible to device a system where simple biofilms can be examined in a non-destructive way in real-time: here we demonstrate the assembly and operation of a flow cell model system, for in vitro 3D studies of microbial biofilms generating high reproducibility under well-defined conditions2,3.
The system consists of a flow cell that serves as growth chamber for the biofilm. The flow cell is supplied with nutrients and oxygen from a medium flask via a peristaltic pump and spent medium is collected in a waste container. This construction of the flow system allows a continuous supply of nutrients and administration of e.g. antibiotics with minimal disturbance of the cells grown in the flow chamber. Moreover, the flow conditions within the flow cell allow studies of biofilm exposed to shear stress. A bubble trapping device confines air bubbles from the tubing which otherwise could disrupt the biofilm structure in the flow cell.
The flow cell system is compatible with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and can thereby provide highly detailed 3D information about developing microbial biofilms. Cells in the biofilm can be labeled with fluorescent probes or proteins compatible with CLSM analysis. This enables online visualization and allows investigation of niches in the developing biofilm. Microbial interrelationship, investigation of antimicrobial agents or the expression of specific genes, are of the many experimental setups that can be investigated in the flow cell system.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Protocol describing the application of a flow cell system for growing and analyzing microbial biofilms for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).

铜绿假单胞菌和酿酒酵母流细胞生物膜

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological ...

科研

免疫与感染

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. Biofilms are community-associated bacteria attached to a surface and encased in a matrix. The role of the extracellular matrix is multifaceted, including facilitating nutrient acquisition, and offers significant protection against environmental stresses (e.g. host immune responses). In an effort to acquire a better understanding as to how the bacteria within a biofilm respond to environmental stresses we have used a protocol wherein we visualize bacterial biofilms which have formed in an 8-well chamber slide. The biofilms were stained with the BacLight Live/Dead stain and examined using a confocal microscope to characterize the relative biofilm size, and structure under varying incubation conditions. Z-stack images were collected via confocal microscopy and analyzed by COMSTAT. This protocol can be used to help elucidate the mechanism and kinetics by which biofilms form, as well as identify components that are important to biofilm structure and stability.

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

This article describes the procedure for the formation and visualization of a bacterial biofilm grown within an 8-well chamber slide

在体外生物膜的形成以及8商会幻灯片

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

An Analytical Tool-box for Comprehensive Biochemical, Structural and Transcriptome Evaluation of Oral Biofilms Mediated by Mutans Streptococci

Biofilms are highly dynamic, organized and structured communities of microbial cells enmeshed in an extracellular matrix of variable density and composition 1, 2. In general, biofilms develop from initial microbial attachment on a surface followed by formation of cell clusters (or microcolonies) and further development and stabilization of the microcolonies, which occur in a complex extracellular matrix. The majority of biofilm matrices harbor exopolysaccharides (EPS), and dental biofilms are no exception; especially those associated with caries disease, which are mostly mediated by mutans streptococci 3. The EPS are synthesized by microorganisms (S. mutans, a key contributor) by means of extracellular enzymes, such as glucosyltransferases using sucrose primarily as substrate 3.
Studies of biofilms formed on tooth surfaces are particularly challenging owing to their constant exposure to environmental challenges associated with complex diet-host-microbial interactions occurring in the oral cavity. Better understanding of the dynamic changes of the structural organization and composition of the matrix, physiology and transcriptome/proteome profile of biofilm-cells in response to these complex interactions would further advance the current knowledge of how oral biofilms modulate pathogenicity. Therefore, we have developed an analytical tool-box to facilitate biofilm analysis at structural, biochemical and molecular levels by combining commonly available and novel techniques with custom-made software for data analysis. Standard analytical (colorimetric assays, RT-qPCR and microarrays) and novel fluorescence techniques (for simultaneous labeling of bacteria and EPS) were integrated with specific software for data analysis to address the complex nature of oral biofilm research.
The tool-box is comprised of 4 distinct but interconnected steps (Figure 1): 1) Bioassays, 2) Raw Data Input, 3) Data Processing, and 4) Data Analysis. We used our in vitro biofilm model and specific experimental conditions to demonstrate the usefulness and flexibility of the tool-box. The biofilm model is simple, reproducible and multiple replicates of a single experiment can be done simultaneously 4, 5. Moreover, it allows temporal evaluation, inclusion of various microbial species 5 and assessment of the effects of distinct experimental conditions (e.g. treatments 6; comparison of knockout mutants vs. parental strain 5; carbohydrates availability 7). Here, we describe two specific components of the tool-box, including (i) new software for microarray data mining/organization (MDV) and fluorescence imaging analysis (DUOSTAT), and (ii) in situ EPS-labeling. We also provide an experimental case showing how the tool-box can assist with biofilms analysis, data organization, integration and interpretation.

