这项研究得到了俄罗斯科学基金会的资助 (合同号: 17-11-01273)。特别感谢安德烈 Afanasov 和来自电视技术多功能创新中心的同事 (国立研究大学, 经济学院, 莫斯科, 俄罗斯联邦) 的视频录制和视频编辑。

所有程序均由莫斯科高等经济学院 (HSE) 地方研究伦理委员会批准, 并征得所有与会者的同意. 
 注意: 参与者必须报告未植入的金属设备、神经或精神疾病、药物滥用或酗酒史。TMS 根据最新安全指南使用 20 。必须充分了解研究的性质, 并在开始实验前签署知情同意书。我们展示了一整套的设备, 运行在线组合可-TMS 协议的主要 M1 的刺激 ( 图 1 ;材料表). 
 1. 将肌电图 (肌电信号) 电极置于双极型腹部肌腱蒙太奇中 <ol> <li> 使用所有电极下的清洁擦洗清洁皮肤, 以实现低皮肤阻抗 (低于 10 kOhm). </li>
	<li> 将活动肌电图电极放置在第一个背侧骨间 (FDI) 肌肉上, 上部为2厘米的骨骼上的参考电极, 而地面电极则更接近于手臂的下部. </li>
</ol> 2。确定刺激协议的目标 注意: 在这里, 我们使用无框 tms 导航系统来实现 tms 线圈的正确定位. 
<ol> <li> 将跟踪传感器放置在眉毛和参与者鼻子上方的眉之间. </li>
	<li> 打开导航系统软件。使用个人参与者和 #39; 结构 T1 磁共振成像 (mri) 数据, 并通过导航系统执行 co-registration 的参与者和 #39 的头部和 3D mri 头部. </li>
	<li> 准确地, 把线圈放在主电机的手区域, 所谓的和 #34; 电机旋钮和 #34; 区域 ( 图 2 ). </li>
	<li> 开始应用单脉冲 TMS 和测试欧洲议员;TMS 由刺激器交付 (参见 材料表 ) 连接到一个标准图--八75毫米卷。定位 #34; 热点与 #34; 左侧 M1, 将线圈切线与头皮保持在一起, 手柄向后和侧面, 角度在45和 #176; 从参与者和 #39 的中线矢状轴; 头部. </li>
	<li> 一旦出现热点 ( 即, 在从对侧检测到的手部肌肉的阈值中引出了欧洲议员的头皮点), 就用铅笔标记它以方便可靶电极的应用. </li>
</ol> 3. 可电极准备 <ol> <li> 连接2表面盐水浸泡过的海绵电极 (大小: 5 cm x 7 厘米) 到刺激装置, 它可以产生电交流电流 ( 例如, Brainstim). </li>
	<li> 为了最大限度地减少皮肤的感觉, 不断饱和的电极与盐水溶液, 以保持阻抗低于 10 kOhm 整个刺激环节. </li>
</ol> 4. 可协议设置 <ol> <li> 使用刺激器设备设置可协议, 首先检查电池状态. </li>
	<li> 使用该软件, 打开一个新的会话并管理新的刺激协议. 
	<ol> <li> 命名协议 ( 例如, 和 #34; 测试版和 #34;). </li>
		<li> 设置刺激的频率 ( 例如, 20 Hz). </li>
		<li> 选择波形 ( 例如, 正弦). </li>
		<li> 设置刺激协议的总持续时间 ( 例如, 600s). </li>
		<li> 最后, 设置刺激的强度 (例如, 1 mA), 设置偏移量, 淡入淡出, 淡出, 并在和 #34 的阶段; 0 和 #34;. 
		注: 为了避免任何不利或不舒服的感觉神经效果, 可以建议在刺激 (三十年代左右) 的时间内逐渐消退. </li>
		<li> 激活设备和 #39; #34; 蓝牙和 #34; 功能并将协议从软件上传到刺激器. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 5. 可电极蒙太奇 <ol> 将 #34; 目标和 #34; 电极在头皮上对应的标记点。将 #34、参考和 #34; 在同侧肩部的电极上使用特定的粘胶带, 在和 #34; 单蒙太奇和 #34; 21 . </li>
	<li> 小心调整头上的第一个弹性带, 相对于神经导航头-传感器位置。然后, 用第二条皮带固定目标电极位置. </li>
	<li> 一旦可电极放置在头皮和同侧肩上, 将它们连接到刺激器. </li>
	<li> 在刺激期开始前, 通过目视检查确保目标电极的位置集中在已标记的热点上. </li>
</ol> 6。确定静止马达阈值 (RMT) <ol> <li> 将 TMS 线圈置于目标可电极上, 并通过使用神经导航系统仔细调整热点 ( 图 3 ) 上的线圈位置. </li>
	<li> 相应地测量 RMT 到组合的可-tms 设置 ( 即, tms 线圈在电极)。具体来说, 调整 TMS 强度与可电极的厚度有关, 以检查一个可靠的 RMT. 
	<ol> <li> 单独测量 RMT, 它被定义为在外国直接投资肌肉中诱导一个 50 mV (峰) 在 5 10 试验中的振幅的最小强度, 22 . </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 在 RMT 的110% 处设置 TMS 刺激的强度以启动实验会话. </li> </ol>
 7. 实验过程 <ol> <li> 打开肌电信号软件并启动肌电信号记录. </li>
	<li> 启动可刺激. </li>
	<li> 在刺激过程中, 将由随机间隔所散布的 TMS 单脉冲从3秒到5秒钟. </li>
	<li> 确保每个刺激的会话 (例如, 20 赫兹可刺激, 后跟一个假/另一个控制频率) 持续不超过90秒, 以闭会间隔约3分钟, 以避免可能的结转效果前面的刺激频率/情况 11 , 13 . </li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

