作者想感谢宾夕法尼亚州立大学物理工厂办公室提供部分资金支持这个项目。农业部-区域研究项目 W-3170 也提供了部分资金。我们要感谢以法莲 Govere 协助进行分析工作。我们最深切的谢意是查尔斯沃克, 他的工程设计和施工技巧使我们有可能进行这项工作。

1. 选择土壤取样地点
<ol><li>通过航空摄影和现场访问的地点进行识别, 这些地方已经接受了废水灌溉和那些没有的。</li>
	<li>选择几个代表性的站点, 从中取样, 密切注意可能的景观差异 (特别是景观的位置, 如山顶, 山坡, 脚趾坡, 和抑郁症), 水, 土壤和植物可能会相互作用不同。</li>
	<li>确定景观的一部分作为山顶, 侧面斜坡, 脚趾斜坡, 或抑郁症。根据其主要特征对代表性站点进行分类。 注: 在本实验中, 遗址被确定为非灌溉峰会、灌溉峰会、非灌溉抑郁症或灌溉抑郁症。</li>
	<li>确定每个地点的位置和地点, 从每个独特的代表性站点抽取样本。 注意: 通常, 与熟悉环境统计的统计员进行的讨论在这一点上将非常有用, 并可防止以后对统计分析的关注。</li>
	<li>在每个计划的样本位置放置一个标记标志, 并使用 GPS 坐标在地图上记录计划样本站点的位置。</li>
</ol>2. 收集土壤样品
<ol><li>确定将用于收集土壤样品的设备。 注: 对于浅层 (例如, 不到300毫米深) 的土壤样品, 如果土壤足够软, 则该试验所用的圆柱形土取样器 (辅助图 1) 通常可以用落锤驱动到土壤中。在这里描述的实验中, 一个液压钻机被用来让样品从深度收集到1200毫米。</li>
</ol><img alt="Supplemental Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57181/57181SF1.jpg"> 补充图 1: 用于取样的钻机。
<ol start="2"><li>将钻机运到现场进行取样。</li>
	<li>在开始钻机之前, 戴上安全帽、手套和防护护目镜。</li>
	<li>在钻机上通电, 并使旋转头足够低, 以允许安装凯利棒。 注: 钻杆是将钻机的驱动头连接到取样器的金属杆。</li>
	<li>将凯利酒吧插入旋转头。</li>
	<li>将塑料衬垫/取样管插入金属试样管中, 并将切削头附着在金属试样管的底部。在这里描述的应用, 使用150厘米长和90毫米外径 (OD) 塑料衬里安装成一个200毫米长和100毫米 OD/90 毫米内径 (ID) 金属样品管。</li>
	<li>将金属样品管连接到钻杆上, 使用装有两个驱动器头。</li>
	<li>操作钻机将样品管移动大约150毫米入土壤。 注: 这将提供一个100毫米样品在塑料班轮和允许一个50毫米空间在样品的顶部举行水 ponded 在样品当饱和的水力电导率测量在实验室获得。这也将有助于避免压缩土壤样品在其收集。</li>
	<li>使用钻机液压系统从土壤中取出金属试样管。</li>
	<li>从驱动头上取出金属试样管。然后从金属试样管中取出所持土样的塑料试样管, 用小心不要从塑料试样管内流失土壤, 而不是压缩土或挤压塑料试样管的两侧。</li>
	<li>将端盖放在塑料样品管的每一端, 用红色的末端在土壤样品的顶端和黑色的土壤样品的底部。将端盖贴在套筒上, 以避免污染或样品中的水流失。</li>
	<li>将样品直立放置以供运输回实验室。</li>
	<li>继续取样到最深的兴趣深度, 重复步骤2.6–2.12。</li>
</ol>3. 建立恒定水头、多柱、土壤水力电导率设置
注: 水力电导率实验室仪器根据工作由步行者10。它涉及到使用一个渗透仪, 它被构造成将样品的外边缘和包含环的圆柱体之间的流动分离到土壤基质中。下面提到的任何 PVC 管道的 ID 都不是严格的公差。有些可能很合身, 其他的可能需要一些工作 (光砂)。
<ol><li>获得100毫米长, 96 毫米 ID/114 毫米 OD 附表 40 PVC 管。</li>
	<li>获得100毫米长, 73 毫米 ID/89 毫米 OD 附表 40 PVC 管和机器它有一个5毫米锥形切削刃。提供这与89毫米塑料衬垫, 以适应外径。</li>
	<li>切断步骤3.2 中提到的附表 40 PVC 管的底部20毫米, 并保留它供以后使用。</li>
	<li>从6毫米厚的灰色 PVC 板, 削减 155 x 155 毫米2。在正方形的中心, 机器正方形包含60–70毫米的圆的开头。</li>
	<li>切割6毫米厚片的73毫米 OD/63 mm ID 附表 40 PVC 管。 注:73 毫米的淋浴排水管, 适合73毫米的 ID 附表 40 pvc 管可以切割和工作良好, 如果73毫米 OD 附表 40 pvc 管道不可用。</li>
	<li>使用 pvc 水泥, 将 6 mm 厚片73毫米外径 pvc (从步骤 3.5) 20 毫米低于顶部的 89 mm 外径 pvc (从步骤 3.2)。</li>
