作者没有确认。

1.增益数据的采集对检流计镜<ol><li>固定检流计镜，使得它是稳定的，同时振荡，以保护它免受损坏。不仅检流计镜，而且还检流计反射镜的机构，如果移动使用定制的金属夹具与用于检流计镜的圆形孔不固定在适当位置。固定夹具到光载波和一个光具座。 </li><li>从AD / DA板通过端子块在检流计反射镜的伺服驱动器输入和位置插座连接BNC电缆。 </li><li>程序正弦波函数发生器为使用AD / DA板与C ++，其能够设定任意的频率，振幅和持续时间， 如图3的SDK的图形用户界面（GUI）。 注:此自定义函数发生器有助于切割为在步骤1.5连续试验的时间成本，因为在试验中进行多次。 </li<html> &gt; <li>设置频率来改变从100Hz到100Hz的间隔500赫兹，和设定的幅度在GUI 10毫伏的时间间隔，以改变从10毫伏到500毫伏。总体而言，存在250种组合。为了测试250点的组合，双环流是高效地实现。第一循环是从100赫兹至500赫兹，这是实现50倍的频率。第二环路是用于从10毫伏到500毫伏，这是50次实施振幅。 </li><li>正弦波路径信号添加到AD / DA板为2000个采样如在GUI中的持续时间。同时记录检流计反射镜的位置信号，以读出的AD / DA板的模拟值。在C ++中使用的编码AD / DA板的文库，使用相同的线程用于写入和编程读取。由该公式计算检流计镜θ（写入信息）的当前角度 <img alt="公式2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq2.jpg" /> 其中，t是时间，ES / ftp_upload / 55431 / 55431eq3.jpg" /&gt;是振幅，ƒ是频率。 </li><li>位置信号数据保存为.csv文件和包括频率的在其文件名的值和幅度。 </li><li>重复步骤1.4 - 1.6 250次迭代。 </li></ol> 2.计算获取预加重系数<ol><li>应用中值滤波器的CSV文件（记录信号），以避免噪声的影响。中值滤波器的空间大小是5。 </li><li>运行脚本来计算峰-峰值（与振幅乘以2对应），用MATLAB对于每个CSV文件， 如图4（曲线图表示正弦波路径的数据）。 </li><li>画出峰-峰值数据上的曲线图，以确定在每个频率的线性度，并限制输入振幅的使用区域时的曲线是非线性的， 如图5。 注:图中的非线性部分代表的饱和PID控制;因此，最好是避免使用它们，以确保控制的说明书的限制。 </li><li>执行用于峰 - 峰数据的线性回归在电子表格中，以获得每个频率的线性插值系数。在此过程中，得到五组的斜率和截距的。它们对应与从100Hz到500Hz的频率在每一个100赫兹。 300赫兹的直线的近似在图5（A）被显示，并且每个频率的线性内插系数在表1中被示出。 </li><li>利用二次多元线性回归，执行四次插值以得到电子表格中的四次插值系数（预加重系数）对于每个频率的线性插值系数。预加重的系数示于表2中 。 注:在本研究中，线性插值系数在一个点的二次形式变化Ç曲线;然而，其他类型的功能，例如二次和三次方程中，如果误差是最小的施加。 </li></ol>基于预加重技术3.网上信号放大<ol><li>执行计算更新的输入幅值的软件<img alt="公式5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq5.jpg" />从理想的输入的幅度值<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq3.jpg" />和频率ƒ使用预加重的系数。 <ol><li>保存预加重系数为固定值在C ++软件。当设备被更新时，也更新这些常数值。 </li><li>程序的功能 <img alt="公式7" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq7.jpg" /> 在C ++软件，将获得的线性插值系数。代替它们用于I，B I，C I，D I，和从等式和表2 E I。 </li><li>程序的功能 <img alt="13式" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq13.jpg" /> 在C ++软件和获取更新的输入的幅度值<img alt="公式5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq5.jpg" />来替代<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq3.jpg" />并且在步骤3.1.2中获得的线性插值系数。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤1.4 - 1.6与任意时间<img alt="公式5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq5.jpg" />使用预加重技术在GUI.NOTE:为了避免PID控制的区域中的饱和度，将400毫伏高达200赫兹，200毫伏高达300赫兹，100毫伏至400赫兹，和50毫伏对于高达500赫兹。 </li><li>重复步骤2.2和情节的峰 - 峰值的数据作为图表，以查看在增益的提高。 </li></ol> 4.实验上运动模糊补偿装置nsation <ol><li>制备的传送带，可以使用带可以粘附到粘纹理在30公里每小时移动。所述定制的输送带由具有速度控制马达，铁橡胶带，等等。它可与现成的传送带，其能够控制速度来代替。 </li><li>打印精细纹理图案到可印刷的带，并将其粘贴到传送带。 注:粘贴纹理示于图6。这些条使用了openFrameworks库"ofxPDF"编程，和摄影图像是从图片公司。 </li><li>设置光学装置，如照相机，透镜，以及照明，如图2中所示 。放置检流计镜，其中连接到所述照相机镜头前，并将其放置在照明来照亮输送带。 <ol><li>相机频率设定为333赫兹，曝光时间为1毫秒，并且像素848×960（宽×高）的数量。 </li><html></ol></li><li>同步检流计反射镜的转动定时和照相机的曝光时间。在软件中，当检流计反射镜的角度到达哪里开始曝光的位置时，程序发送一个软件触发进入相机。软件触发的定时在图7中示出。 </li><li>输入到计算所需的传送带V T，（30公里/小时）和从摄像机到传送带L（3.0米）的距离的速度在GUI的检流计镜的角速度ωR作为在图8中。 ωr被计算如下: <img alt="18式" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq18.jpg" /></li><li>输入频率ƒ（330.0赫兹）在GUI 如图8来计算原始的输入振幅<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq3.jpg" /> 。计算等式3&quot; SRC = "/文件/ ftp_upload / 55431 / 55431eq3.jpg"/&gt;如下: <img alt="19式" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq19.jpg" /></li><li>复制和粘贴<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq3.jpg" />成的源代码，和与用于检流计伺服驱动器的预加重的控制值θ旋转检流计如下: <img alt="20式" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq20.jpg" /> 其中，t为时间。 图7示出θ是如何从A计算的。 </li><li>当传送带在V T，（30公里/小时）移动记录图像。 注意: 图9示出传送带的运动。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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作者什么都没有透露。

