Name: a within-subjects experimental protocol to assess the effects of social input on infant eeg
Uploaded: 2017-05-03T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 20 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG at JoVE.com

我们感谢赖恩·约翰逊和利·米勒为他们在收集数据的援助。

所有的程序是由美国波士顿大学机构审查委员会（IRB）的批准。 1.招聘<ol><li>确定通过参与者数据库（如果可用），潜在的参与者通过公开可用的状态出生记录，通过网络广告，并通过面对面的面对面招聘活动。 </li><li>呼叫潜在的参与者，并邀请他们参加学习。 <ol><li>解释说，这项研究是在看社会经验和如何将它们与大脑的发育。 </li><li>解释说，访问将涉及使用脑电图获得使用软质海绵的弹性的帽婴儿的大脑活动的措施。解释说，婴儿会坐在父母的腿上一边看着电脑显示器上的图片和播放躲猫猫与实验者，并认为这让看到大脑的活动。 </li><li>解释访问持续多久以及访问可以安排，只要是最合nvenient父，根据婴儿的时间表。提供有关交通方式的信息（ 例如，是否有免费的停车场或偿还公共交通）和关于补偿（如有提供）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.运行一个访问注:为安排的时候，婴儿会提高警觉，很好的休息的访问。有两个实验者提供。铅实验者将执行.NET应用程序和管理脑电记录时的条件。第二个实验者将帮助.NET应用程序，控制脑电图记录和刺激呈现的计算机，并监视原始EEG，因为它被记录下来。 <ol><li>实验室成立<ol><li>记录脑电图在电屏蔽展位如果可能的话，以防止与EEG信号干扰。 </li><li>在展台，放置两个相邻的计算机显示器（测量14.5×12英寸）上的表。放置监视器18英寸Ş分开。将椅子（其中母体和婴儿会坐）从表中，面向电脑显示器24英寸。假表及展位后墙之间至少有24英寸（所以实验者可以站在面向婴幼儿的桌子后面）。确保椅子和桌子都是在这样的高度，计算机显示器是在婴儿的眼睛水平。 </li><li>在桌子的两边放置在地面上的两个扬声器，朝向椅子当母体和婴儿会坐。 </li><li>在桌子底下三脚架摄像机位置并朝上，使婴儿的脸是明确的说法。 </li><li>立即挂一个不透明的窗帘桌子后面的实验者站在后面在非社会和唯一的语言条件是从婴儿的视图中隐藏。 </li><li>将一个拨浪鼓，小动物标本和谷类的展台。请对所有的参与者同样拨浪鼓和动物。 </li></ol></li><li>欢迎FAM随手<ol><li>到达目的地后，提供家长一个机会开始之前喂养和改变婴儿。 </li><li>取得知情家长同意。 </li><li>解释脑电图和范例。 <ol><li>解释说，脑电图涉及提出，浸泡在温水中，测量大脑活动的软海绵净。解释说，脑电图网不发射任何东西，只是测量从大脑中的相互通信的神经元释放的电活动。 </li><li>告诉家长的是，婴儿会看图片在屏幕上，并与实验者进行交互。 </li><li>解释说，有时实验者会的帷幕，从视图中隐藏背后。强调的是，家长不要被社会与婴儿，如说话的婴儿或进行面对面的面对面接触是很重要的。 </li><li>解释说，20分钟可以是一个很长一段时间，而且如果婴儿厌倦或挑剔，家长可以给他一个玩具（ 如拨浪鼓或肛门塞发作）或谷类。 </li></ol></li><li>解释网应用程序父。 <ol><li>通知父母的EEG网就像是一个泳帽和婴儿一般不喜欢的帽子。 注意:当实验者将净的，大多数婴儿都会大惊小怪，试图拉断网。告诉父母不要担心，并强调这是正常的，婴儿通常习惯了网，不停哭泣，并很快冷静下来。 </li><li>解释给他们的帮助是很重要的，以确保婴儿不拉在网上和家长如果婴儿了移动他们的武器对他们的头，轻轻放下，并从网络推走他们的武器。 </li><li>解释说，实验者是在把网络上非常迅速实行。解释说，使用拨浪鼓和毛绒动物.NET应用程序在第二个实验者将分散的婴儿。 </li><li>询问家长是否愿意戴着EEG净取^ h取他们的婴儿的照片青梅。 </li><li>通知家长，有可能是看起来像在网上被删除婴儿头部小圆圈昏压力的痕迹，但他们会很快褪色。此外，提及的是，婴儿的头发微湿。 注:在本研究中，父母补偿$ 40 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>网络应用<ol><li>用软尺测量最宽处测量厘米婴儿的头部。选择合适尺寸的EEG网。 </li><li>微波的电解质溶液（6毫升氯化钾（KCl）/ L蒸馏水）3分钟。添加婴儿洗发水一茶匙。 </li><li>浸泡正确尺寸的高密度的净（本研究中使用了128引线网; 64引脚净也适用），用于在加热的电解质溶液10分钟。