	<li>在步骤3.6 中使用的 pvc 水泥干燥后, 将两个 pvc 钢瓶中心放在6毫米板上, 然后使用 pvc 水泥将其连接到板材上。</li>
	<li>钻一个孔在外面 pvc 圆筒, 集中大约15毫米在灰色 PVC 正方形之上, 容纳14毫米 PVC 适配器以有刺的末端。</li>
	<li>使用 PVC 水泥将适配器水泥到位。</li>
	<li>将19毫米 OD/13 毫米 ID 塑料油管连接到适配器的有刺端。</li>
	<li>水泥 20 mm 的附表 40 PVC 提到的步骤3.4 到底部的灰色 PVC 广场, 以开放为中心。</li>
	<li>切出一个80–85毫米直径圆片6毫米 x 18 克丝网 (镀锌钢天沟守卫工作很好为此) 插入到89毫米 od pvc 从顶部, 以便它在73毫米 od pvc 的6毫米厚实的切片。</li>
	<li>选择 19 x 184 x 2438 毫米3板, 并将其切成两半, 将每个长度修剪到 1180 mm。</li>
	<li>切出的6–125毫米孔相隔70毫米的板。</li>
	<li>将金属丝网放在板孔下, 并将其附着在纸板上 (使用钉枪)。</li>
	<li>将140毫米 (顶部开口) x 19 毫米 (喷口 OD) 漏斗置于丝网下方, 并将其附着在板上;在漏斗的边缘放置粘合剂填塞, 以消除漏斗顶部与木材之间的空隙。</li>
	<li>
建造一个750毫米高的木框架, 以保持板与6孔 (见步骤3.13 和 3.14) 约350毫米以上的框架底部。
	<ol>
<li>准备这个框架的组成部分, 包括一个基地, 两个框架两端, 两个稳定的腿, 一个较低的加固基地, 稳定的基础, 中心稳定后板, 和顶部后板。</li>
		<li>将板切成 19 x 184 x 1180 毫米3作为底座。</li>
		<li>将两个板切割为 19 x 184 x 750 毫米3 , 每帧结束。</li>
		<li>切割两个板, 以创建一个 19 x 184 x 600 毫米3稳定腿的每一端。</li>
		<li>切割一个板到 19 x 184 x 1180 毫米3 , 作为一个较低的加固基地直接在板下与125毫米孔钻孔在它 (见步骤 3.14)。</li>
		<li>将一个板子剪成 19 x 184 x 1219 毫米3 , 作为固定在两条稳定腿前方或后方的稳定基座。</li>
		<li>将板切割成 19 x 184 x 1219 毫米3作为中心稳定后板。</li>
		<li>切割一个板到 19 x 184 x 1219 毫米3作为一个顶部后板, 以增加额外的稳定性, 其中一个排水沟将附加。 注: 顶部后板和附着的排水沟应在高度, 这样, 底部的排水沟是近似在同一海拔的土壤样品套管将是当样品到位。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Supplemental Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/57181/57181SF2.jpg"> 补充图 2: 饱和液压电导装置的前视图.<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57181/57181SF2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<ol start="18"><li>
准备补给和排水沟。 注: 每个塑料天沟约120毫米横跨和1219毫米长, 并装有端盖。<ol>
<li>在排水槽的一端盖上钻孔, 并在供应槽的一端, 在每个孔中容纳13毫米 HB x 可能尼龙刺头适配器。</li>
		<li>在供应槽的另一端盖上钻孔, 以容纳25毫米的 PVC 管道, 以便排水回供应容器。</li>
		<li>在需要的情况下, 将倾斜的 PVC 连接水泥, 以便将水排水回供应容器。</li>
		<li>切割一个40毫米高天沟年底帽, 以适应在供应天沟约10厘米从 PVC 连接的插座。</li>
		<li>在该端盖的顶部切下一个梯形凹槽, 大约20毫米深, 30 毫米宽在底部和50毫米宽在凹槽的顶端。 注: 这将采取行动, 保持一个恒定的头在供应排水沟。</li>
		<li>将排水槽放在漏斗下面, 使其停留在木框架的下部加固底座上。</li>
		<li>使用乙烯槽衣架将供应槽连接到顶部后板。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Supplemental Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/57181/57181SF3.jpg"> 补充图 3: 供水排水沟的末端视图.<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57181/57181SF3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<ol start="19"><li>