本文介绍能够膨​​胀的正弦波的频率范围内实现高精度的轨迹与PID控制跟踪的过程。由于检流计镜的响应是由它的惯性限制，关键是要使用检流计镜时的控制路径是陡峭的。然而，在本研究中，我们提出了以提高控制的规范，然后通过验证获得的实验结果的方法等。 在我们的程序，步骤2.5是最关键的一步。我们获得从线性内插系数预加重的系数利用任意的频率。如果没有?...

各种光学致动器和适合于各种光学应用的控制方法，已经提出和开发的1，2。这些光学致动器能够控制光路;检流计反射镜特别提供在准确度，速度，移动性方面的良好平衡，和成本3，4，5。实际上，由速度和检流计反射镜的精确度提供的优点已导致对实现各种光学应用，如目标跟踪和附图中，扫描控制和运动模糊补偿6，7，8，9，10， 11，12。然而，在我们以前的运动模糊补偿电容上系统，采用比例 - 积分 - 微分检流计镜（PID）控制器提供的小的增益;因此，难以实现更高的频率和更快的速度11。 在另一方面，PID控制是一种广泛使用的方法，因为它满足跟踪精度13的一定的水平。各种各样的方法已经被提出来纠正PID控制的增益。作为一个典型的解决方案，PID控制参数调谐手动进行。然而，这需要时间和特殊技能来维持。一个更复杂的方法中，自动调节功能，以自动确定参数，已经提出并广泛用于14。用于高速操作的跟踪精度是使用自动调谐功能的比例增益值P增加时提高。然而，这也增加了在低速范围内的收敛时间和噪声。因此，跟踪精度不吨一定改善。虽然自调谐控制器可以被调谐以设定PID控制合适的参数，调谐介绍，因为需要以获得合适的参数的延迟;因此，很难采取实时应用15此方法。延长的PID控制器16，17和一个扩展预测控制器18已被提出以延长一般的PID控制，并提高检流计反射镜，适用于各种的跟踪路径，比如三角波，锯齿波，和正弦波的跟踪性能。然而，在这些系统中，振镜系统被视为一个黑盒子，而被要求控制系统的模型和控制系统不被视为一个黑盒子。因此，这些方法都需要对彼此电流镜模型进行更新。此外，尽管Mnerie 等。验证他们的F方法ocusing进行了详细的输出波形和相位，他们的研究并没有包括整个波的衰减。事实上，在我们以往的研究11，增益显著当正弦频率高，从而表明有必要弥补整个波的增益下降。 在这项研究中，我们的用于与PID控制12增益补偿过程是基于所述预加重技术19，20，21 -a方法，以提高通信的质量或速度在通信工程-其使得一个实验系统的结构使用现有设备。 图1示出的流动结构。预加重技术能够预先获得从输入值，其中PID控制不是有效的所希望的输出值，即使检流计镜及其控制器被视为黑盒子。这使他们能够扩大在其中可以在不调整PID控制参数来获得0dB的增益的频率和振幅范围。 当增益被放大，检流计镜的响应特性通常不同在不同的频率，因此，我们需要以扩增具有放大系数的各频率。因此，正弦波适合于预加重技术中，只有一个在每个正弦波频率。在这项研究中，因为我们应用增益补偿来实现运动模糊补偿，所述控制信号被限制为正弦波扫描，和正弦波信号构成的单一频率，不像其他波，诸如三角形和锯齿波。此外，输入信号到检流计反射镜的下一个周期内，立即更新，因为开环预加重后系数被设置的。换句话说，我们需要ŧø知道只有输入 - 输出比，把该控制器作为一个黑盒子，并且不需要详细的建模。这种简单让我们的系统能够很容易地嵌入到应用中。 这种方法的总体目标是建立的运动模糊补偿的实验步骤，通过使用预加重技术增益补偿的应用程序。多个硬件装置在这些过程中使用，例如检流计镜，照相机，输送带，照明，和透镜。用C ++编写Central软件用户开发的程序也构成了系统的一部分。 图2示出实验装置的示意图。检流计镜具有增益补偿的角速度旋转，从而使得可以从图像评价的模糊量。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Galvanometer mirror</td><td>Cambridge Technology</td><td>M3s X axis</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Custom-made metal jig</td><td>ASKK</td><td>-</td><td>With circular hole for galvanometer mirror</td></tr><tr><td>Optical carrier</td><td>SIGMAKOKI</td><td>CAA-60L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical bench</td><td>SIGMAKOKI</td><td>OBT-1500LH</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix</td><td>MSO 