这种方法是一个独特的机会, 直接测试可的在线效果, 通过测量脊髓输出通过欧洲议会议员记录的初级运动皮层。然而, TMS 线圈在可电极上的位置是一个关键的步骤, 应该准确地执行。因此, 我们首先建议实验者通过单脉冲 TMS 找到一个目标点, 然后将它标记在头皮上, 并在那之后, 将可电极放在热点上。此外, 一个神经导航系统的可用性, 关键支持一个最佳的目标点的定位, 单脉冲 TMS。在启动过程之前, 请确保参与者没有任何禁忌症24和 TMS20。
此外, 在 TMS 线圈下的可电极的厚度和位置可导致不同的 RMT 在标准工序。因此, 当 TMS 线圈已经位于可电极上时, 测量 RMT 是很重要的。
TMS-可在线方法代表了技术进步为基础研究和临床应用。由于大多数可的证据表明, 效果是突出的期间, 而不是停止后的刺激, 这种方法可能是有用的测试在线受益频率特异性的影响患者的运动疾病, 如必要的震颤,肌张力障碍, 帕金森氏症, 和其他运动疾病。
到目前为止, 这种联合的方法被用来调查马达和视觉皮层过程11,15。然而, 可本身被证明是一个可靠的技术, 以提高认知功能, 如内存和决策14,16,25,26,27。将来, 通过操纵不同的频率和靶向不同的皮层区域, 将重复 TMS (刺激) 与可结合起来的可能性可能有助于研究 so-called "neuroenhancement" 的机制。同样, 它已经表明, 可与图案的 TMS 协议, 如连续的θ脉冲刺激 (cTBS) 的组合, 导致了增强的可塑性效果, 只有当 cTBS 应用在阶段与峰值的可强制激活28. 此外, 虽然刺激被用作临床工具, 但它与可的结合可能导致新的临床方法的发展康复。
虽然这篇文章的重点是刺激 M1, 其他皮层地区可能是针对使用这种组合的方法。然而, 只有对人的马达系统的刺激可能导致可测量的马达诱发电位 (欧洲议员) 记录从对侧侧的肌肉在代表一个复合信号从系列降皮质-脊椎截击与不同的生成器29。另一方面, 其他电极部署可能会提供不同的机会来调查在线半球效果, 使用伴随的双边可在左, 右 M1 与脉冲 TMS。此外, 通过测量反应时间 (RT) 和准确度, 在线可-TMS 方法可用于针对不同皮层区域的行为任务。一方面, 可-TMS 方法提供了一种无工件的方法来研究人体运动功能;另一方面, 可脑电的方法可以为研究不同认知过程的神经相关性提供更多的可能性, 目标是多种皮层区域, 但仍然有更多的工件在信号记录里面。