这将有利于头皮和电极之间的电接触。 </li><li>填写移液器电解质溶液，放在展台。 </li><li>用毛巾轻拍掉多余的水分从净，以防止桥接。进行毛巾网和显示父网。有家长擦网（如果有兴趣）。 </li><li>有家长坐在与自己的腿上婴儿展位椅子上。 <ol><li>提醒的是，婴儿可能会变得心烦意乱的父母，这是正常的。提醒的是，第二实验者会分散与拨浪鼓和毛绒玩具婴儿家长。提醒家长，以保持婴儿触碰或拉网。提醒家长不要搞社会交往与脑电记录过程中婴儿。 </li></ol></li><li>将双手的网内，轻轻舒展净等，它套在婴儿头部放低。放置锆石电极上的头顶部。保持网内的双手在定位过程。 </li><li>当网定位在婴儿头部，从网内取出的手，并拧紧帽带，因此净是安全的。检查网对Correct定位和根据需要进行调整。 </li><li>测量使用EEG记录软件电极阻抗（每个电极应低于50千欧，如果使用高阻抗系统）。通过在与接触不良电极挤压几滴管理使用所述移液管的电解质溶液。如果有必要，使电极与头皮接触更好轻轻移动婴儿的头发。 </li><li>一旦阻抗是在可接受的水平，保存阻抗信息。 </li></ol></li><li>脑电图记录<ol><li>记录参数<ol><li>根据制造商的规格记录数据。表示的数据是从以500Hz的所有信道进行采样。 </li></ol></li><li>刺激呈现<ol><li>呈现一系列的对象上的计算机显示器10张彩色照片为13.0 - 14.5 S，以可变的间隔刺激间（0.5 - 2.0秒）。显示两个屏幕上相同的照片。目前照片作为SI在屏幕的中间milar大小（见补充材料中的每个块和文件的刺激刺激的列表）。 注:含蓄，简短的喀哒声提醒实验者刺激发病。这些照片是常见的非社会的对象（ 例如，花，手套）和相同的10个类别的对象跨越块重复的。一个类别中的各个对象在色彩方面会发生变化。他们的所有块分布被抵消，并且在同一颜色在每个块表示保持在婴儿的观看体验（ 见图1，例如）的一致性。 </li></ol></li><li>条件<ol><li>进入电脑屏幕和桌子后面的展台，面对婴儿。 </li><li>在共同关注和参与社会的条件，打开窗帘，使婴儿能看到实验者。关闭窗帘所以实验者在非社会和La从婴儿的视图中隐藏nguage仅条件。 </li></ol></li><li>辖四个条件:非社会，共同关注，社会参与，和语言而已。呈现每个条件两次总共八个块。辖每一块2.5分钟，以保持婴儿的注意。 <ol><li>辖以下顺序块:社会参与，非社会，共同关注的，语言只是，共同关注，非社会，社会参与，和语言而已。目前的计算机上一个白色的屏幕，并使用铃声来提醒实验者开始下一个块。 <ol><li>对于社会参与，倚在电脑显示器之间的表。要面对面面对面与婴儿。维持婴儿的注意力，使婴儿不会集中在屏幕上（作为同一对象继续出现）。只有在整个条件的婴幼儿看。请不要在屏幕看起来还是点。 注意:如果在图片的婴儿点，尽量拉婴幼儿的提示BACK，但不遵循幼儿的目光。确保共同关注不存在。有积极的影响和应对偶然。在每个块，唱儿歌与手部动作（ 例如，Itsy bitsy的蜘蛛，车轮上的总线）和播放PEEK-A-BOO。适应需要，以保持婴儿的兴趣。整个块保持积极的影响。 </li><li>对于非社会条件，去幕后（从婴儿视图中隐藏）。保持整个条件沉默。 </li><li>对于联合关注条件，倚在电脑显示器之间的桌子是脸对脸与婴儿。引导幼儿注意在监视器上的图像和照片发表评论。如表1中描述的跟随话语和指向方向为每个试验的指定的脚本。 见表1块和特定的话语每次试验名单。 <ol><li>在每个TRIA的开始L，使与婴儿的眼神接触，并继续对婴幼儿的注意力投标直至婴儿看起来。转在预先指定的方向（左或右），看相应的屏幕，并指向画面，同时说对于每个试验中特定发声。 </li><li>回看婴儿，继续画面和婴儿的脸部之间交替注视，直到审判结束。 </li></ol></li><li>对于唯一的语言条件，转到幕后，并在电脑屏幕上的图片发表评论。按照表1中对每个试验中列出的指定的话语（ 表1;语言只）。使用语音的音调相同的联合关注的条件。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55596/55596fig1.jpg" /> 图1:一个非社会Object的实施例。对象（花）的类型为t他同样跨越块，但在颜色变化。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55596/55596fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table><tbody><tr><td> 1.社会参与（窗帘打开）:保持婴儿的注意力。热烈交谈的婴儿和偶然回应。策略包括互动式儿童用手势歌曲如itsy-bitsy的蜘蛛，并在总线上的轮子。 </td></tr><tr><td> 2.