4054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AD/DA board</td><td>Interface</td><td>PCI-361216</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC</td><td>DELL</td><td>Precision T3600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Galvanometer mirror servo controller</td><td>Cambridge Technology</td><td>Minisax</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lens</td><td>Nikon</td><td>AF-S NIKKOR 200mm f/2G ED VR II&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High-speed camera</td><td>Mikrotron</td><td>Eosens MC4083</td><td>Discontinued, but sold as MC4087. The cable connection is different from MC4083</td></tr><tr><td>Conveyor belt</td><td>ASUKA</td><td>-</td><td>With a speed-control motor(BX5120A-A made by Oriental Motor), iron rubber belt(100-F20-800A-J made by NOK), and so on</td></tr><tr><td>Printable tape</td><td>A-one</td><td>F20A4-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photographic texture</td><td>Shutterstock, Inc.</td><td>231357754</td><td>Printed computer motherboard with microcircuit, close up</td></tr><tr><td>Terminal block</td><td>Interface</td><td>TNS-6851B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CoaXPress board</td><td>AVALDATA</td><td>APX-3664</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB</td><td>mathworks</td><td>MATLAB R2015a</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

gain-compensation methodology for a sinusoidal scan of a galvanometer mirror in proportional-integral-differential control using pre-emphasis techniques

检流计反射镜被用于由于其高的速度和精度的光学应用，如目标跟踪，图中，和扫描控制。但是，检流计镜的响应是由它的惯性限制;因此，当控制路径是陡峭的检流计反射镜的增益被减小。在本研究中，我们提出使用预加重技术以补偿正弦波路径检流计反射镜使用比例 - 积分 - 微分（PID）控制的跟踪的增益降低以延长相应频率的方法。预加重技术获得用于预先期望的输出值的输入值。应用这种方法来控制检流计镜，检流计镜在各频率下的原始增益和振幅为正弦波路径使用PID控制器跟踪计算。其中PID控制不见效，保持在0 dB的增益来提高轨迹跟踪精度，有可能扩展，其中可以在不调整PID控制参数来获得0dB的增益的速度范围。然而，如果只存在一个频率，放大是可能的单个预加重系数。因此，正弦波适合于这种技术，与三角形和锯齿波。因此，我们可以采用预加重技术，预先配置的参数，我们不需要额外的准备主动控制模型和硬件。这些参数预加重系数设置后的下一个周期内，立即更新，因为开环。换句话说，以视控制器作为一个黑盒子，我们需要知道只有输入 - 输出比，且不需要详细的建模。这种简单让我们的系统能够很容易地嵌入到应用中。使用用于运动模糊补偿系统的预加重技术和以评价方法实验我们的方法进行说明。