准备水源。
	<ol>
<li>将塑料管材连接到供应槽和排水槽中的尼龙带刺端适配器。</li>
		<li>将一个大浴缸放在与导电装置相邻的地板上, 作为供应容器。 注: 应选择浴缸, 以保持足够的水, 至少24小时的测量。</li>
		<li>将一个小型潜水泵放入浴缸中, 通过塑料油管将其连接到供应槽的入口端。</li>
		<li>将小塑料油管连接到壁流插座的带刺端适配器 (3.9), 并将油管的非连接端插入排水槽。</li>
		<li>用水填满供应容器。</li>
		<li>插入泵并运行它, 以填补供应排水沟。确保将水输送到供应槽的速度足以使供应槽几乎满溢而不溢出。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
准备一个 "实践土壤样本", 以确定所需的任何修改。
	<ol>
<li>将 "练习" 土壤样品放入塑料取样套筒中, 在土壤顶部与塑料套筒顶部之间留出约50毫米的空间。</li>
		<li>用双层的棉布盖住样品的下端和套筒。用足够大小的橡皮筋将棉布在取样套筒上。</li>
		<li>将练习土壤样品和套筒放入一盆水中, 填充到袖子高度的1/3 左右, 棉布端在水中。</li>
		<li>几个小时后, 把浴缸里的水提高到样品高度的大约2/3。在允许样品过夜后, 将浴缸填入土壤样品的顶端 (而不是袖子的顶端)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>将土壤样品放在89毫米外径的 PVC 管上面, 轻轻地将其压在管子上, 使 pvc 管削尖的边缘压入土壤几毫米, 以允许土壤底部在屏幕上休息。 注: 棉布将需要松动的橡皮筋, 以允许这一点。另外, 请注意, 试样套筒中的土壤顶部应与供应槽底部近似水平, 试样套筒的顶部应与供应槽顶部近似水平。</li>
	<li>
在土壤样品的顶端提供水。
	<ol>
<li>打开水泵, 填充供给槽。</li>
		<li>确保引流管的末端放在排水槽内, 排水槽的出水口与塑料油管紧密连接, 并将其置于较低海拔的排水管或容器中。</li>
		<li>使用6毫米油管, 创建一个虹吸从供应排水沟到土壤顶部。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>收集从漏斗排出的土壤核心的水样。 注: 根据研究标准, 应收集样品以获得足够的水所需的时间长短, 以达到实验所需的精确度。</li>
	<li>检查是否有泄漏或未预料的问题。</li>
	<li>根据所需的时间, 确定需要多少时间来收集足够的水 (或由研究小组确定的其他容积), 以填补大约100毫升的烧杯。</li>
	<li>通过在塑料土样容器内插入一个小螺丝刀或另一种类似的执行器来创建模拟的 "壁流", 以确认此通道产生的多余流量通过引流管流向排水槽。</li>
	<li>根据本练习运行中发现的任何问题修改安装程序。</li>
</ol>4. 获取土壤水力电导率值
<ol><li>根据步骤3.20 中为练习运行提供的指示, 将从现场收集的土壤样品棉布, 覆盖在与橡胶带保持在一起的样品的底部。</li>
	<li>启动泵并允许供应槽填充。检查是否有泄漏。</li>
	<li>将样品放到液压电导装置上, 并进行实际运行。注意不要在搬运过程中压缩样品。</li>
	<li>设置虹吸管, 将水从补给槽中移到塑料套筒所含土壤的表面。</li>
	<li>最初, 开始收集水从漏斗每10–20分钟, 以获得一个想法, 需要多长时间取样和多频繁取样。记录时间和水质量/体积在每个样品时间为每个土壤样品。</li>
	<li>寻找顺序样品包含等量的水。3–5样品含有相同量的水后, 样品有可能达到稳定状态。 注: 为确保已达到稳定状态, 可能需要另外安排1小时的额外样品。</li>
	<li>利用达西定律计算饱和水力电导率; <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57181/57181eq1.jpg"> 地方 Ksat = 饱和水力电导率 (升/吨) V = 流经核心的水的稳态容积 (L3) l = 样品长度 (l) A = 芯 (L2) 的剖面区域, 水流过。对于此设置, <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/57181/57181eq2.jpg"> t = 时间 (t) (h2- h1) = 液压头差 (L);对于这个设置, 它是在土壤表面和土壤样品的底部的水 ponded 的顶部之间的距离。</li>
</ol>