非社会（窗帘关闭）:保持安静。 </td></tr><tr><td> 3.共同关注（窗帘打开） </td></tr><tr><td> R =看右画面; L =看屏幕左侧。指定其实验者的权利。 </td></tr><tr><td> 1.看在这里清凉的画面！你认为这是一个很酷的图片吗？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td> 2.我很喜欢这幅画在这里。你怎么看？ （L） </td></tr><tr><td> 3.嗨，让我们都来看看这个屏幕一起！你能看到我指着图片？ （L） </td></tr><tr><td> 4.哇，这张照片是真是太棒了！你喜欢的图片吗？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td> 5.嘿，看过来！这难道不是一个愚蠢的图片？ （L） </td></tr><tr><td> 6.看看在这里清凉的画面！你认为这是一个很酷的图片吗？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td> 7.我真的很喜欢这幅画在这里。你怎么看？ （L） </td></tr><tr><td> 8.嗨，让我们都来看看这个屏幕一起！你能看到我指着图片？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td>哇哦，这张照片是真是太棒了！你喜欢的图片吗？ （L） </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> 10.嘿，看过来！这难道不是一个愚蠢的图片？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td> 4.语言仅-（窗帘关闭） </td></tr><tr><td> 1.看在这里清凉的画面！你认为这是一个很酷的图片吗？ </td></tr><tr><td> 2.我很喜欢这幅画在这里。你怎么看？ </td></tr><tr><td> 3.嗨，让我们都来看看这个屏幕一起！你能看到我指着图片？ </td></tr><tr><td> 4.哇，这张照片是真是太棒了！你喜欢的图片吗？ </td></tr><tr><td> 5.嘿，看过来！这难道不是一个愚蠢的图片？ </td></tr><tr><td> 6.看看在这里清凉的画面！你认为这是一个很酷的图片吗？ </td></tr><tr><td> 7.我真的很喜欢这幅画在这里。你怎么看？ </td></tr><tr><td> 8.嗨，让我们都来看看这个屏幕一起！你能看到我指着图片？ </td></tr><tr><td>哇哦，这张照片是真是太棒了！你喜欢的图片吗？ </td></tr><tr><td> 10.嘿，看过来！这难道不是一个愚蠢的图片？ </td></tr><tr><td> 5.共同关注（窗帘打开） </td></tr><tr><td> 1.哇，这张照片是真是太棒了！你喜欢的图片吗？ （L） </td></tr><tr><td>嘿，看过来！这难道不是一个愚蠢的图片？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td> 3.嗨，让我们都来看看这个屏幕一起！你能看到我指着图片？ （L） </td></tr><tr><td> 4.我很喜欢这幅画在这里。你怎么看？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td> 5.查看过这里的很酷的图片！你认为这是一个很酷的图片吗？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td> 6.哇，这张照片是真是太棒了！你喜欢的图片吗？ （L） </td></tr><tr><td> 7.嘿，看过来！这难道不是一个愚蠢的图片？ （L） </td></tr><tr><td> 8.嗨，让我们都来看看这个屏幕一起！你能看到我指着图片？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td> 9.我很喜欢这幅画在这里。你怎么看？ （L） </td></tr><tr><td> 10.看在这里清凉的画面！你认为这是一个很酷的图片吗？ （R） </td></tr><tr><td> 6.非社会（窗帘关闭）:保持安静。 </td></tr><tr><td> 7.社会参与（窗帘打开）:保持婴儿的注意力。热烈交谈的婴儿和偶然回应。战略性ES包括交互式儿童用手势歌曲如itsy-bitsy的蜘蛛，并在总线上的轮子。 </td></tr><tr><td> 8.语言仅-（窗帘关闭） </td></tr><tr><td> 1.哇，这张照片是真是太棒了！你喜欢的图片吗？ </td></tr><tr><td>嘿，看过来！这难道不是一个愚蠢的图片？ </td></tr><tr><td> 3.