经颅电刺激 (工商业污水附加费) 是一种促进技术, 允许通过不同的电流波形改变神经元状态1。在不同类型的工商业污水附加费中, 经颅交流刺激 (可) 能够在特定频率范围内传递正弦外部振荡电位, 并对知觉的生理神经活动进行调制,马达和认知过程2。使用可, 可以研究内源性振荡活动与脑过程之间的潜在因果关系。
在体内, 已经表明, 在不同的驱动频率下, 脉冲神经活动是同步的, 这表明神经元放电可以通过电应用的领域3。在动物模型中, 微弱的正弦可拽了广泛皮质神经元池的放电频率4。在人类, 可结合在线脑电图 (EEG) 允许诱导的 so-called "夹带" 效应的内源性振荡活动的互动与脑振荡的频率特定的方式5。然而, 由于交流诱发的工件6, 将可与神经影像方法结合以更好地了解在线机制仍然是值得商榷的。此外, 不能直接在受激靶区上记录 EEG 信号而不使用环形电极, 这是一个可疑的解决方案7。因此, 对这个问题缺乏系统性的研究。
到目前为止, 还没有明确的证据表明可在刺激停止后的持久作用。仅有少数研究显示了可在马达系统上的微弱和不明确的后遗症8。此外, EEG 证据仍然不清楚可的后遗症9。另一方面, 大多数可研究显示突出的在线效果10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18, 由于技术上的限制, 很难在生理水平上进行测量。因此, 我们的方法的总目标是提供一种替代方法, 以测试在线和频率依赖性的影响可的运动皮层 (M1) 通过提供单脉冲经颅磁刺激 (TMS)。TMS 允许研究员 "探针" 人体运动皮层的生理状态19。此外, 通过记录运动诱发电位对对侧的手, 我们可以调查的影响, 正在进行的可11。这种方法让我们可以通过在不同频率的在线电刺激中以无工件的方式来测量脊髓兴奋度的变化, 从而精确地监测其改变。此外, 此方法还可以测试任何其他附加的波形的在线效果。
为了证明联合可-TMS 的效果, 我们将通过应用20赫兹 AC 刺激的主要运动皮层 (M1), 而在线 neuronavigated 单脉冲 tms 提供穿插随机间隔从3到 5 s, 以测试 M1皮质兴奋性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>BrainStim, high-resolution transcranial stimulator</td><td>E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td><td>EMS-BRAINSTIM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pair of 1,5m cables for connection of conductive silicone electrodes</td><td>E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td><td>EMS-CVBS15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reusable conductive silicone electrodes 50x50mm</td><td>E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td><td>FIA-PG970/2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reusable spontex sponge for electrode 50x100mm</td><td>E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td><td>FIA-PG916S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubber belts &amp;ndash; 75 cm</td><td>E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td><td>FIA-ER-PG905/8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic non traumatic button</td><td>E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td><td>FIA-PG905/99</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brainstim</td><td>E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MagPro X100 MagOption - transcranial magnetic stimulator</td><td>MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td><td>9016E0731</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8-shaped coil MC-B65-HO-2</td><td>MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td><td>9016E0462</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chair with neckrest</td><td>MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td><td>9016B0081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Localite TMS Navigator - Navigation platform, Premium edition</td><td>Localite, GmbH, Germany</td><td>21223</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Localite TMS Navigator - MR-based software, import data for morphological MRI (DICOM, NifTi)</td><td>Localite, GmbH, Germany</td><td>10226</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MagVenture 24.8 coil tracker, Geom 1</td><td>Localite, GmbH, Germany</td><td>5221</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode wires for surface EMG</td><td>&amp;nbsp;EBNeuro, Italy&amp;nbsp;</td><td>6515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surface Electrodes for EEG/EMG</td><td>&amp;nbsp;EBNeuro, Italy&amp;nbsp;</td><td>6515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BrainAmp ExG amplifier - bipolar amplifier&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Brain Products, GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;BrainVision Recorder 1.21.0004&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Brain Products, GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuprep Skin Prep Gel&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Weaver and Company, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sticky tape</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl solution</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on the primary motor cortex by online combined approach with transcranial magnetic stimulation