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M., White, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designs+for+disc+permeameters.">Designs for disc permeameters.</a> Soil Science Society of America Journal. 52 (5), 1205-1215 (1988).</li><li>Clothier, B. E., White, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+sorptivity+and+soil+water+diffusivity+in+the+field.">Measurement of sorptivity and soil water diffusivity in the field.</a> Soil Science Society of America Journal. 45 (2), 241-245 (1981).</li><li>Ankeny, M. D., Ahmed, M., Kaspar, T. C., Horton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+field+method+for+determining+unsaturated+hydraulic+conductivity.">Simple field method for determining unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.</a> Soil Science Society of America Journal. 55 (2), 467-470 (1991).</li><li>Larson, Z. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Long-term treated wastewater irrigation effects on hydraulic conductivity and soil quality at Penn State's Living Filter. , (2010).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

收集现场、未受干扰的土壤样品和获得其水力电导值的能力在获得现场数据代表方面具有重要意义。为了最好地代表田间条件, 重要的是使用土壤样本保持在物理状态代表他们的环境在田间。例如, 从现场收集的土壤样品, 然后由抽样或处理诱发压实, 将会遇到影响饱和水力传导性的结构变化。
在受控实验室设置中测量土壤水力电导率也很重要。然而, 使用实验室方法来计算饱?...