嗨，让我们都来看看这个屏幕一起！你能看到我指着图片？ </td></tr><tr><td> 4.我很喜欢这幅画在这里。你怎么看？ </td></tr><tr><td> 5.查看过这里的很酷的图片！你认为这是一个很酷的图片吗？ </td></tr><tr><td> 6.哇，这张照片是真是太棒了！你喜欢的图片吗？ </td></tr><tr><tD&gt; 7。嘿，看过来！这难道不是一个愚蠢的图片？ </td></tr><tr><td> 8.嗨，让我们都来看看这个屏幕一起！你能看到我指着图片？ </td></tr><tr><td> 9.我很喜欢这幅画在这里。你怎么看？ </td></tr><tr><td> 10.看在这里清凉的画面！你认为这是一个很酷的图片吗？ </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:块和脚本的秩序。 <ol start="5"><li>清理<ol><li>继脑电图记录，从婴儿的头上入网。 </li><li>消毒按照制造商的协议网络。 </li><li>保存脑电图记录文件。在这种模式中，当程序在模式结束时自动关闭EEG录音文件自动保存。 </li></ol></li><li>脑电图数据处理<sup类="外部参照"&gt; 15,16 <ol><li>槽口以60Hz过滤原始EEG数据，然后应用0.1Hz的高通滤波器。 </li><li>段中的原始数据转换为更短的长度时期。 注:此模式细分的数据为30秒时期，因为目标是在参与的不同状态来评估婴儿脑电功率。如果过多的数据丢失是一个问题，更短的时期，如1 - 可以使用3秒。 </li><li>执行每个时期伪影剔除。排除来自每个历元的电极如果根指的是EEG电压数据的平方超过175μV或如果放大器在信号出现内的任何时间饱和。拒绝从进一步分析&gt; 20个排除电极时期。重新参考EEG到其余电极的平均参考。 </li><li>使用傅立叶变换来计算EEG功率在每个历元为选择的频带的每个电极。计算脑电功率平均为感兴趣区域。平均好历元，以产生对于每种条件，区域，和频带的平均功率值。登录使用的自然对数变换功率值。 注:婴儿在给定的条件下可用的脑电图数据，他们必须在该条件数据中的至少一个可用30秒时代。该协议使用具有基于液体的盐水电极的高密度EEG系统（见材料表 ）开发。其他EEG系统是合适的，但具体步骤可能会有所不同。 </li></ol></li><li>婴儿展望行为16的编码。 <ol><li>使用行为编码软件与来编码视频帧接一帧的能力（每30 个第二个的）。添加代码，以每个婴儿的视频文件，以纪念在每个块开始（ 例如，使用的铃声，表示在范式段过渡）。 注:对于联合关注块，标记每个试验开始（使用审发的声音，在范式）和DIR挠度实验者点（左或右;使用其中概述哪个方向上各试验实验者点脚本）。 </li><li>代码中的婴儿的社会参与和共同关注的条件时的样子。 注:例如，在这项研究中的一些代码（或事件）的包括:"婴幼儿看屏幕左侧"，"婴幼儿看着屏幕右边"，"婴幼儿看着实验者"，"婴幼儿看着父母的脸"，‘婴幼儿看别处’（ 例如，当婴儿看起来比屏幕，实验者，或父母之外的任何地方），而‘失踪’（当婴儿是从摄像机画面）。列车编码器到0.80卡帕的可靠性阈值和双码20％的视频，以评估评估者间的可靠性。使用的编码软件，以评估这两个编码器具有相同的持续时间编写同样的期待行为的程度。用一秒的公差窗口，以便发作或偏移对方一秒钟之内寻找行为将被记为一个协议。 </li><li>量化的社会参与状况看婴儿的行为。 <ol><li>在对社会参与块的总时间计算（看社会参与块×100的实验者/总时间时间）婴儿看着实验者的时间的百分比。此变量索引的程度，婴儿照料实验者，从而在社会接合状态接合为目的。 </li></ol></li><li>量化联合关注条件婴儿看的行为。 <ol><li>评估时间的婴儿跟随实验者的角度和视线的百分比。 <ol><li>实验者尖离开时选择视频的秒数。在这一时间窗口，计算婴儿看着左屏幕，右屏幕的时间。接下来，选择的时候实验者指出正确的，并计算时间婴儿看着屏幕左侧和右侧屏幕。 </li><li>综上所述婴儿看着正确的屏幕的时间（ 即时间实验者尖左，婴儿看了看左边的屏幕和时间时，实验者指出权利和婴儿看着屏幕右侧）。 </li><li>综上所述婴儿看了看屏幕不正确的时间（ 即时间，当实验者尖左，婴儿看着屏幕右侧的时间当实验者指出权利和婴儿看着屏幕左侧）。 </li><li>计算的时候，婴儿看着正确的屏幕和不正确的屏幕，从总找时间联合关注块的百分比。这个变量指标的程度婴儿高精度地追踪实验者对共同关注的出价。 </li></ol></li><li>计算的时间百分比进行联合关注块中的婴儿看着电子xperimenter。 </li><li>总结时间的婴儿花费在寻找正确的屏幕和实验者的百分比。这个变量指标，其婴幼儿从事共同关注的程度。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