经颅交变电流刺激 (可) 是一种促进技术, 能够在特定频率下通过正弦电波形, 进而调节正在进行的皮层振荡活动。这 neurotool 允许建立内在振荡活动和行为之间的因果联系。大多数的可研究显示了可的在线效果。然而, 由于在脑电图 (eeg) 信号上交流诱发的伪影, 这项技术的基本作用机制知之甚少。在这里, 我们展示了一个独特的方法来调查的在线生理频率特异性的影响, 可的原发性运动皮质 (M1) 使用单脉冲经颅磁刺激 (TMS), 以探测皮层兴奋性变化。在我们的设置, TMS 线圈是放置在可电极, 而电机诱发电位 (欧洲议员) 收集测试的影响, 正在进行的 M1-tACS。到目前为止, 这种方法主要用于研究视觉和马达系统。然而, 目前的可-TMS 设置可以为未来的认知功能研究铺平道路。因此, 我们提供了一个 step-by 步骤的程序手册和视频指南。

2010年, 金井et al.显示了可/TMS 组合方法的第一个证据。在这项研究中, 作者应用可在初级视觉皮层 (V1), 并显示了一个频率特异的调节视觉皮层兴奋性测量的在线 TMS 诱导的 phosphene 知觉15。在 2011年, 通过 Feurra et al.对运动皮层兴奋性进行生理调节, 采用了更完善的协议版本。为了这样做, 这些作者在单脉冲 TMS 期间记录了欧洲议会议员, 而正在进行的可交付 (图 4)。作者报告了第一个因果证据的可能夹带20赫兹刺激的内源性怠速β M1 通过提高脊髓输出相对于其他控制频率, 控制站点 (顶叶刺激) 和控制实验 (周围尺神经实验)11 (图 5)。
在随后的一项研究中, Feurra 和合作者表明, 可的影响不仅是频率, 而且是依赖于状态的13。通过使用相同的联合蒙太奇, 可被应用在 M1 在两种不同的条件下: 休息和运动图像 (主题被要求想象捏紧动作)。根据先前的结果11, 只有 Beta 刺激 (20 hz) 在静止时增强了初级运动皮层的兴奋性, 而在运动图像任务中, 在θ (5 hz) 和α (10 hz) 刺激期间, 增强效应是显著的。这代表了第一个生理证据的国家依赖的影响, 由可。
到目前为止, 这种联合接触已经被用来进一步研究运动皮层 (表 1) 的功能。Guerra 和合作者应用可-TMS, 使用类似的方法, 以显示如何特定的神经元电路反应的刺激提供电机频率 (20 赫兹) 和机动车共振频率 (7 赫兹)。他们表明, 20 Hz 刺激取消了胆碱能 short-latency 传入抑制 (西) 的影响, 无论刺激的阶段。有趣的是, 谷氨酸皮质促进 (ICF) 和 GABAAergic 近皮质抑制 (SICI) 的变化是特定于阶段的23。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig1.jpg"> 
图 1:同时可刺激所需材料的列表.盐水溶液, 控制装置, 松紧带, 海绵 (可), 可电缆电线和电极, 注射器, 粘胶带。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig2.jpg"> 
图 2: 可-TMS 协议中的神经导航.红十字会表示, 一个记忆中的 TMS 热点的主要运动皮层。重叠的白色十字表示在协议期间的 TMS 线圈的在线定位, 作为正确方向的标志。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig3.jpg"> 
图 3: 可-TMS 在主题的头皮上.TMS 线圈必须放置在目标可电极上。研究者应根据热点的神经导航坐标保持线圈的位置。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig4.jpg"> 
图 4:通过使用在线可-TMS 方法进行实验设计的示意图表示.(a) 红色 ("靶") 电极放置在头皮上, 覆盖左侧运动皮质和右顶叶皮质 (P4 10-20 国际脑电图系统的位置)。蓝色 ("参考") 电极放置在与 PZ (10-20 国际脑电图系统) 位置对应的中线 (双极/头蒙太奇)。注意, 当前建议的参考电极放置在同侧肩部 (单蒙太奇), 而 P4 则用作控制位置。(b) Neuronavigated TMS: 线圈是在海绵电极上放置在左 M1。彩色三角形表示从精确目标的线圈位移的在线反馈, 公差为 2 mm (此图已从 Feurra et al., 2011)11中修改。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig5.jpg"> 
图 5: 具有代表性的结果.(a) 通过不同实验条件获得的平均对数变换的机电振幅 (误差线表示标准误差) 值 (原始数据)。只有可提供的 beta 范围 (20 赫兹) 在电机皮层增加脊髓输出与所有其他条件 (基线, 5 hz, 10 hz, 40 hz, 和 20 hz 的顶叶皮质)。星号 (*) 表示20赫兹刺激对所有其他条件的显著差异。(b) 百分比变化与原始机电振幅值的基线 (此图已从 Feurra et al.、 2011)11中修改。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55839/55839fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>作者</td>
			<td>任务</td>
			<td>频率</td>
			<td>强度</td>
			</tr></tbody></table>td 电极位置
			<td>结果</td>
		