几十年来, 把处理过的废水从市镇排放到溪流是一种标准做法。这类废水主要用于减少由于废水排出而导致接收水域微生物的生物耗氧量的可能性。微生物的耗氧量会降低废水中的有机物, 从而减少水体排出的氧气量, 从而危害水生生物, 包括鱼类。
近几十年来, 人们对无机营养素、某些金属和废水中的其他化学物质产生了危害。由于 Kolpin 发表的一项研究 。1, 对以前未考虑过的一系列化学品的更大关注已经演变。这项由美国地质学会出版的研究, 提高了人们对在美国由于污水处理设施排出的河流和溪流中各种个人护理产品和其他化学品的认识。
自二十世纪六十年代代初以来, 宾州州立大学的研究人员研究并开发了一种在潮湿地区具有独特性的替代污水排放实践。污水被用于由大学管理的森林和被裁剪的土地, 而不是将处理过的废水排放到溪流中, 从而直接影响水流质量。这个应用领域, 绰号 "生活过滤器", 当前接受所有从校园产生的废水并且一些从自治市。这减少了过量营养素进入切萨皮克湾的溪流的可能性, 保护当地冷水渔业免受对鱼类有害的温水废水的排放, 并防止其他化学品的运送。包含在直接接触水生生态系统的废水中。
然而, 行为变化的后果总是存在的, 而这种替代性使用设施对此并不免疫。关于废水的应用是否对土壤允许水渗入土壤表面23、4、5以及造成更大的径流的能力产生了负面影响, 出现了一些问题,是否有可能污染当地的水井与化学品 (营养素, 抗生素或其他药物化合物, 个人护理产品) 所含的废水, 以及这些化学品是否正在创造负环境影响, 例如通过将化学物质吸收到植物中生长的6植株上, 或在现场7土壤生物中抗生素耐药性的发展。
由于其中的一些问题, 本研究旨在确定污水灌溉对土壤水力传导饱和度的影响。所采用的方法涉及从灌溉区内外的选定地点收集土壤, 并将土壤样品容器大小与实验室设置相匹配。土壤样品容器要适应实验室仪器和水的作用, 通过样品中的土壤基质从土壤和土壤样品容器中向下移动的水中分离出来。该协议描述了如何构造实验室设备以确保发生这种情况。
土壤样品收集使用一个液压核心取样器连接到拖拉机。土壤核心从起伏的景观中的选定区域收集, 并保留在安装在土芯取样器中的塑料套筒中。这些核心是收集从一个黑格斯敦淤泥沃土, 位于山顶景观位置或在 depressional 地区。六个代表首脑会议和六个 depressional 地点从灌溉区取样 (总共12个灌区取样地点)。此外, 还从毗邻的非灌溉区 (总共六个非灌溉场址) 取样了三个首脑会议和三个 depressional 场址。在每个地点收集最多六个核心的最大深度约为1200毫米, 每芯样品约150毫米长 (样品的100毫米被包含在塑料套筒和50毫米被包含在金属取样器的切削头中。).从金属取样器中取出后, 含有所收集的土芯的塑料套管装有端盖, 直立输送到实验室, 并存放在直立, 直到用于确定饱和水力电导率。同时, 在每个深度收集土壤样品, 以确定土壤和土壤溶液浓度的钙 (钙), 镁 (镁) 和钠 (Na) 使用 Mehlich 3 萃取估计土壤浓度8和去离子水1:2 土壤质量比的萃取物: 水质量。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法 (AES) 对水提物进行了化学分析, 计算了钠吸附比 (SAR)。
对饱和水力电导率的测定主要采用恒定水头法9。一种含有钙和钠盐的溶液来模拟出水电导率 (EC) 和 SAR 的出水, 这样土壤就会暴露在水质变量中, 类似于在田间应用的废水。在这种情况下, 欧共体是 1.3 dS/米和 sar 是 3, 反映了欧共体和 sar 最近几年在样品期间之前。[技术上说, SAR 的单位是 (milliequivalents/公升)½并且通常不被辨认在文学。
对克鲁特和埃弗里特·德克森9恒水头法的改造, 是通过沃克8的流动分离器的开发, 防止在土基质外发生的柱流被列入土液的估算中。电导 率。该流量分离器是使用聚氯乙烯 (PVC) 管材选择和加工, 以配合土壤样品大小。屏幕支持土壤样品, 并允许通过土壤基质的水流出样品的底部。第二个插座发出的水流出的塑料套管内, 从而消除所谓的 "壁流" 不正确地包括在估计的水量, 通过土壤基质。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Sampling equipment:&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soil Sampler Drill Rig</td><td>Giddings Machine Co. Inc</td><td>#25-TS / Model HDGSRTS</td><td>* NOTE: This model is comparable to the model we utilized but which is no longer produced</td></tr><tr><td>Kelly Bar</td><td>Giddings Machine Co. Inc</td><td>#KB-208 8 Ft. Kelly Bar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soil Sample Collection Tube</td><td>Giddings Machine Co. Inc</td><td>#ZC-180 4-3/4&amp;rdquo; X 7-1/4&amp;rdquo;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soil Collection Tube Bit</td><td>Giddings Machine Co. Inc</td><td>#ZC-190 4-3/4&amp;rdquo; Standard Relief</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Liner for Soil Sample</td><td>Giddings Machine Co. Inc</td><td>#ZC-208 3-5/8&amp;rdquo; x 6&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Enough for the number of samples being collected</td></tr><tr><td>Black end caps a for bottom of sample liners</td><td>Giddings Machine Co. Inc</td><td></td><td>To retain samples in liners</td></tr><tr><td>Red end caps a for top of sample liners</td><td>Giddings Machine Co. Inc</td><td></td><td>To retain samples in liners</td></tr><tr><td>Cooler Chest</td><td></td><td></td><td>Store &amp;amp; maintain samples upright in sample liners during transport from field to lab</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Protective gear:&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hardhats, googles, and gloves</td><td></td><td></td><td>other items as needed for personal protection</td></tr><tr><td>Saw</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drill and bits</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC Cement</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 to 8, 19 mm x 184 mm x 2,438 mm