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作者没有披露报告。

首先，它是至关重要的.NET应用程序是正确的，阻抗降低。第二，向家长解释脑电图网络应用和模式将需要和家长如何帮助安抚婴儿，如果不说话或做眼睛接触婴儿，这将模糊之间的界线，他们变得挑剔是很重要的社会和非社会条件。此外，指导家长让婴儿从拉动网，这可能会影响脑电数据，并导致净损害。三，一致的管理模式是至关重要的。这包括使用语音的同样的色调和在所有条件和所有参与...

社会交往是幼儿神经发育1，2至关重要。尽管最近的研究已经开始关注社会脑3,4的发展，参与社交活动的神经过程还不是很清楚。该报道的方法的目的是评估婴儿脑电图（EEG）的功率，从神经元释放通信电压的测量，控制整个社会和非社会环境如何变化。这种方法允许特定的社会如何输入方面的差异涉及到神经活动的评估和对未来的研究评估功能神经激活时要考虑的记录语境的作用产生影响。 脑电图是测量婴儿大脑的活动，因为它是无创性和强大的婴幼儿运动非常适合的方法。的电极组成的帽是对股价对婴儿的头部从神经元沟通过程中释放的大脑皮层记录电活动。 EEG功率是在各电极部位在一段时间电压的量度。 EEG是神经活动的功能测量，并由此部分地反映在其下的EEG记录在即时上下文。由于它的功能性质，EEG功率具有跨越使用被试内设计的上下文，从而索引上下文特定的激活进行比较的电位。因此，EEG可用于评估特异性社交互动的更一般都神经基础特定于上下文的激活的和。然而，这一潜力尚未得到充分发挥婴儿脑电图只有一个条件过程中经常记录。 一个"停止状态"或基线，这并不总是清楚社会和非社会输入区分在许多研究都记录婴儿脑动力。在某些情况下，脑电图记录为婴儿的手表实验者旋转的宾果轮5，6，7，观看实验者吹气泡8或观看实验者摇动拨浪鼓9,10。然而，婴幼儿可以参加要么实验者或对象，和婴幼儿的特点可能会影响他们如何引导他们的注意力。因此，对于一些婴儿，如果他们参加实验者基线可能是社会和其他婴幼儿，如果他们主要参加对象基线可能会非社会。脑电图反映了记录方面，观察基线脑电图，研究人员可以解释为稳定或发育有意义的可能仅仅是由于什么婴儿在记录的时间参加到不同的个体差异。事实上，一项研究记录的EEG，而婴儿观看了女子的歌声，同时保持物体<sup类= "外部参照"&gt; 11。根据向变对婴儿是否重视妇女或对象婴儿脑电功率。这表明这两个婴儿脑电功率来评估社会交往的神经基础的功能性，还可以EEG记录期间使用的控制条件的方法论意义。 社会交往是复杂的，多方面的。因此，如果脑电图自然的互动中被记录，这可能是难以梳理出的相互作用的不同方面（ 例如，听力语言，交互作用面到面，或在共同关注参与）的神经处理。 A到解决这一问题的策略包括包括不同的条件，各参与社会交往的某一方面。因此，这种模式的目的是系统地比较脑电功率根据特定类型的社会投入的是如何变化的。 报告中，受试者范式涉及REC奥尔丁婴儿脑电图中4个条件。的条件，既要检查婴儿脑电功率的功能性质 - 它如何变化取决于记录语境 - 并评估特定类型的社会投入的角色。首先，包括了非社会条件，其中婴幼儿看到了两台电脑画面中的对象。通过在计算机屏幕上呈现的对象，而不是具有实验者操纵的对象，这种情况显然是非社会的，不涉及形式的社会的输入。接下来，被列入共同关注的条件在实验者引导婴儿的注意图片和津津乐道的图片。因此，联合关注条件包括三个类型的社会输入:面对面的面对面的互动，语言输入，并且共同关注，增加的分量。因此，非社会和联合关注条件对三维（面到面的相互作用，语言输入，和共同关注的存在下）不同。因此，任何DIFF在非社会和共同关注的条件之间的脑电功率erences可归因于任何这三个社会投入。因此，被包括2个额外的条件梳理开哪些社交输入的方面解释了非社会和关节引起注意的情况之间在神经活性的任何观察到的差异。为了评估语言的影响，仅语言的条件被列入其中婴儿可能会听到电脑上的图片实验者评论，却不见实验者。因此，如果脑电功率为联合关注和比较，非社会条件唯一的语言条件时类似，这种效果可以归因于语言。最后，评估脸对脸相互作用的影响，社会参与的条件被列入其中，实验者是脸对脸与婴儿与幼儿偶然接合。如果与第n脑电功率为联合关注和参与社会的条件时相似onsocial条件，联合关注和非社会条件之间的差异可以归因于面对面地面对面的互动。如果联合关注和非社会条件之间的差别不是由语言只和社会参与状况说明，这将表明的共同关注存在特别是解释脑电功率差异。这一模式与12个月大的婴儿试点，因为这是在联合注意的能力是公认的12年龄。此外，在这段时间内共同关注的是在生活中13，14的第二年语言的发展尤为重要，所以在这种情况下神经激活是在这个年龄段特别感兴趣。 该模式的目的是维持婴幼儿的兴趣，同时也确保了条件标准化，只有在SOC的类型不同IAL输入。每个的四个条件为总共八个块，其实验者之间交替存在（联合关注和社会接合条件）或不存在（非社会和仅语言条件）重复一次。为了保持一致性，对象的照片中的所有条件都与同一话语跨块使用。在每个块中，非社会的对象10倍的照片显示在计算机屏幕上顺序。有10类对象（ 例如，花，手套）的和每个对象的四种颜色。因此，相同的10个类别的对象在与整个块改变所述对象的颜色的每个块被呈现。刺激被选定为婴儿有趣。在合资的关注和唯一的语言条件，实验者使脚本话语为每个对象出现在屏幕上。有10米特定的话语（与指定的方向指向左侧或右侧的计算机屏幕在关节注意条件）。话语是相同的共同关注和唯一的语言条件，但是在一个变量，以保持婴儿的兴趣，并防止关联与特定的话语对象的特定类别的说。话语的顺序是第一个联合注块和第一只语块相同。然后，为了使第二共同关注，只有语言块变化。最后，指点方向的每个关节注块变化，是伪随机的，因此，婴儿无法预料的方向。

