Name: microfluidic devices for characterizing pore-scale event processes in porous media for oil recovery applications
Uploaded: 2018-01-16T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 38 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications at JoVE.com

我们感谢赖斯大学在多孔介质 (休斯敦, TX, 美国) 过程中的资金支持。

注意: 本协议涉及处理高温烘箱、有毒化学品和 UV 光。请仔细阅读所有的材料安全数据表, 并遵循您的机构的化学品安全指南。
1. 设备设计
<ol><li>在 CAD 软件应用程序中设计掩。<ol>
<li>绘制一个3厘米长和0.5 厘米宽的矩形通道 (图 1b-右上)。</li>
		<li>创建一个表示多孔介质颗粒的封闭形状数组。 注意: 这些形状被称为柱子, 因为它们将在软光刻过程中成为三维结构。柱子的形状和大小应该是在数十微米的顺序, 并且有间距十到100微米。可以使用多个开机自检大小来创建异质性, 而在介质中可以保留剖面以模拟断开。</li>
		<li>绘制大约1/3 宽于多孔介质剖面的进风口通道。绘制一个从入口端口产生的通道作为一个排水管。</li>
		<li>在整个设计中绘制一个边界框, 从设计中至少要有1.0 厘米的间隙。 注意: 边界框和设计边框之间的区域, 以及柱子, 都要在掩上透明。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>向公司提交 cad 文件以进行高分辨率 cad 打印 注: 可选: 用于泡沫驱实验, 设计微流体泡沫发生器 (图 1a)。重复步骤 1, 省略了设计异质性和边界框。在多孔介质设计之前, 建议在入口处引入流聚焦几何。掩上的流动空间应该是透明的。</li>
</ol>2. 模具制造
<ol><li>在洁净室中创建光刻胶图案的硅片主模<ol>
<li>自旋涂层20µm 层的光刻胶到一个新的硅片在 2000 rpm 三十年代。</li>
		<li>软烘烤圆片在一个热的板材在二增量:65 ° c 为 1 min 跟随95° c 为 3 min。</li>
		<li>使用掩模器将光刻胶层与 CAD 设计一起使用恒定用量为150兆焦耳/cm2。</li>
		<li>在热板上进行两次后烘烤:65 ° c, 1 分钟, 其次为95° c, 3 分钟. 允许硅片冷却5分钟。</li>
		<li>在玻璃结晶盘中, 将硅片浸入100毫升的丙烯乙二醇甲基醚醋酸酯中。用手轻轻搅动10分钟以开发光刻胶图案。用异丙醇冲洗, 在干燥的气流下烘干晶片。</li>
		<li>硬烤晶圆片上的热板两个增量: 120 ° c 为5分钟, 其次为150° c 为 10 min. 允许硅片冷却15分钟。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>铸造硅晶片到硅片主模<ol>
<li>在无尘一次性容器内共混合30克的硅橡胶弹性体和固化剂, 其比例为5:1。</li>
		<li>在真空干燥的30分钟。</li>
		<li>在一个 150 mm 的玻璃培养皿中, 将硅晶片倒入光刻胶图案的硅片主模上。</li>
		<li>在80° c 烤箱中放置含有晶片和硅氧烷的培养皿1小时。</li>
		<li>从烤箱中取出培养皿, 使其含量达到室温。 注意: 此过程可能在此时暂停。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>将模式转移到光学粘合剂中的硅橡胶模具的制备<ol>
<li>小心地用手术刀切割出的硅氧烷模具, 并剥离模具远离晶片。</li>
		<li>使用透明胶带清洁和保护硅橡胶模具。 注意: 此过程可能在此时暂停。</li>
		<li>放置在一个无尘 60 mm 塑料培养皿底部的硅橡胶模具, 图案的一面。让十年代的硅橡胶坚持塑料。</li>
		<li>用透明胶带保护表面, 直到台阶3.1.1。 注: 可选: 制造泡沫发生器, 重复步骤2.1。通过2.3.2。用于泡沫发生器的设计。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 光学粘接装置的制作
<ol><li>将光学粘合剂投射到硅橡胶模具上<ol>
<li>将胶带从图案表面取出, 并将光学粘合剂倒入 150 mm 培养皿中, 使其深度约0.9 厘米以上。用棉签轻轻地除去任何气泡。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>在紫外光系统中, 在紫外线照射下固化光粘合剂共40分钟, 如 3.2.1-3.2.5 步骤所述。 注意: 在使用 UV 光源时应佩戴适当的防护。<ol>
<li>将培养皿暴露在 UV 光 (254 nm) 中5分钟。</li>
		<li>反转培养皿, 使底部现在面对 uv 光源, 并将残缺不全暴露在紫外线下5分钟。</li>
		<li>反转培养皿, 将其返回至直立位置, 并将顶部重新至 UV 光5分钟。</li>
		<li>再次倒置的培养皿, 并重新底部的一面紫外线10分钟。</li>
		<li>将培养皿反转至直立位置, 并将顶部重新至 UV 光15分钟。 注: 只有在使用指定的 PSD-UV 设备 (材料表) 时, 3.2.1 通过3.2.5 的步骤中的固化过程才适用。固化时间会因所使用的特定光源和光学粘合层的精确厚度而异。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>从硅橡胶模具中取出固化的光学粘合剂<ol>