boards</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 &amp;ndash; barbed fittings; 13 mm HB x MGHT</td><td></td><td></td><td>to connect plastic tubing to supply gutter and to drainage gutter</td></tr><tr><td>6 &amp;ndash; barbed fitting</td><td></td><td></td><td>to connect plastic tubing to outer PVC cylinder to allow for water drainage</td></tr><tr><td>3,000 mm long, 19 mm OD / 13 mm ID plastic tubing</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 &amp;ndash; 85 mm diameter circular mesh pieces</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be cut from (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt;) a 600 mm long, 6 mm x 18 gauge wire mesh (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; galvanized steel gutter guard)</td></tr><tr><td>Schedule 40 PVC pipe &amp;ndash; 96 mm ID / 114 mm OD</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Schedule 40 PVC pipe &amp;ndash; 73 mm ID / 89 mm OD</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Schedule 40 PVC pipe &amp;ndash; 63 mm ID / 73 mm OD, OR 6 - 73 mm plastic shower drains</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Schedule 40 PVC pipe &amp;ndash; 25 mm ID</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6, 6 mm thick x 155 mm square sheets of PVC</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can purchase 2 &amp;ndash; 6 mm x 300 mm (appx) sheets for about $20 each from: https://www.interstateplastics.com/Pvc-Gray-Sheet-PVCGE~~SH.php?vid=20180212222911-7p</td></tr><tr><td>6 &amp;ndash; 140 mm by 19 mm plastic funnels</td><td></td><td></td><td>To direct water flowing from soil sample into collection beaker</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive caulk</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 &amp;ndash; length of 150 mm x 1,200 mm wire mesh cloth</td><td></td><td></td><td>4 Mesh works well</td></tr><tr><td>2 &amp;ndash; 120 mm x 1,219 mm plastic gutter with end caps</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4 &amp;ndash; gutter hangers</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 - additional gutter end cap</td><td></td><td></td><td>To be cut as described in procedures to create a constant head in the supply gutter</td></tr><tr><td>1 &amp;ndash; large plastic tub</td><td></td><td></td><td>Appx 65 L in volume, for example, to serve as water source for the hydraulic conductivity procedure</td></tr><tr><td>1 &amp;ndash; large plastic tub</td><td></td><td></td><td>To serve for wetting up soil samples</td></tr><tr><td>1 &amp;ndash; Submersible pump</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; Beckett M400 AUL or M400 AS</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic tubing</td><td></td><td></td><td>Various sized drainage tubes, water supply tube, and drain from drainage gutter</td></tr><tr><td>Container of Cheese Cloth</td><td></td><td></td><td>To place at bottom of soil sample help retain soil in plastic sample container during hydraulic conductivity and wetting up</td></tr><tr><td>Rubber bands</td><td></td><td></td><td>Large enough to fit around plastic sample liners tightly</td></tr><tr><td>Scale which measures to at least 0.1 g</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beaker or other container to collect water from each sample</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Chloride</td><td></td><td></td><td>For creating a water quality similar to that which is typically applied to the soil</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium Chloride</td><td></td><td></td><td>For creating a water quality similar to that which is typically applied to the soil</td></tr></tbody></table>