使用AD / DA板和摄像机获得此处呈现的结果。 图1示出了预加重技术的程序;因此，这是本文的核心。这是不必要的设置初始化状态后的PID控制的参数;因此，上网过程是显著简单。 图10显示了通过应用预加重技术我们的系统所获得的结果。如在图10（A）和10（B）所示，分别，据?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques at Jo

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

我们提出通过使用预加重技术来扩展对应的频率的方法。该方法补偿了正弦波路径使用比例 - 积分 - 微分控制跟踪检流计镜的增益降低。

使用预加重技术增益补偿方法论电流镜的比例 - 积分 - 微分控制正弦扫描

Galvanometer mirrors are used for optical applications such as target tracking, drawing, and scanning control because of their high speed and accuracy. ...

gain-compensation-methodology-for-sinusoidal-scan-galvanometer-mirror

Universidad San Sebastian

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Unit 1

Introduction to Signals and Systems

Direct-Current Circuits

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.6K 次观看.  University of Tokyo. 我们提出通过使用预加重技术来扩展对应的频率的方法。该方法补偿了正弦波路径使用比例 - 积分 - 微分控制跟踪检流计镜的增益降低。 

视频: Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine interface to assess the robustness of different control-laws applied to a closed-loop image stabilization task. Taking advantage of the well-characterized fly visuomotor pathway we record the electrical activity from an identified, motion-sensitive neuron, H1, to control the yaw rotation of a two-wheeled robot. The robot is equipped with 2 high-speed video cameras providing visual motion input to a fly placed in front of 2 CRT computer monitors. The activity of the H1 neuron indicates the direction and relative speed of the robot's rotation. The neural activity is filtered and fed back into the steering system of the robot by means of proportional and proportional/adaptive control. Our goal is to test and optimize the performance of various control laws under closed-loop conditions for a broader application also in other brain machine interfaces.

We use a closed-loop fly-machine interface to investigate general principles in neuronal control.

研究脑机接口的闭环性能的实验平台

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine ...

科研

神经科学

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy

The integration of low-temperature scanning-probe techniques and single-electron capacitance spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to study the electronic quantum structure of small systems - including individual atomic dopants in semiconductors. Here we present a capacitance-based method, known as Subsurface Charge Accumulation (SCA) imaging, which is capable of resolving single-electron charging while achieving sufficient spatial resolution to image individual atomic dopants. The use of a capacitance technique enables observation of subsurface features, such as dopants buried many nanometers beneath the surface of a semiconductor material1,2,3. In principle, this technique can be applied to any system to resolve electron motion below an insulating surface.
As in other electric-field-sensitive scanned-probe techniques4, the lateral spatial resolution of the measurement depends in part on the radius of curvature of the probe tip. Using tips with a small radius of curvature can enable spatial resolution of a few tens of nanometers. This fine spatial resolution allows investigations of small numbers (down to one) of subsurface dopants1,2. The charge resolution depends greatly on the sensitivity of the charge detection circuitry; using high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) in such circuits at cryogenic temperatures enables a sensitivity of approximately 0.01 electrons/Hz&frac12; at 0.3 K 5.

Scanning-probe single-electron capacitance spectroscopy facilitates the study of single-electron motion in localized subsurface regions. A sensitive charge-detection circuit is incorporated into a cryogenic scanning probe microscope to investigate small systems of dopant atoms beneath the surface of semiconductor samples.

扫描探针单电子电容谱

The integration of low-temperature scanning-probe techniques and single-electron capacitance spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to study the ...