<li>使用盒式切割机, 仔细打破了培养皿模具的光学粘合剂。 注意: 框刀刀片非常锋利, 可以很容易地切割肉。在坏的培养皿的锋利边缘工作时要小心。</li>
		<li>使用一把坚固的剪刀从设计的边缘去除多余的光学粘合剂。</li>
		<li>慢慢剥离的硅橡胶模具远离光学胶粘剂冰球。用透明胶带保护光学胶粘剂表面的图案部分和硅橡胶表面。</li>
		<li>使用1.0 毫米活检冲床, 以创建入口, 出口和排水孔。用透明胶带保护带图案的光学粘合剂。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>准备基板<ol>
<li>将1毫升的光学粘合剂放到新的玻片上, 并在两个步骤中旋转滑动: 500 rpm 为5秒, 二十年代为 4000 rpm。</li>
		<li>将基板快速转移到 uv 光处理, 并在三十年代 uv 光下部分固化薄光胶层。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>粘合在基板上的光学粘合剂<ol>
<li>将光学粘合剂浇铸, 图案的一面上, 和承印物, 涂边, 在一个 O2等离子清洗器。等离子清洁表面为二十年代在 540 mTorr。</li>
		<li>将两个待处理的表面牢固地压紧, 直到所有不受欢迎的空气袋被最小化或移除。</li>
		<li>在紫外线照射下充分固化20分钟的设备。 注意: 对于 UV 灯, 请佩戴防护眼镜、实验室大衣、手套、等的适当保护。</li>
		<li>将设备放在50° c 的热板上18小时。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>将6英寸长的 0.58 mm ID 低密度聚乙烯油管 (PE/3) 插入设备上的每个端口。</li>
	<li>使用5分钟 quick-set 环氧树脂, 以确保油管到位。 注: 可选: 要完成泡沫发生器, 重复步骤 3.5.1, 3.5.2, 3.6, 和3.7。使用泡沫发生器和新的玻璃幻灯片, 而不是光学粘合剂铸造和准备基板, 分别。</li>
</ol>4. 驱油试验
<ol><li>在装有高速摄影机的倒置显微镜上, 准备微流控装置的影像。使用磁带将设备固定到显微镜阶段。使用4X 目标, 关注感兴趣的领域 (君)。</li>
	<li>准备注射液 注: 对于三相系统, 应将染料添加到清除置换液中, 以便为图像分析提供颜色对比度。<ol>
<li>将3毫升的原油或模型油样品装入10毫升的玻璃注射器中, 配有23计的工业配药尖端。将注射器固定在注射器泵座上, 并在注射器泵设置上设置合适的直径值。</li>
		<li>将1毫升的置换液装入3毫升的塑料注射器, 配有23计的工业配药尖端。将注射器固定在注射器泵座上, 并在注射器泵设置上设置合适的直径值。 注: 可选: 用于发泡试验, 将10米长的25µm 直径的玻璃毛细管连接到 N 个2气罐中, 并将气体压力设置为所需的气体流速, 以达到从校准曲线中获得的要求。允许10分钟的气体流量到平衡。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>含油的光学粘接型多孔介质装置的饱和<ol>
<li>通过将针尖插入 PE/3 管, 将置换液连接到装置的入口。 注: 可选: 当泡沫被用作置换阶段时, 将置换液注射器连接到泡沫发生器的入口。通过将毛细管插入23口径工业配药尖端, 并用 quick-set 环氧密封环缝, 将气毛细管连接到泡沫发生器的第二入口口。发泡发生器的出口, 然后使用23口径连接器连接到光学粘接装置的入口。</li>
		<li>通过将针头插入 PE/3 油管, 将油注射器连接到装置的入口。</li>
		<li>开始在2毫升/小时内将油进入光学粘接装置的出口口, 同时将置换液流动到0.8 毫升/小时的入口口, 这样两种流体都流出排泄口。置换液不应进入多孔介质。收集20毫升玻璃瓶中的废水。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>开始拍摄的多孔介质设备上的一帧速率足够快, 以捕捉所需的现象。一个典型的帧速率是 50 fps。捕获100% 油饱和区域的静止图像。</li>
	<li>迅速和同时削减 PE/3 油管是流动在油使用剪刀, 而夹在排水管管与一个5厘米的粘合剂钳。</li>
	<li>允许置换液侵入设备, 直到油排量达到稳定状态或相机耗尽内存。</li>
</ol>5. 图像和数据分析
<ol><li>使用免费的图像分析软件, 如图像 J, 或使用 MATLAB 中的图像分析工具箱对实验的素材进行分析。<ol>
<li>利用100% 油饱和通道的静止图像, 计算了多孔介质的孔隙率。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>用以下公式计算孔隙体积: <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56592/56592eq1.jpg">
</li>
	<li>利用图像分析软件确定的油饱和度, 作为总流空间的一小部分, 在每个帧的视频片段中进行实验。对于两相位移实验, 每个框架的置换相饱和度可以计算为: <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56592/56592eq2.jpg">
</li>
	<li>准备一个含油饱和度与注入液的孔隙量的图 注: 可选: 对于三相系统, 如泡沫位移实验, 使用 MATLAB 图像分析工具箱, 使用每个阶段的特征 RGB 范围对每个置换阶段进行颜色分类。准备一个图, 显示饱和的所有三阶段与注入孔隙体积。</li>
</ol>

