Name: a simple and scalable fabrication method for organic electronic devices on textiles
Uploaded: 2017-03-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 21 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge the BPI PIAVE AUTONOTEX grant for the financial support.

1.图案纺织导电聚合物<ol><li>在此过程中固定在易于处理的平面表面在10cm×10cm的织物片。用于纺织，使用100％的双罗纹针织聚酯织物的厚度为300微米，针织方向拉伸能力达50％。 </li><li>为了使包含图形设计的面具，使用125微米厚的聚酰亚胺薄膜;的图案的例子在图1中示出。 <ol><li>使用激光切割器（ 例如，Protolaser S，LPKF），以图案的聚酰亚胺掩模10;电极的图案设计在图1中示出。 </li><li>涂布的PDMS制剂（10:1基固化剂的比例），使用自动带铸造工具（K控制印刷涂布机，刮刀）为200微米，在一个的湿膜厚度上的掩模（聚酰亚胺膜）的顶6米/分钟的涂布速度。使用约0.5毫升为3厘米×5厘米的掩模。执行日是通风柜下处理。 </li></ol></li><li>轻轻织物转移到涂覆PDMS-掩模。离开10分钟，在此之后，PDMS应当在织物结构被充分吸收。 </li><li>固化样品在空气烘箱中在100℃下10分钟。 </li><li>制备导电性聚合物:PEDOT:PSS分散液（80毫升），乙二醇（20毫升），4-十二烷基苯磺酸（40微升），并在通风橱3-甲基丙烯酰（1毫升）。 </li><li>刷涂布PEDOT:对纺织的游离PDMS区域的PSS溶液，直至溶液的均匀渗透被获得。重复此步骤，实现了统一的图案颜色。应用约1毫升/厘米2。 </li><li>固化在110℃的织物1小时以干燥PEDOT:PSS溶液。降低温度至60℃为将高温处理敏感，如尼龙的纺织品。 </li></ol> 2.有机器件制造注:第1节describ协议ES进行纺织品材料的选择性沉积。下面的章节将描述制造有机器件，如拉伸传感器，OECT晶体管，皮肤电极，电容式传感器所需要的额外的步骤。 <ol><li>为了制造对纺织拉伸传感器， 如图3a所示，图案的电极线，如在第1节中所述，步骤1.1-1.5。 注:图案设计的一个例子示于图3a。这种传感器的制造不需要任何额外的步骤。 </li><li>为了制造在图3b中所示的晶体管设计，图案按照第1中描述的步骤的尼龙机织色带晶体管阵列稍微修改的PDMS退火和PEDOT:PSS的固化步骤，通过在60℃固化，以避免尼龙的热降解下一个较长的时间。 </li><li>用于皮肤的电极的制造中， 如图3c所示，沉积一个PSS纺织品:在图案化PEDOT离子凝胶。 <ol><li>制备含有离子液体的离子液体的凝胶混合物，1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑乙基硫酸盐;的交联剂，聚（乙二醇）二丙烯酸酯;和光引发剂，2-羟基-2-甲基苯丙酮在0.6 / 0.35 / 0.05，分别（体积/体积）的比例。 </li><li>涂层在PEDOT:与离子液体（20微升/厘米2）的PSS电极和由滴铸步骤2.3.1（25微升/厘米2）添加离子液体的凝胶混合物。 </li><li>暴露于UV光（365纳米）以引发交联反应10-15分钟，直至凝胶固化。执行在通风柜此步骤。 UV曝光时使用紫外线防护笼。 </li></ol></li><li>用于电容传感器的制造，使用PEDOT:用绝缘材料（ 图3d）绝缘的PSS纺织品电极。 <ol><li>隔离键盘般的PEDOT:使用PDMS PSS电极;键盘设计可以在图2b &lt;可见/ STRONG&gt;。分配在织物顶部的PDMS制剂并用刮板除去多余的。 </li><li>放置织物的烘箱中在100℃下进行10分钟。执行在通风柜此步骤。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