工程学

Video-rate Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Microendoscopy

Confocal microscopy has become an invaluable tool in biology and the biomedical sciences, enabling rapid, high-sensitivity, and high-resolution optical sectioning of complex systems. Confocal microscopy is routinely used, for example, to study specific cellular targets1, monitor dynamics in living cells2-4, and visualize the three dimensional evolution of entire organisms5,6. Extensions of confocal imaging systems, such as confocal microendoscopes, allow for high-resolution imaging in vivo7 and are currently being applied to disease imaging and diagnosis in clinical settings8,9.
Confocal microscopy provides three-dimensional resolution by creating so-called "optical sections" using straightforward geometrical optics. In a standard wide-field microscope, fluorescence generated from a sample is collected by an objective lens and relayed directly to a detector. While acceptable for imaging thin samples, thick samples become blurred by fluorescence generated above and below the objective focal plane. In contrast, confocal microscopy enables virtual, optical sectioning of samples, rejecting out-of-focus light to build high resolution three-dimensional representations of samples.
Confocal microscopes achieve this feat by using a confocal aperture in the detection beam path. The fluorescence collected from a sample by the objective is relayed back through the scanning mirrors and through the primary dichroic mirror, a mirror carefully selected to reflect shorter wavelengths such as the laser excitation beam while passing the longer, Stokes-shifted fluorescence emission. This long-wavelength fluorescence signal is then passed to a pair of lenses on either side of a pinhole that is positioned at a plane exactly conjugate with the focal plane of the objective lens. Photons collected from the focal volume of the object are collimated by the objective lens and are focused by the confocal lenses through the pinhole. Fluorescence generated above or below the focal plane will therefore not be collimated properly, and will not pass through the confocal pinhole1, creating an optical section in which only light from the microscope focus is visible. (Fig 1). Thus the pinhole effectively acts as a virtual aperture in the focal plane, confining the detected emission to only one limited spatial location.
Modern commercial confocal microscopes offer users fully automated operation, making formerly complex imaging procedures relatively straightforward and accessible. Despite the flexibility and power of these systems, commercial confocal microscopes are not well suited for all confocal imaging tasks, such as many in vivo imaging applications. Without the ability to create customized imaging systems to meet their needs, important experiments can remain out of reach to many scientists.
In this article, we provide a step-by-step method for the complete construction of a custom, video-rate confocal imaging system from basic components. The upright microscope will be constructed using a resonant galvanometric mirror to provide the fast scanning axis, while a standard speed resonant galvanometric mirror will scan the slow axis. To create a precise scanned beam in the objective lens focus, these mirrors will be positioned at the so-called telecentric planes using four relay lenses. Confocal detection will be accomplished using a standard, off-the-shelf photomultiplier tube (PMT), and the images will be captured and displayed using a Matrox framegrabber card and the included software.

The complete construction of a custom, real-time confocal scanning imaging system is described. This system, which can be readily used for video-rate microscopy and microendoscopy, allows for an array of imaging geometries and applications not accessible using standard commercial confocal systems, at a fraction of the cost.

视频率扫描共聚焦显微镜和内窥镜

Confocal microscopy has become an invaluable tool in biology and the biomedical sciences, enabling rapid, high-sensitivity, and high-resolution optical ...

生物工程

Real-Time DC-dynamic Biasing Method for Switching Time Improvement in Severely Underdamped Fringing-field Electrostatic MEMS Actuators

Mechanically underdamped electrostatic fringing-field MEMS actuators are well known for their fast switching operation in response to a unit step input bias voltage. However, the tradeoff for the improved switching performance is a relatively long settling time to reach each gap height in response to various applied voltages. Transient applied bias waveforms are employed to facilitate reduced switching times for electrostatic fringing-field MEMS actuators with high mechanical quality factors. Removing the underlying substrate of the fringing-field actuator creates the low mechanical damping environment necessary to effectively test the concept. The removal of the underlying substrate also a has substantial improvement on the reliability performance of the device in regards to failure due to stiction. Although DC-dynamic biasing is useful in improving settling time, the required slew rates for typical MEMS devices may place aggressive requirements on the charge pumps for fully-integrated on-chip designs. Additionally, there may be challenges integrating the substrate removal step into the back-end-of-line commercial CMOS processing steps. Experimental validation of fabricated actuators demonstrates an improvement of 50x in switching time when compared to conventional step biasing results. Compared to theoretical calculations, the experimental results are in good agreement.

The robust device design of fringing-field electrostatic MEMS actuators results in inherently low squeeze-film damping conditions and long settling times when performing switching operations using conventional step biasing. Real-time switching time improvement with DC-dynamic waveforms reduces the settling time of fringing-field MEMS actuators when transitioning between up-to-down and down-to-up states.