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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Norland+optical+adhesive+(NOA81)+microchannels+with+adjustable+wetting+behavior+and+high+chemical+resistance+against+a+range+of+mid-infrared-transparent+organic+solvents.">Norland optical adhesive (NOA81) microchannels with adjustable wetting behavior and high chemical resistance against a range of mid-infrared-transparent organic solvents.</a> Sensor Actuat B-Chem. 156 (2), 994-1001 (2011).</li><li>Hung, L. -. H., Lin, R., Lee, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+microfabrication+of+solvent-resistant+biocompatible+microfluidic+devices.">Rapid microfabrication of solvent-resistant biocompatible microfluidic devices.</a> Lab Chip. 8 (6), 983 (2008).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

本协议研究光学胶粘剂中的油回收过程, 微观在 non-polymeric 微观 (如玻璃或硅) 的鲁棒性和微流体器件的简易制造之间取得了平衡。与玻璃或光学粘合剂制成的微观不同的是, 该设备缺乏对光有机物种的抵抗力。由于这些器件的表面具有不稳定的润湿性能, 而且聚合物基体可渗透到气体19, 因此, 微观也不太适合进行许多实验。相比之下, 光学胶粘剂的润湿性比硅橡胶更稳定, 而且对?...

该方法的目的是在多孔介质中对多相、多组分流体相互作用和复杂的孔隙尺度动力学进行可视化和分析。多孔介质中的流体流动和输送多年来一直引起关注, 因为这些系统适用于一些地下过程, 如石油回收、含水层修复和水力压裂1,2,3,4,5. 使用微观模拟这些复杂的孔隙结构, 通过可视化不同流体相之间的孔隙级动态事件和媒体6、7、8来获得独特的洞察力,9,10,11。
传统的硅微观的制造成本昂贵, 耗时, 而且具有挑战性, 但从光学粘合剂构建微观提供了一个相对便宜, 快速, 方便的替代12,13, 14,15。与其它聚合物微观相比, 光学胶粘剂具有更稳定的表面润湿性能。例如, 在典型的位移实验16过程中, 烷 (模型) 的表面会很快变得疏水性。此外, 该杨氏模量为 2.5 mpa, 而光学胶粘剂的弹性模量为325兆帕斯卡13,17,18。因此, 光学胶粘剂不易受压力引起的变形和通道失效。重要的是, 固化的光学胶粘剂是更抗膨胀的低分子量有机成分, 这使得实验涉及原油和轻溶剂进行18。整体而言, 光学胶粘剂是一种优越的替代品, 以硅的位移研究, 涉及原油时, 微观是令人望而却步的复杂或昂贵和高温和压力的研究是不需要的。
本出版物所述的协议提供了光学胶粘剂微观的 step-by 步骤制作说明, 并报告了确保在操作少量流体方面成功的微妙技巧。首先介绍了基于软光刻的光学胶粘剂的设计与制作微观。然后, 给出了流量控制的超低流速的流体置换策略。然后给出了一个典型的实验结果。本实验揭示了原油和异质多孔介质存在下泡沫失稳和传播行为。最后, 报道了典型的图像处理和数据分析。
本文所提供的方法适用于封闭微通道空间中涉及多相流和相互作用的可视化应用。具体地说, 该方法针对大于5和小于700µm 的特征微特征分辨率进行了优化. 典型流速为0.1 到1毫升/小时。在研究原油或光溶剂在水中或气态流体的位移时, 根据这些优化参数在环境条件下的顺序, 本协议应该是适当的。