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG Amplifier</td><td>EGI</td><td>N/A</td><td>We used a net amps 300 system. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/</td></tr><tr><td>EEG Sensor Nets</td><td>EGI</td><td>N/A</td><td>We used HDGSN 130 nets with 128 channels in pediatric sizes. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/geodesic-sensor-nets</td></tr><tr><td>EEG Recording Software</td><td>Netstation</td><td>N/A</td><td>Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/net-station</td></tr><tr><td>EEG Recording Computer</td><td>Apple</td><td>N/A</td><td>An apple computer is required to run the Netstation software. The operating system just has to match the version of Netstation used.</td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus Presentation Computer</td><td>Dell</td><td>N/A</td><td>E-Prime 2.0 is compatible with PCs running Microsoft Windows&lt;br/&gt; XP SP3, Vista SP1, 7 SP1, 8/8.1 and 10</td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus Presentation Software - E-Prime 2.0 Professional Edition</td><td>Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td><td>http://www.psychology-software-tools.mybigcommerce.com/e-prime-2-0-professional/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus Presentation Monitors</td><td>Dell</td><td>N/A</td><td>LCD monitors are appropriate.</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p9541?lang=en&amp;amp;region=US</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes</td><td>Karter Scientific Labware Manufacturing Co.</td><td>http://www.kartersci.com/7ml_&lt;br /&gt;Volume_3ml_Graduated_&lt;br /&gt;Transfer_Pipette_Karter_&lt;br /&gt;p/206h2.htm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disinfectant-Control 3 Disinfectent Germicide</td><td>Maril Products Inc</td><td>https://www.amazon.com/Control-Disinfectant-Germicide-Cntrl3-Concntr/dp/B007AZ37VC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG Processing Software</td><td>MATLAB</td><td>https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data Analysis Software</td><td>SPSS</td><td>https://www.ibm.com/marketplace/cloud/statistical-analysis-and-reporting/purchase/us/en-us#product-header-top</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coding Software - The Observer XT</td><td>Noldus</td><td>http://www.noldus.com/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;General Note:&lt;/strong&gt; This equipment list includes what was used in the presented study, however other systems and products with the same capabilities are also appropriate.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a within-subjects experimental protocol to assess the effects of social input on infant eeg