导电材料的图案化是在功能的电子器件的制造中的第一个步骤。这可以成为具有挑战性的，因为在制造过程中需要考虑到这样的材料的化学和物理性质，并且处理流程需要考虑的制造步骤之间的材料的交叉兼容性。在有机电子器件的微细加工，这两个方面是更加显著由于有机物的反应性高的性质。然而，今天，有机材料是可穿戴和柔性电子为其电弹性性能14,15极具吸引力。这些技术的纺织品以获得完全集成电子穿戴式的传送由它们的三维结构的限制。在微细加工中使用的常规技术被限制为只在薄SUBSTR导电油墨的喷墨或丝网印刷的阿泰和纺织品16，17，18。传统刺绣技术，其中单纤维缝入织物，仍然缺乏工业生产的可扩展性。 在有机材料的图案化的最重要的方面是，而不会干扰电性能沉积。在图1中所描述的图案化技术依赖于有机物的直接沉积，而无需满足淀积技术或工具的参数。的有机材料被配制成最好其表演，然后可以直接沉积在所选择的织物结构体。 PDMS的效用是关键，从解决方案模式上的材料纺织品。从低粘度溶液的导电材料，而不是使用膏状油墨中的应用，使得在织物结构的保形和深涂层。然而，它限制了selectivË沉积并导致图案分辨率的损失。我们已经通过创建从PDMS负图案以限制非受控导电溶液渗透入纺织克服此限制。与PDMS的战略选择是基于其粘弹性性能，这保持纺织伸缩性和灵活性。将PDMS也是疏水性的，允许在PEDOT的扩散的控制:在图案化期间的基于水的PSS溶液。我们观察到，使用该协议所制造的导电性图案中机械变形表现出良好的导电性和稳定性。这种方法允许与具有电子功能的智能组件现有服装的未来定制。然而，临界和，在某些情况下，限制了该方法的要点之一是仍在穿戴条件的有机材料的耐用性。一些方面中，例如在洗涤一后的机械应力性和行为有机纺织品进行烘干次，还是一个未知数。 绝大多数可佩戴电子设备的依赖于伸缩器件，其中创建类似弹簧的结构，以保持设备变形期间的电连接。根据纺织类型，在针织织物的纤维被组装在一个马蹄形的设计，提供了结构的机械伸缩性。用导电材料涂覆这些纺织品允许单独的纤维来充当智能服装应变和运动传感器， 如图3a所示 。此外，更复杂的设备的几何形状可以容易地图案化，不仅对针织物，而且对织造织物。在图3b中 ，我们提出了具有可变几何OECTs的阵列。在传统的光刻，大和小的特点同时制造几乎是不可能实现的，而不需要多个步骤。我们证明，我们的图案化技术是能够全国生产Ë模式与从0.5mm变化到约一百倍的分辨率。这种晶体管可直接使用在穿戴汗水传感具有可调节时间响应和检测分辨率19。 我们已经证明，PDMS还允许附加的功能层的连续沉积以选择性方式， 如图2。那么设备可以集成在纺织品，成为完全集成在可穿戴式系统。在图2a中的处理示出了皮肤的纺织品电极，其中在电极和皮肤之间的接触与离子性液体凝胶增强的制造。在皮肤电可穿戴电极从引起记录在穿用者和电极之间的电接触退化运动伪影苦。在纺织电极离子凝胶整合的可能性将打开一个包含一个有效的沟通渠道人体，这是所希望的在可穿戴的医疗设备。这种装置的一个例子可在图3c中看到。 的其它活性物质的连续沉积可导致使用堆叠几何如有机电池，电容器，太阳能电池，晶体管，或传感器设备。 图2b示出的绝缘或介电材料的沉积路径。一种可佩戴有机键盘（ 图3d）可使用该方法，其中该PDMS用于创建在电极顶部的介电层来制造。这样的装置能够电容变化的电极和手指，其可具有在可穿戴计算和人机接口可能有趣的应用之间感测的。