<table><tbody><tr><td>3 mL Leur-Lok Syringe</td><td>Fischer Scientific</td><td>14-823-435</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 mL Glass Syringe</td><td>Fischer Scientific</td><td>1482698G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photomask</td><td>CAD/Art Services</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicon Wafer</td><td>University Wafer</td><td>452</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propylene-Glycol-Methyl-Ether-Acetate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>484431-4L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>150 mm Glass Petri Dish</td><td>Carolina Biological Supply</td><td>#721134</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60 mm Plastic Petri Dish</td><td>Carolina Biological Supply</td><td>#741246</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mask Aligner</td><td>EV Group</td><td>EVG 620</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 mm Biopsy Punch</td><td>Miltex, Plainsboro, NJ</td><td>69031-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Industrial Dispensing Tip</td><td>CML Supply</td><td>Gauge 23</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX-71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plasma System</td><td>Harrick Plasma</td><td>PDC-32G</td><td>Plasma cleaner</td></tr><tr><td>Polydimehtylsiloxane (PDMS)</td><td>Dow Corning, Midland, MI</td><td>SYLGARD 184</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Norland Optical Adhesive 81 (NOA81) or (OA)</td><td>Norland Products Inc.</td><td>8116</td><td>Optical adhesive</td></tr><tr><td>Quick-Set Epoxy</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>4001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Slides</td><td>Globe Scientic Inc.</td><td>1321</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SU-8 2015 Photoresist</td><td>MicroChem</td><td>SU-8 2015</td><td>Photo resist</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe Pump</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>Fusion 400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Capillary Tubing</td><td>SGE Analytical Science</td><td>1154710C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High-Speed Camera</td><td>Vision Research</td><td>V 4.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene Tubing</td><td>Scientific Commodities Inc.</td><td>#BB31695-PE/3</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

microfluidic devices for characterizing pore-scale event processes in porous media for oil recovery applications

微流控设备是一种用于研究微观尺度的运输过程的多功能工具。不像传统的烷 (聚氧烷) 器件, 对低分子量的油成分具有抗微流控装置的需求。在这里, 我们演示了一种简便的方法, 使设备的这一属性, 我们使用该协议的产品, 以检查的孔隙规模机制, 泡沫恢复原油。模式首先使用计算机辅助设计 (CAD) 软件设计, 并在高分辨率打印机的透明度上打印。然后通过光刻过程将这种模式转移到光刻胶中。在图案上浇铸, 在烤箱中固化, 然后取下以获得霉菌。一种硫醇烯交联聚合物, 通常用作光学粘合剂 (OA), 然后浇在模具上, 在紫外线照射下固化。该模具被剥离的光学粘合剂铸造。然后准备一个玻璃基板, 并将该设备的两个半部分粘合在一起。光学 adhesive-based 器件比传统的硅橡胶微流控器件具有更强的鲁棒性。环氧树脂结构是耐膨胀的许多有机溶剂, 这为实验提供了新的可能性, 涉及轻有机液体。此外, 这些器件的表面润湿性比硅橡胶更稳定。光学粘接微流控装置的建设是简单的, 但需要更多的努力比 PDMS-based 设备的制造。此外, 虽然光学粘接装置在有机液体中是稳定的, 但在很长一段时间后, 它们可能会表现出较低的粘结强度。光学粘接微流体器件可以在几何中做为多孔介质的2维微观。这些装置被应用于研究石油驱替, 以提高我们对提高石油采收率和含水层修复所涉及的孔隙规模机制的认识。

在这个例子实验中, 水沫被用来取代中东原油 (具有 5.4 cP 的黏度和40°的 API 重力) 在具有层状渗透率对比度的非均匀多孔介质中。一种模型的泡沫发生器连接到以前完全浸透原油的光学粘合剂。图 1a显示了掩泡沫发生器、光刻胶图案硅晶片和已完成的泡沫发生器的 CAD 设计, 并插入了入口和出口管。图 1b显示了具有分层渗透率对?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications at JoVE.com

Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications

这一过程的目的是容易和迅速地产生一个可定制的几何和耐膨胀的有机流体的微流控油回收研究。首先生成一个烷模具, 然后用它来铸造氧设备。有代表性的位移研究报告。

微流体器件用于表征多孔介质中的孔隙尺度事件过程, 用于采油应用

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are ...

microfluidic-devices-for-characterizing-pore-scale-event-processes

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.4K 次观看.  Rice University. 这一过程的目的是容易和迅速地产生一个可定制的几何和耐膨胀的有机流体的微流控油回收研究。首先生成一个烷模具, 然后用它来铸造氧设备。有代表性的位移研究报告。