尽管社会互动对婴幼儿大脑发育的重要性，很少有研究评估功能性神经激活婴幼儿的同时进行社交互动。脑电图（EEG）功率的有利技术来评估婴儿功能神经激活。然而，许多研究记录婴儿脑电图仅在一个基线条件。这个协议描述了被设计为全面评估在社会和非社会上下文婴儿EEG活性以及挑逗开如何不同类型的社会输入差分涉及婴儿EEG的范式。所述受试者内的范例包括四个控制的条件。在非社会条件下，婴幼儿查看在计算机屏幕上的对象。联合关注条件包括实验者引导婴儿的注意画面。联合关注条件包括三种类型的社会投入的:语言，脸对脸互动，共同关注的存在。差异在非社会和共同关注的条件之间的婴儿脑电图可能是由于这三种类型的输入的。因此，被包括两个附加条件（一个语言输入而实验者隐藏在屏幕后面和一个与面 - 面交互），以评估在婴儿神经激活的模式驱动的背景因素。代表结果表明，婴儿的脑电功率的条件变化，整体和差异的脑区，配套婴儿脑电功率的功能性质。这种技术是，它包括明显的社会或非社会的条件有利的，并且允许对特定类型的社交输入的如何与EEG功率检查。这种模式可以用来年龄如何个体差异评估，影响，社会经济地位，和父母与婴儿的互动质量关系到社会大脑的发育。根据婴儿脑电功率的证明功能性质，未来的研究翔ULD考虑的脑电图记录背景和设计条件显然是社会和非社会中的作用。

婴幼儿行为展望代表性的成果是从73×12个月大的婴儿12。条件是有效改变婴儿的寻找行为16。在社会参与状况，婴幼儿度过了大部分时间看着实验者，如预期（平均而言，参与社会条件中时60.06％）。此外，每一个婴儿看着实验者的时间超过50％。在共同关注的条件，婴儿准确其次实验者的目光?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG at JoVE.com

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

这种新颖的协议的目的是评估婴幼儿社会交往的神经基础。该模式旨在梳理社会投入，如语言，共同关注和面对面的面对面的互动除了如何将各种涉及到婴幼儿神经激活。在社会和非社会条件婴儿脑电功率被记录下来。

一个被试内实验协议，以评估对婴幼儿脑社会投入的影响

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

a-within-subjects-experimental-protocol-to-assess-effects-social

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

7.7K 次观看.  Boston University. 这种新颖的协议的目的是评估婴幼儿社会交往的神经基础。该模式旨在梳理社会投入，如语言，共同关注和面对面的面对面的互动除了如何将各种涉及到婴幼儿神经激活。在社会和非社会条件婴儿脑电功率被记录下来。 

视频: A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

高密度的脑电图记录在儿童的皮质来源分析

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

科研

行为学

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or knockdown gene expression in a relatively focused region without significant damage to the brain tissue. After recovery, the injected mouse can be tested on various behavioral tasks such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). The OFT is designed to assess locomotion and the anxious phenotype in mice by measuring the amount of time that a mouse spends in the center of a novel open field. A more anxious mouse will spend significantly less time in the center of the novel field compared to controls. The FST assesses the anti-depressive phenotype by quantifying the amount of time that mice spend immobile when placed into a bucket of water. A mouse with an anti-depressive phenotype will spend significantly less time immobile compared to control animals. The goal of this protocol is to use the stereotactic injection of a lentivirus in conjunction with behavioral tests to assess how genetic factors modulate animal behaviors.

Stereotactic injection of lentiviruses expressing cDNAs or shRNAs can modulate gene expression in specific brain areas of mice. Here, we present a protocol to combine stereotactic injections with behavioral tasks, such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST).