可穿戴电子领域是一个快速增长的市场预计将价值50十亿欧元的2025年，在目前市场的三倍。当前面临的穿戴式设备的主要挑战是，侵入式固体电子附件限制在可穿戴式系统建立了设备的使用。使用已经存在于日常生活的纺织品是避免这种限制一个非常有吸引力的，直接的方法。由于它的弹性性能，我们穿着服装的某些部分是自然与皮肤紧密接触。目前市场上可用的智能衣服的许多例子都基于轻薄，塑料显示器，键盘和嵌入纺织品的光源设备，连接与人类电子在一个时尚的方式1。在体育实践中，卫生监测依赖于纺织电极，它提供常用的胶粘剂电极和金属腕带舒适的替代品。这里，导电性纤维是有弹性的面料直接集成，以防止皮肤刺激和长期佩戴过程中其他不适。此外，纺织品提供了许多机会来整合曲率传感器捕捉运动2，剪切传感器整合为功能性机器人致动器3的发展，当然到生物传感器通过检测分析物的汗水4集成。 现代可穿戴技术依赖于具有独特性质提供电子设备基于碳的半导体材料。有机物的"软"性与人体接口比传统的固态电子提供更好的机械性能。这种机械相容性，与机械柔性基板成对的，使能在设备中使用的非平面外形如纺织品。利用有机物也是生命科学相关，由于其混合ELEctronic和离子电导率5。此外，有机半导体和光电子材料赋予了大量的各种带显示，晶体管，逻辑和电源功能6，7，8，9功能器件。在这样的有机器件的制造的主要困难是纺织品的非平面表面上的功能材料的受控沉积。传统的微细加工技术由以纺织基材的结构维度沉积过程的不相容主要限制。 在这里，我们描述一个简单且可扩展的制造协议，允许对结构化织物导电聚合物的选择性沉积。所提出的方法使得可穿戴和保形电子器件的制造。该方法是基于C的图案形成ommercially可用导电聚合物聚（3,4-乙撑）:聚（苯乙烯磺酸酯）（PEDOT:PSS）和纺织品的弹性体蜡纸材料聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）。这种组合允许用于含水PEDOT的有效约束:PSS溶液，以及用于纺织品的柔软和可拉伸的特性的保留。这个简单的和可靠的制造方法铺平了道路的上直接以成本有效和工业上可伸缩的方式纺织各种电子设备的制造中的方法。

<table><tbody><tr><td>SYLGARD 184, Silicone elastomer kit (Base and Curing agent)</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td></td><td>PDMS elastomer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;The conducting polymer formulation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>CleviosTM PH 1000 PEDOT:PSS</td><td>Heraeus</td><td></td><td>Conductive polymer</td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene glycol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>03750-250ML</td><td>Solvent (EG), CAS: 107-21-1</td></tr><tr><td>3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M6514</td><td>Cros linker (GOPs), CAS: 2530-85-0</td></tr><tr><td>4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>44198</td><td>DBSA; CAS: 121-65-3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;The ionic liquid gel&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>UV lamp DFE 2340</td><td>C.I.F/ ATHELEC</td><td>DP134</td><td>UV-365 nm</td></tr><tr><td>1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>51682-100G-F</td><td>Ionic Liquid (IL), CAS: 342573-75-5</td></tr><tr><td>Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>455008-100ML</td><td>Mn 700, CAS: 26570-48-9</td></tr><tr><td>2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenon</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>405655-50ML</td><td>Phot Initiator (PI), CAS: 7473-98-5</td></tr><tr><td>The textile fabric</td><td>VWR</td><td>Spec-Wipe 7 Wipers</td><td>100% interlock knit polyester fabric</td></tr><tr><td>The polyimide film</td><td>DuPont</td><td>HN100</td><td>Polyimide film with 125 &amp;micro;m thickness</td></tr></tbody></table>

a simple and scalable fabrication method for organic electronic devices on textiles

Today, wearable electronics devices combine a large variety of functional, stretchable, and flexible technologies. However, in many cases, these devices cannot be worn under everyday conditions. Therefore, textiles are commonly considered the best substrate to accommodate electronic devices in wearable use. In this paper, we describe how to selectively pattern organic electroactive materials on textiles from a solution in an easy and scalable manner. This versatile deposition technique enables the fabrication of wearable organic electronic devices on clothes.