视频: Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space of a carbonate rock at pressures and temperatures representative of typical formations used for CO2 storage. Chemical equilibrium between the CO2, brine and rock phases was maintained using a high pressure high temperature reactor, replicating conditions far away from the injection site. Fluid flow was controlled using high pressure high temperature syringe pumps. To maintain representative in-situ conditions within the micro-CT scanner a carbon fiber high pressure micro-CT coreholder was used. Diffusive CO2 exchange across the confining sleeve from the pore-space of the rock to the confining fluid was prevented by surrounding the core with a triple wrap of aluminum foil. Reconstructed brine contrast was modeled using a polychromatic x-ray source, and brine composition was chosen to maximize the three phase contrast between the two fluids and the rock. Flexible flow lines were used to reduce forces on the sample during image acquisition, potentially causing unwanted sample motion, a major shortcoming in previous techniques. An internal thermocouple, placed directly adjacent to the rock core, coupled with an external flexible heating wrap and a PID controller was used to maintain a constant temperature within the flow cell. Substantial amounts of CO2 were trapped, with a residual saturation of 0.203 &#177; 0.013, and the sizes of larger volume ganglia obey power law distributions, consistent with percolation theory.

We present a methodology for the imaging of multiple fluid phases at reservoir conditions by the use of x-ray microtomography. We show some representative results of capillary trapping in a carbonate rock sample.

多重流体相储层孔隙条件级成像使用X射线微断层

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space ...

科研

工程学

Capillary-based Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Size-controllable Formation of Monodisperse Microdroplets

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal microfluidic device. W/O microdroplets have recently been used in powerful methods that enable miniaturized chemical experiments. Therefore, developing a versatile method to yield monodisperse W/O microdroplets is needed. We have developed a method for generating monodisperse W/O microdroplets based on a capillary-based centrifugal axisymmetric co-flowing microfluidic device. We succeeded in controlling the size of microdroplets by adjusting the capillary orifice. Our method requires equipment that is easier-to-use than with other microfluidic techniques, requires only a small volume (0.1-1 &#181;l) of sample solution for encapsulation, and enables the production of hundreds of thousands number of W/O microdroplets per second. We expect this method will assist biological studies that require precious biological samples by conserving the volume of the samples for rapid quantitative analysis biochemical and biological studies.

Here, we demonstrate a simple production method for size-controllable, monodisperse, water-in-oil (W/O) microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal microfluidic device. This method requires only a small sample volume and enables high-yield production. We expect this method will be useful for rapid biochemical and cellular analyses.

基于毛细管的离心微流体装置单分散微滴的大小可控的形成

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal ...

Combining Fluidic Devices with Microscopy and Flow Cytometry to Study Microbial Transport in Porous Media Across Spatial Scales

Understanding the transport, dispersion and deposition of microorganisms in porous media is a complex scientific task comprising topics as diverse as hydrodynamics, ecology and environmental engineering. Modeling bacterial transport in porous environments at different spatial scales is critical to better predict the consequences of bacterial transport, yet current models often fail to up-scale from laboratory to field conditions. Here, we introduce experimental tools to study bacterial transport in porous media at two spatial scales. The aim of these tools is to obtain macroscopic observables (such as breakthrough curves or deposition profiles) of bacteria injected into transparent porous matrices. At the small scale (10-1000 &#181;m), microfluidic devices are combined with optical video-microscopy and image processing to obtain breakthrough curves and, at the same time, to track individual bacterial cells at the pore scale. At larger scale, flow cytometry is combined with a self-made robotic dispenser to obtain breakthrough curves. We illustrate the utility of these tools to better understand how bacteria are transported in complex porous media such as the hyporheic zone of streams. As these tools provide simultaneous measurements across scales, they pave the way for mechanism-based models, critically important for upscaling. Application of these tools may not only contribute to the development of novel bioremediation applications but also shed new light on the ecological strategies of microorganisms colonizing porous substrates.

Breakthrough curves (BTCs) are efficient tools to study the transport of bacteria in porous media. Here we introduce tools based on fluidic devices in combination with microscopy and flow cytometric counting to obtain BTCs.

将流体设备与显微镜和流式细胞学相结合，研究跨空间尺度的多孔介质中的微生物传输

Understanding the transport, dispersion and deposition of microorganisms in porous media is a complex scientific task comprising topics as diverse as ...