Biofilms formed on tooth surfaces are highly complex and exposed to constant innate and exogenous environmental challenges, which modulate their architecture, physiology and transcriptome. We developed a toolbox to examine the composition, structural organization and gene expression of oral biofilms, which can be adapted to other areas of biofilm research.

口腔生物膜的生物化学，结构和转录综合评价分析工具盒介导变形链球菌

Biofilms are highly dynamic, organized and structured communities of microbial cells enmeshed in an extracellular matrix of variable density and ...

Concurrent Quantification of Cellular and Extracellular Components of Biofilms

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a powerful tool for investigation of biofilms. Very few investigations have successfully quantified concurrent distribution of more than two components within biofilms because: 1)&#160;selection of fluorescent dyes having minimal spectral overlap is complicated, and 2)&#160;quantification of multiple fluorochromes poses a multifactorial problem. Objectives: Report a methodology to quantify and compare concurrent 3-dimensional distributions of three cellular/extracellular components of biofilms grown on relevant substrates. Methods: The method consists of distinct, interconnected steps involving biofilm growth, staining, CLSM imaging, biofilm structural analysis and visualization, and statistical analysis of structural parameters. Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (strain UA159) were grown for 48 hr on sterile specimens of Point 4 and TPH3 resin composites. Specimens were subsequently immersed for 60 sec in either Biot&#232;ne PBF (BIO) or Listerine Total Care (LTO) mouthwashes, or water (control group; n=5/group). Biofilms were stained with fluorochromes for extracellular polymeric substances, proteins and nucleic acids before imaging with CLSM. Biofilm structural parameters calculated using ISA3D image analysis software were biovolume and mean biofilm thickness. Mixed models statistical analyses compared structural parameters between mouthwash and control groups (SAS software; &#945;=0.05). Volocity software permitted visualization of 3D distributions of overlaid biofilm components (fluorochromes). Results: Mouthwash BIO produced biofilm structures that differed significantly from the control (p&#60;0.05) on both resin composites, whereas LTO did not produce differences (p&#62;0.05) on either product. Conclusions: This methodology efficiently and successfully quantified and compared concurrent 3D distributions of three major components within S. mutans biofilms on relevant substrates, thus overcoming two challenges to simultaneous assessment of biofilm components. This method can also be used to determine the efficacy of antibacterial/antifouling agents against multiple biofilm components, as shown using mouthwashes. Furthermore, this method has broad application because it facilitates comparison of 3D structures/architecture of biofilms in a variety of disciplines.

A protocol for the concurrent quantification and comparison of three cellular and extracellular components within biofilms is presented. The methodology involves the use of confocal laser scanning microscopy, biofilm structural analysis and visualization software, and statistical analysis software.

细胞和生物膜细胞外成分的定量并发

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a powerful tool for investigation of biofilms. Very few investigations have successfully quantified ...

Establishing the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of an Antimicrobial Agent for Planktonic Cells (MBC-P) and Biofilm Cells (MBC-B)

This protocol allows for a direct comparison between planktonic and biofilm resistance for a bacterial strain that can form a biofilm in vitro. Bacteria are inoculated into the wells of a 96-well microtiter plate. In the case of the planktonic assay, serial dilutions of the antimicrobial agent of choice are added to the bacterial suspensions. In the biofilm assay, once inoculated, the bacteria are left to form a biofilm over a set period of time. Unattached cells are removed from the wells, the media is replenished and serial dilutions of the antimicrobial agent of choice are added. After exposure to the antimicrobial agent, the planktonic cells are assayed for growth. For the biofilm assay, the media is refreshed with fresh media lacking the antimicrobial agent and the biofilm cells are left to recover. Biofilm cell viability is assayed after the recovery period. The MBC-P for the antimicrobial agent is defined as the lowest concentration of drug that kills the cells in the planktonic culture.&#160; In contrast, the MBC-B for a strain is determined by exposing preformed biofilms to increasing concentrations of antimicrobial agent for 24 hr. The MBC-B is defined as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that kills the cells in the biofilm.

Establishing the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of an Antimicrobial Agent for Planktonic Cells MBC-P and Biofilm Cells MBC-B

This protocol allows for a direct comparison between planktonic and biofilm resistance for a bacterial strain that can form a biofilm in vitro using a 96-well microtiter plate. Planktonic or biofilm bacteria are exposed to serial dilutions of the antimicrobial agent of choice. Viability is assayed by growth on agar plates.

建立浮星细胞（MBC-P）和生物膜细胞（MBC-B）抗菌剂的最小杀菌浓度

This protocol allows for a direct comparison between planktonic and biofilm resistance for a bacterial strain that can form a biofilm in vitro. Bacteria ...