应用立体定向注射技术在研究动物行为的遗传效应

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题:社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has focused on the cognitive strategies people adopt to deal with uncertainty. However, especially when uncertainty is due to unpredictable societal events (e.g., economical crises, political revolutions, terrorism threats) of which one is unable to judge the impact on one&#8217;s future live, cognitive strategies (like seeking additional information) is likely to fail to combat uncertainty. Instead, the current paper discusses a method demonstrating that people might deal with uncertainty experientially through soft haptic sensations. More specifically, because touching something soft creates a feeling of comfort and security, people prefer objects with softer as compared to harder properties when feeling uncertain. Seeking for softness is a highly efficient and effective tool to deal with uncertainty as our hands are available at all times. This protocol describes a set of methods demonstrating 1) how environmental (un)certainty can be situationally activated with an experiential priming procedure, 2) that the quality of the softness experience (what type of softness and how it is experienced) matters and 3) how uncertainty can be reduced using different methods.

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

实验研究研究如何人能不确定性通过软触觉感知应对

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

在自由，表现人类婴儿一种新的实验和分析方法意向的多模态神经解码期间社会互动

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography (dEEG)

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any other current brain imaging technology1,2, is being used increasingly in the study of social cognitive functioning in infants and adults. While dEEG is enabling researchers to examine brain activity patterns with unprecedented levels of sensitivity, conventional EEG recording systems continue to face certain limitations, including 1) poor spatial resolution and source localization3,4,2) the physical discomfort for test subjects of enduring the individual application of numerous electrodes to the surface of the scalp, and 3) the complexity for researchers of learning to use multiple software packages to collect and process data. Here we present an overview of an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults. Although several analytical software techniques can be used to establish indirect indices of source localization to improve the spatial resolution of dEEG, the HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net (HCGSN) by Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI), a dense sensory array that maintains equal distances among adjacent recording electrodes on all surfaces of the scalp, further enhances spatial resolution4,5,6 compared to standard dEEG systems. The sponge-based HCGSN can be applied rapidly and without scalp abrasion, making it ideal for use with adults7,8, children9,10,11, and infants12, in both research and clinical4,5,6,13,14,15 settings. This feature allows for considerable cost and time savings by decreasing the average net application time compared to other dEEG systems. Moreover, the HCGSN includes unified, seamless software applications for all phases of data, greatly simplifying the collection, processing, and analysis of dEEG data.
The HCGSN features a low-profile electrode pedestal, which, when filled with electrolyte solution, creates a sealed microenvironment and an electrode-scalp interface. In all Geodesic dEEG systems, EEG sensors detect changes in voltage originating from the participant's scalp, along with a small amount of electrical noise originating from the room environment. Electrical signals from all sensors of the Geodesic sensor net are received simultaneously by the amplifier, where they are automatically processed, packaged, and sent to the data-acquisition computer (DAC). Once received by the DAC, scalp electrical activity can be isolated from artifacts for analysis using the filtering and artifact detection tools included in the EGI software. Typically, the HCGSN can be used continuously for only up to two hours because the electrolyte solution dries out over time, gradually decreasing the quality of the scalp-electrode interface.
In the Parent-Infant Research Lab at the University of Toronto, we are using dEEG to study social cognitive processes including memory, emotion, goals, intentionality, anticipation, and executive functioning in both adult and infant participants.

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG

Dense array electroencephalography is being used increasingly to study social cognitive functions in infants and adults. Here we present an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults.

调查婴儿和成人使用密集阵脑电图的社会认知（ D脑电图）

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any ...

神经科学

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

婴儿与照顾者互动中的真实 EEG 和 ECG 同步

Home-Based EEG Hyperscanning for Infant-Caregiver Social Interactions

Prior hyperscanning studies that record the brain activities of caregivers and children concurrently have primarily been conducted within the confines of the laboratory, thus limiting the generalizability of results to real-life settings. Here, a comprehensive protocol for capturing synchronized electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), and behavioral recordings from infant-caregiver dyads during various interactive tasks at home is proposed. This protocol demonstrates how to synchronize the different data streams and report EEG data retention rates and quality checks. Additionally, critical issues and possible solutions with respect to the experimental setup, tasks, and data collection in home settings are discussed. The protocol is not limited to infant-caregiver dyads but can be applied to various dyadic constellations. Overall, we demonstrate the flexibility of EEG hyperscanning setups, which allow experiments to be conducted outside of the laboratory to capture participants' brain activities in more ecologically valid environmental settings. Yet, movement and other types of artifacts still constrain the experimental tasks that can be performed in the home setting.

作者聚焦:通过同步多模态数据收集捕获婴儿与照顾者的互动

This protocol describes how synchronized electroencephalography, electrocardiography, and behavioral recordings were captured from infant-caregiver dyads in a home setting.

用于婴儿与照顾者社交互动的家庭脑电图超扫描

Prior hyperscanning studies that record the brain activities of caregivers and children concurrently have primarily been conducted within the confines of ...