环境科学

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

The microstructure of soft matter directly impacts macroscopic rheological properties and can be changed by factors including colloidal rearrangement during previous phase changes and applied shear. To determine the extent of these changes, we have developed a microfluidic device that enables repeated phase transitions induced by exchange of the surrounding fluid and microrheological characterization while limiting shear on the sample. This technique is &#181;2rheology, the combination of microfluidics and microrheology. The microfluidic device is a two-layer design with symmetric inlet streams entering a sample chamber that traps the gel sample in place during fluid exchange. Suction can be applied far away from the sample chamber to pull fluids into the sample chamber. Material rheological properties are characterized using multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT). In MPT, fluorescent probe particles are embedded into the material and the Brownian motion of the probes is recorded using video microscopy. The movement of the particles is tracked and the mean-squared displacement (MSD) is calculated. The MSD is related to macroscopic rheological properties, using the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation. The phase of the material is identified by comparison to the critical relaxation exponent, determined using time-cure superposition. Measurements of a fibrous colloidal gel illustrate the utility of the technique. This gel has a delicate structure that can be irreversibly changed when shear is applied. &#181;2rheology data shows that the material repeatedly equilibrates to the same rheological properties after each phase transition, indicating that phase transitions do not play a role in microstructural changes. To determine the role of shear, samples can be sheared prior to injection into our microfluidic device. &#181;2rheology is a widely applicable technique for the characterization of soft matter enabling the determination of rheological properties of delicate microstructures in a single sample during phase transitions in response to repeated changes in the surrounding environmental conditions.

We demonstrate the fabrication and use of a microfluidic device that enables multiple particle tracking microrheology measurements to study the rheological effects of repeated phase transitions on soft matter.

微流体和 Microrheology 相结合测定软物质在重复相变过程中的流变特性

The microstructure of soft matter directly impacts macroscopic rheological properties and can be changed by factors including colloidal rearrangement ...

Pore-scale Imaging and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoir Rock Wettability at Subsurface Conditions Using X-ray Microtomography

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to characterize the complex wetting conditions of hydrocarbon reservoir rock using pore-scale three-dimensional X-ray imaging at subsurface conditions. In this work, heterogeneous carbonate reservoir rocks, extracted from a very large producing oil field, have been used to demonstrate the protocol. The rocks are saturated with brine and oil and aged over three weeks at subsurface conditions to replicate the wettability conditions that typically exist in hydrocarbon reservoirs (known as mixed-wettability). After the brine injection, high-resolution three-dimensional images (2 &#181;m/voxel) are acquired and then processed and segmented. To calculate the distribution of the contact angle, which defines the wettability, the following steps are performed. First, fluid-fluid and fluid-rock surfaces are meshed. The surfaces are smoothed to remove voxel artefacts, and in situ contact angles are measured at the three-phase contact line throughout the whole image. The main advantage of this method is its ability to characterize in situ wettability accounting for pore-scale rock properties, such as rock surface roughness, rock chemical composition, and pore size. The in situ wettability is determined rapidly at hundreds of thousands of points. 
The method is limited by the segmentation accuracy and X-ray image resolution. This protocol could be used to characterize the wettability of other complex rocks saturated with different fluids and at different conditions for a variety of applications. For example, it could help in determining the optimal wettability that could yield an extra oil recovery (i.e., designing brine salinity accordingly to obtain higher oil recovery) and to find the most efficient wetting conditions to trap more CO2 in subsurface formations.

This protocol is presented to characterize the complex wetting conditions of an opaque porous medium (hydrocarbon reservoir rock) using three-dimensional images obtained by X-ray microtomography at subsurface conditions.

利用 X 射线层析在地下条件下油气储层岩石润湿性的孔隙度成像与表征

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to ...

A Microfluidic Platform to Study Bioclogging in Porous Media

Bacterial biofilms are found in several environmental and industrial porous media, including soils and filtration membranes. Biofilms grow under certain flow conditions and can clog pores, thereby redirecting the local fluid flow. The ability of biofilms to clog pores, the so-called bioclogging, can have a tremendous effect on the local permeability of the porous medium, creating a pressure buildup in the system, and impacting the mass flow through it. To understand the interplay between biofilm growth and fluid flow under different physical conditions (e.g., at different flow velocities and pore sizes), in the present study, a microfluidic platform is developed to visualize biofilm development using a microscope under externally-imposed, controlled physical conditions. The biofilm-induced pressure buildup in the porous medium can be measured simultaneously using pressure sensors and, later, correlated with the surface coverage of the biofilm. The presented platform provides a baseline for a systematic approach to investigate bioclogging caused by biofilms in porous media under flow conditions and can be adapted to studying environmental isolates or multispecies biofilms.

The present protocol describes a microfluidic platform to study biofilm development in quasi-2D porous media by combining high-resolution microscopy imaging with simultaneous pressure difference measurements. The platform quantifies the influence of pore size and fluid flow rates in porous media on bioclogging.