Use of a High-throughput In Vitro Microfluidic System to Develop Oral Multi-species Biofilms

There are few high-throughput in vitro systems which facilitate the development of multi-species biofilms that contain numerous species commonly detected within in vivo oral biofilms. Furthermore, a system that uses natural human saliva as the nutrient source, instead of artificial media, is particularly desirable in order to support the expression of cellular and biofilm-specific properties that mimic the in vivo communities. We describe a method for the development of multi-species oral biofilms that are comparable, with respect to species composition, to supragingival dental plaque, under conditions similar to the human oral cavity. Specifically, this methods article will describe how a commercially available microfluidic system can be adapted to facilitate the development of multi-species oral biofilms derived from and grown within pooled saliva. Furthermore, a description of how the system can be used in conjunction with a confocal laser scanning microscope to generate 3-D biofilm reconstructions for architectural and viability analyses will be presented. Given the broad diversity of microorganisms that grow within biofilms in the microfluidic system (including Streptococcus, Neisseria, Veillonella, Gemella, and Porphyromonas), a protocol will also be presented describing how to harvest the biofilm cells for further subculture&#160;or DNA extraction and analysis. The limits of both the microfluidic biofilm system and the current state-of-the-art data analyses will be addressed. Ultimately, it is envisioned that this article will provide a baseline technique that will improve the study of oral biofilms and aid in the development of additional technologies that can be integrated with the microfluidic platform.

Use of a High-throughput In Vitro Microfluidic System to Develop Oral Multi-species Biofilms

The goal of this methods paper is to describe the use of a microfluidic system for the development of multi-species biofilms that contain species typically identified in human supragingival dental plaque.&#160;Methods to describe biofilm architecture, biofilm viability, and an approach to harvest biofilm for culture-dependent or culture-independent analyses are highlighted.

使用高通量的<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;微流控系统开发口服多物种生物膜

There are few high-throughput in vitro systems which facilitate the development of multi-species biofilms that contain numerous species commonly detected ...

生物工程

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and resilience of Bacillus subtilis biofilms. First, methods are presented that select for small molecule inhibitors with biofilm-specific targets in order to separate the effect of the small molecule inhibitors on planktonic growth from their effect on biofilm formation. Next, we focus on how inoculation conditions affect the sensitivity of multicellular, floating B. subtilis cultures to small molecule inhibitors. The results suggest that discrepancies in the reported effects of such inhibitors such as D-amino acids are due to inconsistent pre-culture conditions. Furthermore, a recently developed protocol is described for evaluating the contribution of small molecule treatments towards biofilm resistance to antibacterial substances. Lastly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques are presented to analyze the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix in a B. subtilis biofilm. SEM facilitates insight into the three-dimensional biofilm architecture and the matrix texture. A combination of the methods described here can greatly assist the study of biofilm development in the presence and absence of biofilm inhibitors, and shed light on the mechanism of action of these inhibitors.

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This study presents the development of reproducible methodologies to study biofilm inhibitors and their effects on Bacillus subtilis multicellularity.

方法学研究<em&gt;乙。枯草</em&gt;生物膜作为模型的表征小分子抑制剂生物膜

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and ...

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the development and persistence of many health related infections. One of the most well described and studied biofilms in human disease occurs in chronic pulmonary infection of cystic fibrosis patients. When studying biofilms in the context of the host, many factors can impact biofilm formation and development. In order to identify how host factors may affect biofilm formation and development, we used a static chambered coverglass method to grow biofilms in the presence of host-derived factors in the form of sputum supernatants. Bacteria are seeded into chambers and exposed to sputum filtrates. Following 48 hr of growth, biofilms are stained with a commercial biofilm viability kit prior to confocal microscopy and analysis. Following image acquisition, biofilm properties can be assessed using different software platforms. This method allows us to visualize key properties of biofilm growth in presence of different substances including antibiotics.

This protocol describes the visualization of biofilm development following exposure to host-factors using a slide chamber model. This model allows for direct visualization of biofilm development as well as analysis of biofilm parameters using computer software programs.

可视化痰生物膜发展影响使用腔室盖玻片型号

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...

A Platform of Anti-biofilm Assays Suited to the Exploration of Natural Compound Libraries