实时直流偏置的动态法切换时间改善严重欠阻尼边缘化场静电MEMS致动器

Mechanically underdamped electrostatic fringing-field MEMS actuators are well known for their fast switching operation in response to a unit step input ...

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus have potential applications in nonlinear optics, which requires extraordinary optical intensity. One of the most studied nonlinearities in plasmonics is nonlinear absorption, including saturation and reverse saturation behaviors. Although scattering and absorption in nanoparticles are closely correlated by the Mie theory, there has been no report of nonlinearities in plasmonic scattering until very recently. 
Last year, not only saturation, but also reverse saturation of scattering in an isolated plasmonic particle was demonstrated for the first time. The results showed that saturable scattering exhibits clear wavelength dependence, which seems to be directly linked to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Combined with the intensity-dependent measurements, the results suggest the possibility of a common mechanism underlying the nonlinear behaviors of scattering and absorption. These nonlinearities of scattering from a single gold nanosphere (GNS) are widely applicable, including in super-resolution microscopy and optical switches. 
In this paper, it is described in detail how to measure nonlinearity of scattering in a single GNP and how to employ the super-resolution technique to enhance the optical imaging resolution based on saturable scattering. This discovery features the first super-resolution microscopy based on nonlinear scattering, which is a novel non-bleaching contrast method that can achieve a resolution as low as l/8 and will potentially be useful in biomedicine and material studies.

Saturable and reverse saturable scattering were discovered in isolated plasmonic particles and adopted as a novel non-bleaching contrast method in super-resolution microscopy. Here the experimental procedures of detecting and extracting nonlinear scattering are explained in detail, as well as how to enhance resolution with the aid of saturated excitation microscopy.

从单电浆纳米粒子散射非线性测量

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus ...

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. SRS imaging modality can be obtained using commercial laser-scanning microscopes by equipping with a non-descanned forward detector with proper bandpass filters and lock-in amplifier (LIA) detection scheme. A schematic layout of a typical SRS microscope includes the following: two pulsed laser beams, (i.e., the pump and probe directed in a scanning microscope), which must be overlapped in both space and time at the image plane, then focused by a microscope objective into the sample through two scanning mirrors (SMs), which raster the focal spot across an x-y plane. After interaction with the sample, transmitted output pulses are collected by an upper objective and measured by a forward detection system inserted in an inverted microscope. Pump pulses are removed by a stack of optical filters, whereas the probe pulses that are the result of the SRS process occurring in the focal volume of the specimen are measured by a photodiode (PD). The readout of the PD is demodulated by the LIA to extract the modulation depth. A two-dimensional (2D) image is obtained by synchronizing the forward detection unit with the microscope scanning unit. In this paper, the implementation of an SRS microscope is described and successfully demonstrated, as well as the reporting of label-free images of polystyrene beads with diameters of 3 &#181;m. It is worth noting that SRS microscopes are not commercially available, so in order to take advantage of these characteristics, the homemade construction is the only option. Since SRS microscopy is becoming popular in many fields, it is believed that this careful description of the SRS microscope implementation can be very useful for the scientific community.

In this manuscript, the implementation of a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope, obtained by the integration of an SRS experimental set-up with a laser scanning microscope, is described. The SRS microscope is based on two femtosecond (fs) laser sources, a Ti-Sapphire (Ti:Sa) and synchronized optical parametric oscillator (OPO).

基于刺激拉曼散射的非线性显微镜的实现

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. ...

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station

Optical phased arrays (OPAs) can produce low-divergence laser beams and can be used to control the emission angle electronically without the need for moving mechanical parts. This technology is particularly useful for beam steering applications. Here, we focus on OPAs integrated into SiN photonic circuits for a wavelength in the near infrared. A characterization method of such circuits is presented, which allows the output beam of integrated OPAs to be shaped and steered. Furthermore, using a wafer-scale characterization setup, several devices can easily be tested across multiple dies on a wafer. In this way, fabrication variations can be studied, and high-performance devices identified. Typical images of OPA beams are shown, including beams emitted from OPAs with and without a uniform waveguide length, and with varying numbers of channels. In addition, the evolution of output beams during the phase optimization process and beam steering in two dimensions is presented. Finally, a study of the variation in the beam divergence of identical devices is performed with respect to their position on the wafer.

Here, we describe the operation of a SiN integrated photonic circuit containing optical phased arrays. The circuits are used to emit low divergence laser beams in the near infrared and steer them in two dimensions.