研究多孔介质中生物堵塞的微流体平台

Bacterial biofilms are found in several environmental and industrial porous media, including soils and filtration membranes. Biofilms grow under certain ...

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface in response to disturbances. Deciphering the rapid biogeochemical changes requires in situ, minimally invasive tools with high spatial and temporal sampling resolution. However, the available passive sampling devices are not very useful in many cases either due to their disposable nature or the complexity and extensive workload for sample preparation.
To address this problem, a microdialysis profiler with 33 individual polyethersulfone nanomembrane tubes (semipermeable, &#60;20 nm pore size) integrated into the one-dimensional skeleton (60 mm) was established to iteratively sample the dissolved compounds in porewater across the soil-water interface at a high resolution of 1.8 mm (outer diameter plus one spacing, i.e., 0.1 mm between probes). The sampling mechanism is based on the principle of concentration gradient diffusion. The automatic loading of degassed water allows minimal disturbance to the chemical species across the oxic-anoxic interface.
This paper describes the procedures of device setup and continuous porewater sampling across the soil-water interface on a daily basis. Concentration-depth profiles were selectively measured before (on Day 6) and after (on Day 7) disturbances induced by irrigation. The results showed that concentration-depth profiles were undergoing rapid changes, especially for redox-sensitive elements (i.e., iron and arsenic). These protocols can help investigate the biogeochemical responses across the soil-water interface under various disturbances caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The paper thoroughly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method for potential use in the environmental sciences.

A microdialysis profiler is described to sample dissolved porewater solutes across an oxic-anoxic soil-water interface in situ with minimal disturbance. This device is designed to capture rapid changes in concentration-depth profiles induced by disturbances at the soil-water interface and beyond.

使用微透析剖面仪在氧化-缺氧土壤-水界面上进行溶解溶质采样

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface ...

A Microfluidic Platform for Precision Small-volume Sample Processing and Its Use to Size Separate Biological Particles with an Acoustic Microdevice

A major advantage of microfluidic devices is the ability to manipulate small sample volumes, thus reducing reagent waste and preserving precious sample. However, to achieve robust sample manipulation it is necessary to address device integration with the macroscale environment. To realize repeatable, sensitive particle separation with microfluidic devices, this protocol presents a complete automated and integrated microfluidic platform that enables precise processing of 0.15&#8211;1.5 ml samples using microfluidic devices. Important aspects of this system include modular device layout and robust fixtures resulting in reliable and flexible world to chip connections, and fully-automated fluid handling which accomplishes closed-loop sample collection, system cleaning and priming steps to ensure repeatable operation. Different microfluidic devices can be used interchangeably with this architecture. Here we incorporate an acoustofluidic device, detail its characterization, performance optimization, and demonstrate its use for size-separation of biological samples. By using real-time feedback during separation experiments, sample collection is optimized to conserve and concentrate sample. Although requiring the integration of multiple pieces of equipment, advantages of this architecture include the ability to process unknown samples with no additional system optimization, ease of device replacement, and precise, robust sample processing.

This protocol describes a system architecture for performing automated small volume (0.15&#8211;1.5 ml) particle separations using a microfluidic device, and discusses methods to optimize acoustofluidic device performance and operation.

微流体平台精密小批量来样加工及它的使用尺寸分离生物颗粒的声微型

A major advantage of microfluidic devices is the ability to manipulate small sample volumes, thus reducing reagent waste and preserving precious sample. ...

生物工程

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

Pressure limitations of many microfluidic platforms have been a significant challenge in microfluidic experimental studies of fractured media. As a result, these platforms have not been fully exploited for direct observation of high-pressure transport in fractures. This work introduces microfluidic platforms that enable direct observation of multiphase flow in devices featuring surrogate permeable media and fractured systems. Such platforms provide a pathway to address important and timely questions such as those related to CO2 capture, utilization and storage. This work provides a detailed description of the fabrication techniques and an experimental setup that may serve to analyze the behavior of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foam, its structure and stability. Such studies provide important insights regarding enhanced oil recovery processes and the role of hydraulic fractures in resource recovery from unconventional reservoirs. This work presents a comparative study of microfluidic devices developed using two different techniques: photolithography/wet-etching/thermal-bonding versus Selective Laser-induced Etching. Both techniques result in devices that are chemically and physically resistant and tolerant of high pressure and temperature conditions that correspond to subsurface systems of interest. Both techniques provide pathways to high-precision etched microchannels and capable lab-on-chip devices. Photolithography/wet-etching, however, enables fabrication of complex channel networks with complex geometries, which would be a challenging task for laser etching techniques. This work summarizes a step-by-step photolithography, wet-etching and glass thermal-bonding protocol and, presents representative observations of foam transport with relevance to oil recovery from unconventional tight and shale formations. Finally, this work describes the use of a high-resolution monochromatic sensor to observe scCO2 foam behavior where the entirety of the permeable medium is observed simultaneously while preserving the resolution needed to resolve features as small as 10 &#181;m.