用于施加颜色或图案，以纺织传统方法依赖于可移动的掩模层，以允许染料的选择性沉积。在图1中 ，我们表明这种办法的PEDOT的图案化的适配:对纺织品的PSS电极。作为掩蔽层中，我们使用的疏水性聚二甲基硅氧烷，其可以抑制水性PEDOT的非可控扩散:PSS溶液。而且，柔软性和针织和机织织物的伸缩性可以保存得益于PDMS的弹性和机械性能。 在图1中 ，该过程开始于从聚酰亚胺膜（步骤1）制备的图案化的主的。图案轮廓的设计是由一个激光雕刻到薄膜上。使用磁带铸造工具，与PDMS施加在此主站（步骤2），和纺织被放置在它的上面（步骤3）。 ŧ<html>他PDMS然后逐步扩散到纺织品（步骤4）。为了制止这种转移，需要一个短暂的热退火工艺来固化PDMS。与PDMS的粘度和厚度可通过使用不同量的固化剂和涂料的参数，分别控制扩散并保证主设计的完美的复制进行调整。最后，导电溶液是刷子涂在无保护纺织品和烘烤干燥（步骤5）。聚酰亚胺主然后从织物表面剥离。的制造流程的结果在图1中所示，在右侧。在这种情况下，成功地形成图案置于针织聚酯。这样的纺织图案形成分辨率是大于1毫米。但是，也可以在紧密的或编织的纺织品中获得较低的分辨率。使用这种沉积技术，导电织物的估计薄层电阻是接近230Ω/□。 _content"FO:保持-together.within页="1"&gt;上针织和机织织物的功能的电子设备的例子示于图3a和b，包括成功制备的PEDOT:上编织纺织品的PSS电极上的天然马蹄形的排列在针织纺织纤维提供可调节伸缩性到织物上。这种弹簧状针织结构的能力可导致高度敏感的应变传感器11。在纺织结构的简单变形是通过在电阻率的变化，由于导电扭转反射纤维中的螺纹。此外，通过取纺织品的吸湿容量的优点，在图3b的电极的阵列图案的纺织品以与矩形通道和不同的栅极宽度，其可以在可穿戴汗水传感被用于平面晶体管。这样的几何结构在有机电化学transisto用于该通道和栅极被分析物12的样品联用于检测RS（OECT）。 所呈现的图形化技术可以扩展到对纺织品制造复杂的有机电子器件。作为PDMS模版保持在图案形成处理后的纺织，附加层可以在PEDOT被图案:PSS涂覆的导电纺织品。在图2中，我们提出在其中离子液体凝胶溶液（ 图2a）和PDMS制剂（ 图2b）被应用于官能或隔离PEDOT的表面上的过程:PSS电极。离子凝胶在皮肤电极主要用于。在进行纺织品的离子凝胶的掺入用于制造可穿戴纺织品电极，用于电生理监测10和图3c中示出。电容式传感器作了bŸ绝缘纺织电极表面PDMS。当电极被感动了检测的电容的变化。这样的触敏装置被用来制造有机电子织物键盘13， 如图3d的值 。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55439/55439fig1.jpg" /> 图1.工艺流程说明导电聚合物纺织品上的图案。示出导电聚合物上的纺织品的图案化处理流程。第1步:面膜准备;步骤2:在聚酰亚胺图案形成掩模定义期望设计的轮廓的PDMS沉积;步骤3:通过在涂布的PDMS掩模纺织的位置转移掩模层;步骤4:转移的PDMS到大量的纺织的，步骤5:导电性聚合物溶液到未受保护纺织品的沉积。右边的图片显示的地区环境部门一道的处理流程的关键步骤LTS。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55439/55439fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55439/55439fig2.jpg" /> 图2.两个制造有机器件的例子。制造有机器件的两个例子。在PEDOT 一 ）离子液体凝胶涂层:用于皮肤敏感PSS纺织电极。 PSS纺织电极触摸传感器:b）关于PEDOT绝缘层沉积。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55439/55439fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55439/55439fig3.jpg" /> 图3.有机电子文本的照片ILE设备。一个）PEDOT:PSS电极的拉伸感测。 B）OECT晶体管可穿戴生物传感阵列。 三 ）圆形PEDOT:涂覆有离子液体的凝胶用于皮肤电PSS电极。 d）对于可穿戴键盘有机触摸传感器。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55439/55439fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles at JoVE.com

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

在本文中，我们提出了一个协议，以选择性地沉积在纺织品上的有机材料，允许直接集成与身打扮有机电子器件。在制造的器件可以完全集成在纺织品，尊重他们的机械外观，使感应功能。

关于纺织品有机电子设备的简单和可扩展的制作方法

Today, wearable electronics devices combine a large variety of functional, stretchable, and flexible technologies. However, in many cases, these devices ...