		<tr>
			<td>Feurra et al., 2011</td>
			<td>静止脊髓兴奋性的测量</td>
			<td>5赫兹, 10 赫兹, 20 hz, 40 hz</td>
			<td>1 mA</td>
			<td>左 M1, 顶叶皮质, 尺神经</td>
			<td>20赫兹增加了欧洲议会议员的大小在休息</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Feurra et al., 2013</td>
			<td>静止和运动图像中脊髓兴奋性的测量</td>
			<td>5赫兹, 10 赫兹, 20 hz, 40 hz</td>
			<td>1 mA</td>
			<td>左 M1</td>
			<td>20赫兹增加的欧洲议会议员的大小在休息, 而5和 10 hz 增加了欧洲议员的大小在马达图像</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cancelli et al., 2015</td>
			<td>静止脊髓兴奋性的测量</td>
			<td>20Hz</td>
			<td>2.2 mA</td>
			<td>双边 M1</td>
			<td>个体化和个性化电极对皮质兴奋性增强的差异</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guerra et al., 2016</td>
			<td>静止脊髓兴奋性的测量</td>
			<td>7赫兹, 20 赫兹</td>
			<td>1 mA</td>
			<td>左 M1</td>
			<td>20赫兹可调制 SICI, ICF 和西</td>
		</tr>
	

表 1: 可在不同条件下对初级运动皮层的影响.频率, 强度, 皮质部位的刺激和结果。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

经颅交变电流刺激 (可) 允许以频率特异的方式调节皮质兴奋性。在这里, 我们展示了一个独特的方法, 结合在线可与单脉冲经颅磁刺激 (TMS), 以 "探针" 皮层兴奋性的手段, 电机诱发电位。

经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

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9.0K 次观看.  National Research University Higher School of Economics. 经颅交变电流刺激 (可) 允许以频率特异的方式调节皮质兴奋性。在这里, 我们展示了一个独特的方法, 结合在线可与单脉冲经颅磁刺激 (TMS), 以 "探针" 皮层兴奋性的手段, 电机诱发电位。

视频: Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade. While the use of TMS has expanded to the study of many systems and processes during this time, the original application and perhaps one of the most common uses of TMS involves studying the physiology, plasticity and function of the human neuromuscular system. Single pulse TMS applied to the motor cortex excites pyramidal neurons transsynaptically 2 (Figure 1) and results in a measurable electromyographic response that can be used to study and evaluate the integrity and excitability of the corticospinal tract in humans 3. Additionally, recent advances in magnetic stimulation now allows for partitioning of cortical versus spinal excitability 4,5. For example, paired-pulse TMS can be used to assess intracortical facilitatory and inhibitory properties by combining a conditioning stimulus and a test stimulus at different interstimulus intervals 3,4,6-8. In this video article we will demonstrate the methodological and technical aspects of these techniques. Specifically, we will demonstrate single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS techniques as applied to the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle as well as the erector spinae (ES) musculature. Our laboratory studies the FCR muscle as it is of interest to our research on the effects of wrist-hand cast immobilization on reduced muscle performance6,9, and we study the ES muscles due to these muscles clinical relevance as it relates to low back pain8. With this stated, we should note that TMS has been used to study many muscles of the hand, arm and legs, and should iterate that our demonstrations in the FCR and ES muscle groups are only selected examples of TMS being used to study the human neuromuscular system.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool to gain insight on the physiology and function of the human nervous system. Here, we present our TMS techniques to study cortical excitability of the upper limb and lumbar musculature.