晶圆级试验站上SiN集成光学相控阵列的特性

Optical phased arrays (OPAs) can produce low-divergence laser beams and can be used to control the emission angle electronically without the need for ...

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive error signal generates a rapidly rising positive motor torque. This surge in torque leads to significant output overshoot and oscillations, attributed to the high force and insufficient damping. The system&#39;s output exceeds the desired value, reflecting the proportional control&#39;s excessive initial correction and weak resistance.
In the second phase, a negative error signal produces negative motor torque, which decelerates the output, causing it to undershoot the target. This undershoot indicates the system&#39;s tendency to overcompensate in the opposite direction after the initial overshoot. The torque reduction in this phase slows down the output, but the absence of adequate damping results in oscillatory behavior.
During the final phase, positive motor torque reappears, reducing the undershoot from the previous phase. Each oscillation sees a diminishing error amplitude, progressively stabilizing the system&#39;s output. The high initial correction and weak resistance that caused the overshoot are counterbalanced by increased resistance and reduced corrective force in this phase.
PD control effectively addresses these issues by introducing anticipatory adjustments based on the slope of the error signal. This anticipatory mechanism allows the system to predict and correct its direction, mitigating excessive overshoot and reducing the amplitude of oscillations. By adjusting the system&#39;s response rate, PD control fine-tunes the initial correction force and enhances resistance, leading to smaller overshoots and undershoots. Consequently, the system achieves a more stable and controlled output.

PD 控制的时域解释

Consider a motor system with only proportional control that exhibits high maximum overshoot and oscillation, reflected in the error signal and its rate of ...

教育

Design of Control Systems

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

PI Controller: Design

Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual steady-state errors not corrected by the proportional part.
In an operational amplifier (op-amp)-based PI controller, resistors and a capacitor process the error signal, generating a control signal. The proportional feedback is derived from a resistor, while the integral response comes from a capacitor. Two- and three-op-amp circuit designs exhibit unique transfer functions, with PI controller parameters intrinsically linked to their circuit characteristics. The three-op-amp configuration allows for independent adjustment of proportional and integral gains through specific circuit parameters. Notably, in both circuits, the integral gain is inversely proportional to the capacitor value, which may necessitate large capacitors for effective PI control designs.
The PI controller enhances system performance by modifying the forward-path transfer function through the addition of a zero and a pole. This adjustment boosts system performance and reduces the steady-state error by an order of magnitude. In scenarios where the steady-state error to a given input is constant, the PI controller can reduce this error to zero, provided the system remains stable after compensation.
By addressing both proportional and integral aspects, PI controllers provide a robust solution for steady-state error correction in various applications. Their design, involving specific resistor and capacitor configurations in op-amp circuits, ensures precise control and performance enhancement, making them indispensable in modern control systems.

PI 控制器:设计

In applications like automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, Proportional Integral controllers effectively mitigate steady-state errors for ...

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control

Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller&#39;s transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
Acting as a low-pass filter, the PI controller slows the system&#39;s response and extends settling times. This requires careful design to position the zero near the beginning, away from major poles, and with minimal proportional and integral gains.
The PI controller&#39;s transfer function can typically be depicted in a Bode plot. The visualization helps in understanding the effects of proportional and integral components on system performance. Insufficient proportional gain can lead to steady-state errors, while proper attenuation and stability management involve both proportional and integral aspects.
A critical design consideration is the controller&#39;s negative phase, which can adversely affect system stability. To mitigate this, the corner frequency should be positioned as far left as bandwidth requirements permit, preventing phase lag from reducing the system&#39;s phase margin. For optimal performance, the compensated transfer function should intersect the zero-decibel axis at the new gain crossover frequency, ensuring the desired phase margin.
Additionally, the ratio of integral to proportional gain should be set relative to a significantly lower frequency, balancing the system&#39;s responsiveness and stability.
Designing an effective PI controller involves meticulous selection of integral and proportional gains. This selection process aims to avoid the need for a large capacitor, which is a more significant challenge in PI controllers compared to PD controllers. The large capacitor, if required, can complicate the physical implementation of the controller due to increased size and cost.
Overall, the careful placement of the zero, strategic selection of gains, and consideration of phase margins are essential in designing a PI controller that enhances damping, minimizes steady-state error, and maintains system stability.

PI 控制的时域和频域解释

Everyday devices like thermostats utilize PI controllers. These can enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error when the controller transfer ...