a-simple-scalable-fabrication-method-for-organic-electronic-devices

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

10.4K 次观看.  Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne, CMP-EMSE, MOC. 在本文中，我们提出了一个协议，以选择性地沉积在纺织品上的有机材料，允许直接集成与身打扮有机电子器件。在制造的器件可以完全集成在纺织品，尊重他们的机械外观，使感应功能。 

视频: A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium

The development of hybrid electronic devices relies in large part on the integration of (bio)organic materials and inorganic semiconductors through a stable interface that permits efficient electron transport and protects underlying substrates from oxidative degradation. Group IV semiconductors can be effectively protected with highly-ordered self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) composed of simple alkyl chains that act as impervious barriers to both organic and aqueous solutions. Simple alkyl SAMs, however, are inert and not amenable to traditional patterning techniques. The motivation for immobilizing organic molecular systems on semiconductors is to impart new functionality to the surface that can provide optical, electronic, and mechanical function, as well as chemical and biological activity. 
Microcontact printing (&mu;CP) is a soft-lithographic technique for patterning SAMs on myriad surfaces.1-9 Despite its simplicity and versatility, the approach has been largely limited to noble metal surfaces and has not been well developed for pattern transfer to technologically important substrates such as oxide-free silicon and germanium. Furthermore, because this technique relies on the ink diffusion to transfer pattern from the elastomer to substrate, the resolution of such traditional printing is essentially limited to near 1 &mu;m.10-16
In contrast to traditional printing, inkless &mu;CP patterning relies on a specific reaction between a surface-immobilized substrate and a stamp-bound catalyst. Because the technique does not rely on diffusive SAM formation, it significantly expands the diversity of patternable surfaces. In addition, the inkless technique obviates the feature size limitations imposed by molecular diffusion, facilitating replication of very small (&lt;200 nm) features.17-23 However, up till now, inkless &mu;CP has been mainly used for patterning relatively disordered molecular systems, which do not protect underlying surfaces from degradation.
Here, we report a simple, reliable high-throughput method for patterning passivated silicon and germanium with reactive organic monolayers and demonstrate selective functionalization of the patterned substrates with both small molecules and proteins. The technique utilizes a preformed NHS-reactive bilayered system on oxide-free silicon and germanium. The NHS moiety is hydrolyzed in a pattern-specific manner with a sulfonic acid-modified acrylate stamp to produce chemically distinct patterns of NHS-activated and free carboxylic acids. A significant limitation to the resolution of many &mu;CP techniques is the use of PDMS material which lacks the mechanical rigidity necessary for high fidelity transfer. To alleviate this limitation we utilized a polyurethane acrylate polymer, a relatively rigid material that can be easily functionalized with different organic moieties. Our patterning approach completely protects both silicon and germanium from chemical oxidation, provides precise control over the shape and size of the patterned features, and gives ready access to chemically discriminated patterns that can be further functionalized with both organic and biological molecules. The approach is general and applicable to other technologically-relevant surfaces.

Here we describe a simple method for patterning oxide-free silicon and germanium with reactive organic monolayers and demonstrate functionalization of the patterned substrates with small molecules and proteins. The approach completely protects surfaces from chemical oxidation, provides precise control over feature morphology, and provides ready access to chemically discriminated patterns.

软平版功能化和图案无氧化硅和锗

The development of hybrid electronic devices relies in large part on the integration of (bio)organic materials and inorganic semiconductors through a ...

科研

生物工程

Fabrication of Large-area Free-standing Ultrathin Polymer Films

This procedure describes a method for the fabrication of large-area and ultrathin free-standing polymer films. Typically, ultrathin films are prepared using either sacrificial layers, which may damage the film or affect its mechanical properties, or they are made on freshly cleaved mica, a substrate that is difficult to scale. Further, the size of ultrathin film is typically limited to a few square millimeters. In this method, we modify a surface with a polyelectrolyte that alters the strength of adhesion between polymer and deposition substrate. The polyelectrolyte can be shown to remain on the wafer using spectroscopy, and a treated wafer can be used to produce multiple films, indicating that at best minimal amounts of the polyelectrolyte are added to the film. The process has thus far been shown to be limited in scalability only by the size of the coating equipment, and is expected to be readily scalable to industrial processes. In this study, the protocol for making the solutions, preparing the deposition surface, and producing the films is described.