wastewater irrigation impacts on soil hydraulic conductivity: coupled field sampling and laboratory determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity

自二十世纪六十年代代初以来, 宾夕法尼亚州立大学进行了一项替代性废水排放实践研究, 并对其影响进行了监测。污水被用于由大学管理的森林和耕地, 而不是将处理过的废水排放到溪流中, 从而直接影响水流质量。在考虑废水回用时, 与土壤水力电导率降低有关的问题。本手稿中描述的方法是, 将土壤样本大小与实验室的水力电导率测量仪的大小相匹配, 提供了相对快速的样品收集和控制的好处。实验室边界条件。结果表明, 污水回用对土壤在 depressional 地区深层输送水的能力有一定的影响。大部分的土壤水力电导率的下降似乎与收集样品的深度有关, 并通过推断, 与土壤结构和质地的差异有关。

为了探讨污水在活滤网中的应用是否影响了土壤输送水的能力, 我们进行了试验, 以测量土壤的饱和水力电导率。我们比较了土壤的水力电导率与现场的非灌溉区的灌溉面积。废水对土壤水力电导率的影响是一个令人关注的问题, 因为有些报告指出, 在较潮湿的地区, 土壤输送水的能力减少 (例如) 土壤中钠的积聚或从表面生物外壳的发展。对于收集的用于水力电导率测量的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity at JoVE.

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

在这里, 我们提出了一个方法, 匹配的土壤样本大小和水力电导率测量装置, 以防止所谓的墙上流动沿土壤容器内被错误地包括在水流测量。它的使用表明, 从污水灌溉网站收集的样本。

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

wastewater-irrigation-impacts-on-soil-hydraulic-conductivity-coupled

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.1K 次观看.  Pennsylvania State University. 在这里, 我们提出了一个方法, 匹配的土壤样本大小和水力电导率测量装置, 以防止所谓的墙上流动沿土壤容器内被错误地包括在水流测量。它的使用表明, 从污水灌溉网站收集的样本。

视频: Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

科研

环境科学

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

一个协议，用于开展降雨模拟研究土壤径流

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors

Quantifying temperature and moisture at the soil surface is essential for understanding how soil surface biota respond to changes in the environment. However, at the soil surface these variables are highly dynamic and standard sensors do not explicitly measure temperature or moisture in the upper few millimeters of the soil profile. This paper describes methods for manufacturing simple, inexpensive sensors that simultaneously measure the temperature and moisture of the upper 5 mm of the soil surface. In addition to sensor construction, steps for quality control, as well as for calibration for various substrates, are explained. The sensors incorporate a Type E thermocouple to measure temperature and assess soil moisture by measuring the resistance between two gold-plated metal probes at the end of the sensor at a depth of 5 mm. The methods presented here can be altered to customize probes for different depths or substrates. These sensors have been effective in a variety of environments and have endured months of heavy rains in tropical forests as well as intense solar radiation in deserts of the southwestern U.S. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of these sensors for evaluating warming, drying, and freezing of the soil surface in a global change experiment.

Accurately measuring temperature and water content of the upper 5 mm of the soil surface can improve our understanding of environmental controls on biological, chemical, and physical processes. Here we describe a protocol for manufacturing, calibrating, and conducting measurements with soil surface temperature and moisture sensors.