利用经颅磁刺激，以研究人类的神经肌肉系统

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade.  While ...

医学

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

非侵入电脑刺激蒙太奇的人体运动功能的调节

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs frequency-specific stimulation of the human brain through current applied to the scalp with surface electrodes. Most current knowledge of the technique is based on behavioral studies; thus, combining the method with brain imaging holds potential to better understand the mechanisms of tACS. Because of electrical and susceptibility artifacts, combining tACS with brain imaging can be challenging, however, one brain imaging technique that is well suited to be applied simultaneously with tACS is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In our lab, we have successfully combined tACS with simultaneous fMRI measurements to show that tACS effects are state, current, and frequency dependent, and that modulation of brain activity is not limited to the area directly below the electrodes. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with visual task fMRI studies, which can lend to understanding oscillatory brain function as well as the effects of tACS on the brain.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations, though its effects are not completely understood. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can increase understanding oscillatory brain function and effects of tACS.

同时经颅交替电流刺激和功能磁共振成像

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs ...

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

The effect of a stimulus to the brain depends not only on the parameters of the stimulus but also on the dynamics of brain activity at the time of the stimulation. The combination of electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a real-time brain state-dependent stimulation system allows the study of relations of dynamics of brain activity, cortical excitability, and plasticity induction. Here, we demonstrate a newly developed method to synchronize the timing of brain stimulation with the phase of ongoing EEG oscillations using a real-time data analysis system. This real-time EEG-triggered TMS of the human motor cortex, when TMS is synchronized with the surface EEG negative peak of the sensorimotor &#181;-alpha (8-14 Hz) rhythm, has shown differential corticospinal excitability and plasticity effects. The utilization of this method suggests that real-time information about the instantaneous brain state can be used for efficacious plasticity induction. Additionally, this approach enables personalized EEG-synchronized brain stimulation which may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic brain stimulation protocols.

This paper describes real-time electroencephalography-triggered transcranial magnetic stimulation to study and modulate human brain networks.

脑状态依赖性脑刺激与实时脑脑图触发颅内磁刺激

The effect of a stimulus to the brain depends not only on the parameters of the stimulus but also on the dynamics of brain activity at the time of the ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

提取脑电数据视觉诱发电位记录在功能磁共振成像引导下经颅磁刺激

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

神经科学

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

磁共振波谱的用途，用于对初级运动皮层新陈代谢双半球经颅电刺激效果的测量工具一

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has provided important insights into fundamental processes of the brain like cognition, learning, and motor control. However, this approach cannot provide causal evidence for the involvement of brain areas of interest. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful, noninvasive tool for studying the human brain that can overcome this limitation by transiently modifying brain activity. Here, we highlight recent advances using a paired-pulse, dual-site TMS method with two coils that causally probes cortico-cortical interactions in the human motor system during different task contexts. Additionally, we describe a dual-site TMS protocol based on cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS) that transiently enhances synaptic efficiency in two interconnected brain areas by applying repeated pairs of cortical stimuli with two coils. These methods can provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive-motor function as well as a new perspective on manipulating specific neural pathways in a targeted fashion to modulate brain circuits and improve behavior. This approach may prove to be an effective tool to develop more sophisticated models of brain-behavior relations and improve diagnosis and treatment of many neurological and psychiatric disorders.

This article describes new approaches to measure and strengthen functionally specific neural pathways with transcranial magnetic stimulation. These advanced noninvasive brain stimulation methodologies can provide new opportunities for the understanding of brain-behavior relations and development of new therapies to treat brain disorders.

利用颅内磁刺激测量和操纵人体运动系统中功能特定的神经通路

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has ...