We describe a method for the fabrication of large-area (up to 13 cm diameter) and ultrathin (as thin as 8 nm) polymer films. Instead of using a sacrificial interlayer to delaminate the film from its substrate, we use a self-limiting surface treatment suitable for arbitrarily large areas.

大面积的制造自立性的超薄聚合物薄膜

This procedure describes a method for the fabrication of large-area and ultrathin free-standing polymer films.  Typically, ultrathin films are prepared ...

化学

Microfabrication of Chip-sized Scaffolds for Three-dimensional Cell cultivation

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell cultivation. These technologies offer a wide spectrum of advantages not only for manufacturing but also for different applications. The size and shape of formed cell clusters can be influenced by the exact and reproducible architecture of the microfabricated scaffold and, therefore, the diffusion path length of nutrients and gases can be controlled.1 This is unquestionably a useful tool to prevent apoptosis and necrosis of cells due to an insufficient nutrient and gas supply or removal of cellular metabolites.
Our polymer chip, called CellChip, has the outer dimensions of 2 x 2 cm with a central microstructured area. This area is subdivided into an array of up to 1156 microcontainers with a typical dimension of 300 m edge length for the cubic design (cp- or cf-chip) or of 300 m diameter and depth for the round design (r-chip).2
So far, hot embossing or micro injection moulding (in combination with subsequent laborious machining of the parts) was used for the fabrication of the microstructured chips. Basically, micro injection moulding is one of the only polymer based replication techniques that, up to now, is capable for mass production of polymer microstructures.3 However, both techniques have certain unwanted limitations due to the processing of a viscous polymer melt with the generation of very thin walls or integrated through holes. In case of the CellChip, thin bottom layers are necessary to perforate the polymer and provide small pores of defined size to supply cells with culture medium e.g. by microfluidic perfusion of the containers.
In order to overcome these limitations and to reduce the manufacturing costs we have developed a new microtechnical approach on the basis of a down-scaled thermoforming process. For the manufacturing of highly porous and thin walled polymer chips, we use a combination of heavy ion irradiation, microthermoforming and track etching. In this so called "SMART" process (Substrate Modification And Replication by Thermoforming) thin polymer films are irradiated with energetic heavy projectiles of several hundred MeV introducing so-called "latent tracks" Subsequently, the film in a rubber elastic state is formed into three dimensional parts without modifying or annealing the tracks. After the forming process, selective chemical etching finally converts the tracks into cylindrical pores of adjustable diameter.

We present two processes for the microfabrication of porous polymer chips for three-dimensional cell cultivation. The first one is hot embossing combined with a solvent vapour welding process. The second one uses a recently developed microthermoforming process combined with ion track technology leading to a significant simplification of manufacture.

芯片尺寸支架的三维细胞培养的微细

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell ...

生物学

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

工程学

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

全面解决方案处理的无机纳米晶体光伏器件的制造

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

具有嵌入式金属网的高性能，灵活，透明电极的可扩展解决方案处理制造策略

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

We demonstrate a method of conformally coating conjugated polymers on arbitrary substrates using a custom-designed, low-pressure reaction chamber. Conductive polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT), and a semiconducting polymer, poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PTT), were deposited on unconventional highly-disordered and textured substrates with high surface areas, such as paper, towels and fabrics. This reported deposition chamber is an improvement of previous vapor reactors because our system can accommodate both volatile and nonvolatile monomers, such as 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. Utilization of both solid and liquid oxidants are also demonstrated. One limitation of this method is that it lacks sophisticated in situ thickness monitors. Polymer coatings made by the commonly used solution-based coating methods, such as spin-coating and surface grafting, are often not uniform or susceptible to mechanical degradation. This reported vapor phase deposition method overcomes those drawbacks and is a strong alternative to common solution-based coating methods. Notably, polymer films coated by the reported method are uniform and conformal on rough surfaces, even at a micrometer scale. This feature allows for future application of vapor deposited polymers in electronics devices on flexible and highly textured substrates.

This paper presents a protocol for reactive vapor deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), and poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) films on glass slides and rough substrates, such as textiles and paper.