制造简单、廉价的土壤表面温度和重力含水量传感器

Quantifying temperature and moisture at the soil surface is essential for understanding how soil surface biota respond to changes in the environment. ...

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant&ndash;Environment Interactions

Food security for the growing global population is a major concern. The data provided by genomic tools far exceeds the supply of phenotypic data, creating a knowledge gap. To meet the challenge of improving crops to feed the growing global population, this gap must be bridged.
Physiological traits are considered key functional traits in the context of responsiveness or sensitivity to environmental conditions. Many recently introduced high-throughput (HTP) phenotyping techniques are based on remote sensing or imaging and are capable of directly measuring morphological traits, but measure physiological parameters mainly indirectly.
This paper describes a method for direct physiological phenotyping that has several advantages for the functional phenotyping of plant&#8211;environment interactions. It helps users overcome the many challenges encountered in the use of load-cell gravimetric systems and pot experiments. The suggested techniques will enable users to distinguish between soil weight, plant weight and soil water content, providing a method for the continuous and simultaneous measurement of dynamic soil, plant and atmosphere conditions, alongside the measurement of key physiological traits. This method allows researchers to closely mimic field stress scenarios while taking into consideration the environment&#8217;s effects on the plants&#8217; physiology. This method also minimizes pot effects, which are one of the major problems in pre-field phenotyping. It includes a feed-back fertigation system that enables a truly randomized experimental design at a field-like plant density. This system detects the soil-water-content limiting threshold (&#952;) and allows for the translation of data into knowledge through the use of a real-time analytic tool and an online statistical resource. This method for the rapid and direct measurement of the physiological responses of multiple plants to a dynamic environment has great potential for use in screening for beneficial traits associated with responses to abiotic stress, in the context of pre-field breeding and crop improvement.

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant&#8211;Environment Interactions

This high-throughput, telemetric, whole-plant water relations gravimetric phenotyping method enables direct and simultaneous real-time measurements, as well as the analysis of multiple yield-related physiological traits involved in dynamic plant&#8211;environment interactions.

植物与环境相互作用实时生理表型的遥测重力平台

Food security for the growing global population is a major concern. The data provided by genomic tools far exceeds the supply of phenotypic data, creating ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>通过蒸发测量土壤水力特性的协议

Measurements of Soil Water Potential and Conductivity based on a Simple Evaporation Experiment using a Hydraulic Property Analyzer

The measurement of soil hydraulic properties is critical in understanding the physical components of soil health as well as integrated knowledge of soil systems under various management practices. Collecting reliable data is imperative for informing decisions that affect agriculture and the environment. The simple evaporation experiment described here uses instrumentation in a laboratory setting to analyze soil samples collected in the field. The soil water tension of the sample is measured by the instrument, and tension data is modeled by software to return soil hydraulic properties. This method can be utilized to measure soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity and give insight into differences in treatments or environmental dynamics over time. Initial establishment requires a user, but data acquisition is automated with the instrument. Soil hydraulic properties are not easily measured with traditional experiments, and this protocol offers a simple and optimal alternative. Interpretation of results and options for extending the data range are discussed.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:使用水力特性分析仪推进农业用地生态系统研究以评估土壤健康状况

This article features a simple evaporation experiment using a hydraulic property instrument for a soil sample. Through efficient means, measurements can be taken over a series of days to generate high-quality data.

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

The measurement of soil hydraulic properties is critical in understanding the physical components of soil health as well as integrated knowledge of soil ...

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

一个协议，用于开展降雨模拟研究土壤径流

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

制造简单、廉价的土壤表面温度和重力含水量传感器

植物与环境相互作用实时生理表型的遥测重力平台

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

一个协议，用于开展降雨模拟研究土壤径流

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

制造简单、廉价的土壤表面温度和重力含水量传感器

植物与环境相互作用实时生理表型的遥测重力平台

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器