Biofilms are regarded as one of the most challenging topics of modern biomedicine, and they are potentially responsible for over 80% of antibiotic-tolerant infections. Biofilms have displayed an exceptionally high tolerance for chemotherapy, which is thought to be multifactorial. For instance, the matrix provides a physical barrier that decreases the penetration of antibiotics into the biofilm. Also, cells within the biofilms are phenotypically diverse. Likely, biofilm resilience arises from a combination of these and other, yet unknown, mechanisms. All of the currently existing antibiotics have been developed against single-cells (planktonic) bacteria. Therefore, so far, a very limited repertoire of molecules exists that can selectively act on mature biofilms. This situation has driven a progressive paradigm shift in drug discovery, in which searching for anti-biofilms has been urged to occupy a more prominent place. An additional challenge is that there are a very limited number of standardized methods for biofilm research, especially those that can be used for large-throughput screening of chemical libraries. Here, an experimental anti-biofilm platform for chemical screening is presented. It uses three assays to measure biofilm viability (with resazurin staining), total biomass (with crystal violet staining), and biofilm matrix (using a wheat germ agglutinin, WGA-fluorescence-based staining of the poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine, PNAG, fraction). All the assays were developed using Staphylococcus aureus as the model bacteria. Examples of how the platform can be used for primary screening as well as for functional characterization of identified anti-biofilm hits are presented. This experimental sequence further allows for the classification of the hits based upon the measured end-points. It also provides information on their mode of action, especially on long-term versus short-term chemotherapeutic effects. Thus, it is very advantageous for the quick identification of high-quality hit compounds that can serve as starting points for various biomedical applications.

Biofilm infections show high tolerance towards chemotherapy. No single assay captures the complexity of biofilms. Instead, complementary assays are needed. We present a screening platform (developed for S. aureus) that combines assays for viability, biomass, and biofilm matrix. It allows anti-biofilm drug discovery, including the assessment of long-term chemotherapeutic effects.

适合与天然化合物库的探索抗生物试验的平台

Biofilms are regarded as one of the most challenging topics of modern biomedicine, and they are potentially responsible for over 80% of ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于抗菌检测和微生物动力学分析的适应性 CF 模型

Development of a Polymicrobial Colony Biofilm Model to Test Antimicrobials in Cystic Fibrosis

A range of bacteria biofilm models exist for the testing of antibiotics. However, many of these are limited to a single experimental output, such as colony-forming units or metabolic activity. Furthermore, many biofilm models do not reflect the biological and physiochemical properties of the human host environment. This is an important issue in many conditions, but most noticeably in cystic fibrosis (CF). A large proportion of people with CF suffer from both chronic and intermittent infections, and in vitro, antibiotic susceptibility testing poorly correlates with patient treatment outcomes. Some biofilm models incorporate CF lung-relevant media, including synthetic sputum mimics, but do not consider the polymicrobial nature of the environment, which alters biofilm architecture, physiology, and the way microbes respond to treatment. The solid-air interface colony biofilm model described here is highly adaptable and incorporates both CF-relevant media and a polymicrobial context. This model can also be used for mid-throughput screening of antimicrobials and to study their effect on polymicrobial dynamics. Output measurements from the model can be colony-forming units, metabolic activity, and confocal microscopy analysis. The model can easily be adapted to different microorganisms, media, temperatures, and variable oxygen conditions and can be used to test a wide range of chemical, biological, and physical treatments.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>开发多微生物菌落生物膜模型以测试囊性纤维化中的抗菌剂

This methodology allows for the establishment of a polymicrobial biofilm model in cystic fibrosis for antimicrobial sensitivity testing in research and clinical laboratories. This model provides accurate and reliable results over a range of outputs.

开发多微生物菌落生物膜模型以测试囊性纤维化中的抗菌剂

A range of bacteria biofilm models exist for the testing of antibiotics. However, many of these are limited to a single experimental output, such as ...

使用 COMSTAT 软件量化抗菌剂对体外生物膜结构的影响

摘要

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铜绿假单胞菌和酿酒酵母流细胞生物膜

在体外生物膜的形成以及8商会幻灯片

口腔生物膜的生物化学，结构和转录综合评价分析工具盒介导变形链球菌

细胞和生物膜细胞外成分的定量并发

建立浮星细胞（MBC-P）和生物膜细胞（MBC-B）抗菌剂的最小杀菌浓度

使用高通量的

方法学研究

可视化痰生物膜发展影响使用腔室盖玻片型号

适合与天然化合物库的探索抗生物试验的平台

开发多微生物菌落生物膜模型以测试囊性纤维化中的抗菌剂

使用 COMSTAT 软件量化抗菌剂对 体外 生物膜结构的影响

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

铜绿假单胞菌和酿酒酵母流细胞生物膜

在体外生物膜的形成以及8商会幻灯片

口腔生物膜的生物化学，结构和转录综合评价分析工具盒介导变形链球菌

细胞和生物膜细胞外成分的定量并发

建立浮星细胞（MBC-P）和生物膜细胞（MBC-B）抗菌剂的最小杀菌浓度

使用高通量的

方法学研究

可视化痰生物膜发展影响使用腔室盖玻片型号

适合与天然化合物库的探索抗生物试验的平台

开发多微生物菌落生物膜模型以测试囊性纤维化中的抗菌剂

使用 COMSTAT 软件量化抗菌剂对体外生物膜结构的影响