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

This paper describes a protocol along with a comparative study of two microfluidic fabrication techniques, namely photolithography/wet-etching/thermal-bonding and Selective Laser-induced Etching (SLE), that are suitable for high-pressure conditions. These techniques constitute enabling platforms for direct observation of fluid flow in surrogate permeable media and fractured systems under reservoir conditions.

破碎非常规储层微尺度超临界CO泡沫运输的高压 试验微流体制造技术

Pressure limitations of many microfluidic platforms have been a significant challenge in microfluidic experimental studies of fractured media. As a ...

Window on a Microworld: Simple Microfluidic Systems for Studying Microbial Transport in Porous Media

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in the environment, as well as directly for the transmission of pathogens to drinking water supplies. Natural porous media is composed of an intricate physical topology, varied surface chemistries, dynamic gradients of nutrients and electron acceptors, and a patchy distribution of microbes. These features vary substantially over a length scale of microns, making the results of macro-scale investigations of microbial transport difficult to interpret, and the validation of mechanistic models challenging. Here we demonstrate how simple microfluidic devices can be used to visualize microbial interactions with micro-structured habitats, to identify key processes influencing the observed phenomena, and to systematically validate predictive models. Simple, easy-to-use flow cells were constructed out of the transparent, biocompatible and oxygen-permeable material poly(dimethyl siloxane). Standard methods of photolithography were used to make micro-structured masters, and replica molding was used to cast micro-structured flow cells from the masters. The physical design of the flow cell chamber is adaptable to the experimental requirements: microchannels can vary from simple linear connections to complex topologies with feature sizes as small as 2 &mu;m. Our modular EcoChip flow cell array features dozens of identical chambers and flow control by a gravity-driven flow module. We demonstrate that through use of EcoChip devices, physical structures and pressure heads can be held constant or varied systematically while the influence of surface chemistry, fluid properties, or the characteristics of the microbial population is investigated. Through transport experiments using a non-pathogenic, green fluorescent protein-expressing Vibrio bacterial strain, we illustrate the importance of habitat structure, flow conditions, and inoculums size on fundamental transport phenomena, and with real-time particle-scale observations, demonstrate that microfluidics offer a compelling view of a hidden world.

Microfluidic devices can be used to visualize complex natural processes in real time and at the appropriate physical scales. We have developed a simple microfluidic device that mimics key features of natural porous media for studying growth and transport of bacteria in the subsurface.

窗口上的一个微观世界：简单的微流体系统为研究多孔介质中的微生物运输

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in ...

微流体器件用于表征多孔介质中的孔隙尺度事件过程, 用于采油应用

摘要

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此视频中的章节

多重流体相储层孔隙条件级成像使用X射线微断层

基于毛细管的离心微流体装置单分散微滴的大小可控的形成

将流体设备与显微镜和流式细胞学相结合，研究跨空间尺度的多孔介质中的微生物传输

微流体和 Microrheology 相结合测定软物质在重复相变过程中的流变特性

利用 X 射线层析在地下条件下油气储层岩石润湿性的孔隙度成像与表征

研究多孔介质中生物堵塞的微流体平台

使用微透析剖面仪在氧化-缺氧土壤-水界面上进行溶解溶质采样

微流体平台精密小批量来样加工及它的使用尺寸分离生物颗粒的声微型

破碎非常规储层微尺度超临界CO泡沫运输的_高压试验微流体制造技术

窗口上的一个微观世界：简单的微流体系统为研究多孔介质中的微生物运输

微流体器件用于表征多孔介质中的孔隙尺度事件过程, 用于采油应用

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

多重流体相储层孔隙条件级成像使用X射线微断层

基于毛细管的离心微流体装置单分散微滴的大小可控的形成

将流体设备与显微镜和流式细胞学相结合，研究跨空间尺度的多孔介质中的微生物传输

微流体和 Microrheology 相结合测定软物质在重复相变过程中的流变特性

利用 X 射线层析在地下条件下油气储层岩石润湿性的孔隙度成像与表征

研究多孔介质中生物堵塞的微流体平台

使用微透析剖面仪在氧化-缺氧土壤-水界面上进行溶解溶质采样

微流体平台精密小批量来样加工及它的使用尺寸分离生物颗粒的声微型

破碎非常规储层微尺度超临界CO泡沫运输的高压 试验微流体制造技术

窗口上的一个微观世界：简单的微流体系统为研究多孔介质中的微生物运输

破碎非常规储层微尺度超临界CO泡沫运输的_高压试验微流体制造技术