任意基底上共轭聚合物薄膜的反应气相沉积

We demonstrate a method of conformally coating conjugated polymers on arbitrary substrates using a custom-designed, low-pressure reaction chamber. ...

Fabrication of Flexible Image Sensor Based on Lateral NIPIN Phototransistors

Flexible photodetectors have been intensely studied for the use of curved image sensors, which are a crucial component in bio-inspired imaging systems, but several challenging points remain, such as a low absorption efficiency due to a thin active layer and low flexibility. We present an advanced method to fabricate a flexible phototransistor array with an improved electrical performance. The outstanding electrical performance is driven by a low dark current owing to deep impurity doping. Stretchable and flexible metal interconnectors simultaneously offer electrical and mechanical stabilities in a highly deformed state. The protocol explicitly describes the fabrication process of the phototransistor using a thin silicon membrane. By measuring I-V characteristics of the completed device in deformed states, we demonstrate that this approach improves the mechanical and electrical stabilities of the phototransistor array. We expect that this approach to a flexible phototransistor can be widely used for the applications of not only next-generation imaging systems/optoelectronics but also wearable devices such as tactile/pressure/temperature sensors and health monitors.

We present a detailed method to fabricate a deformable lateral NIPIN phototransistor array for curved image sensors. The phototransistor array with an open mesh form, which is composed of thin silicon islands and stretchable metal interconnectors, provides flexibility and stretchability. The parameter analyzer characterizes the electrical property of the fabricated phototransistor.

基于侧向 NIPIN Phototransistors 的柔性图像传感器的研制

Flexible photodetectors have been intensely studied for the use of curved image sensors, which are a crucial component in bio-inspired imaging systems, ...

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, three substrates (acrylate, ceramics, and copper) are prepared. To determine the resulting material properties of these substrates, profilometer, contact angle, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB) measurements are done. The achievable printing resolution and suitable drop volume for each substrate are, then, found through the drop size tests. Then, layers of insulating and conductive ink are inkjet printed alternately to fabricate the target sensor structures. After each printing step, the respective layers are individually treated by photonic curing. The parameters used for the curing of each layer are adapted depending on the printed ink, as well as on the surface properties of the respective substrate. To confirm the resulting conductivity and to determine the quality of the printed surface, four-point probe and profilometer measurements are done. Finally, a measurement set-up and results achieved by such an all-printed sensor system are shown to demonstrate the achievable quality.

Here we present a protocol for the fabrication of inkjet-printed multilayer sensor structures on additively manufactured substrates and foil.

用于智能传感器制造的混合打印

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, ...

Scalable Fabrication of Stretchable, Dual Channel, Microfluidic Organ Chips

A significant number of lead compounds fail in the pharmaceutical pipeline because animal studies often fail to predict clinical responses in human patients. Human Organ-on-a-Chip (Organ Chip) microfluidic cell culture devices, which provide an experimental in vitro platform to assess efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in humans, may be better predictors of therapeutic efficacy and safety in the clinic compared to animal studies. These devices may be used to model the function of virtually any organ type and can be fluidically linked through common endothelium-lined microchannels to perform in vitro studies on human organ-level and whole body-level physiology without having to conduct experiments on people. These Organ Chips consist of two perfused microfluidic channels separated by a permeable elastomeric membrane with organ-specific parenchymal cells on one side and microvascular endothelium on the other, which can be cyclically stretched to provide organ-specific mechanical cues (e.g., breathing motions in lung). This protocol details the fabrication of flexible, dual channel, Organ Chips through casting of parts using 3D printed molds, enabling combination of multiple casting and post-processing steps. Porous poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) membranes are cast with micrometer sized through-holes using silicon pillar arrays under compression. Fabrication and assembly of Organ Chips involves equipment and steps that can be implemented outside of a traditional cleanroom. This protocol provides researchers with access to Organ Chip technology for in vitro organ- and body-level studies in drug discovery, safety and efficacy testing, as well as mechanistic studies of fundamental biological processes.

Here, we present a protocol that describes the fabrication of stretchable, dual channel, organ chip microfluidic cell culture devices for recapitulating organ-level functionality in vitro.

可伸缩、双通道、微流控芯片制造

A significant number of lead compounds fail in the pharmaceutical pipeline because animal studies often fail to predict clinical responses in human ...