This work was made possible with funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the authors would like to thank CIHR for their funding support.

适当的制度动物伦理委员会应在开始试验之前批准所有的行为过程。这里描述的所有动物工作被批准由西方大学动物使用小组委员会和遵循加拿大议会关于动物保护的准则。这些动物实验在光照​​阶段进行。 1.气缸任务毛前肢运动评定<ol><li>设备安装<ol><li>获得一个有机玻璃圆筒的多孔盖，将容纳用于实验的大鼠的大小。圆筒的尺寸不应该允许大鼠来饲养时达到顶峰，它应该允许壁和大鼠的鼻子和老鼠的尾根部之间2厘米。圆柱体的标准尺寸为23厘米，直径40厘米的高度为6个月大的（400-600克）的大鼠。 </li><li>放置一个反射镜在与气缸坐在PLE缸设备低于45°角xiglas站立或支持上表中最高约为30厘米一些其他形式。 </li><li>设置在三脚架上的摄像机在适当的距离，以可视化的圆筒的整个直径在视频摄像机上的反射镜。 </li><li>打开照明调光器设置，并在房间内（ 即小批量，微妙的音乐）播放白噪声，减少突然大声喧哗的效果。这将有助于鼓励流动，防止结冰因大声喧哗。 </li></ol></li><li>实验步骤<ol><li>移动老鼠进实验房间30分钟前先试用开始以不变大鼠的房间音乐播放和调光照明。 </li><li>写在白色中小板相应的动物和审判信息（ 如动物的数量，每天的时间表和审判数）。把这个板的镜子前。 </li><li>摄像机与白板在镜子前的新闻记录，拿起基地附近Ò大鼠F中的尾部，放置老鼠在汽缸中并固定盖子。支座在气缸的一侧，以避免与录像干扰。 </li><li>从在镜子前除去白色板，并让摄像机记录在气缸5分钟在大鼠（使用一个定时器来从当白色板被移除记录5分钟）。这是一次试验。 </li><li>试用后，清洁用纸巾和水的缸。 </li><li>重复步骤1.2.2-1.2.5两次共实现三个试验。应该有20-30分钟审间的时间来习惯的几率降低到气缸。在这段时间中，运行对其它大鼠气缸试验。 </li></ol></li><li>视频分析<ol><li>导入摄像机文件到视频编辑软件（ 如 iMovie中） </li><li>编译成影片剪辑每次试验。视频静音的体积和降低视频的速度到原来的25％。 </li><li>算前肢联系人的数量与缸的左，右前肢的壁。对于同时左，右接触，算上这些前肢联系人为"既"。请记住，视频是通过反射镜，这似乎是在视频的左前肢对应于现实动物的右前肢记录。 </li><li>计算使用下列公式％的用户使用受影响的前肢（对侧中风）:[{（受影响触点+½双边接触）/总数联系人}×100]。野生型群体和无笔划的转基因组的表现被认为比较组，以评估疾病引起的问题的介绍。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.梁行走任务粗大运动评估<ol><li>设备安装<ol><li>获得平滑的密封木梁即2厘米宽，大约120厘米长（一200-600摹老鼠最​​佳宽度）。 </li><li>将两个表或搁置取消其100厘米分开。每个单元的表面应当高出地面约40厘米</li><li>固定梁的两端表或使用磁带搁架表面。约1m不支持梁长的，现在应该升高40厘米高出地面。 </li><li>设置一个视频摄像机放在底座上，捕捉光束的整个长度。为了增强图像对比度，可以考虑使用大白鼠时引入黑色背景梁后面。 </li></ol></li><li>实验步骤<ol><li>移动老鼠进实验房间30分钟前先试用开始以不变大鼠的房间音乐播放和调光照明。 </li><li>放置老鼠的家笼或环境富集管在梁的一端与放置老鼠在梁的另一端。 </li><li>进行几个非记录奔跑之前实验性试验两天。让大鼠探索区域和通过保持大鼠的基部引导朝向光束大鼠的尾巴。 </li><li>一旦大鼠已越过横梁，移动笼或管到梁和重复的另一端。当大鼠在任一方向自由地穿过光束，训练会话结束。保持训练次数运行所有动物中是一致的。 </li><li>写在白色中小板相应的动物和审判信息（ 如动物的数量，每天的时间表和审判数）。录像带，这白板梁后面的墙壁。 </li><li>放置老鼠的家笼或环境富集油管在梁的一端。 </li><li>按视频摄像机上的记录和由尾和地点在光束相对的家笼或管道的端部的基部挑大鼠起来。 </li><li>记录试验中，当老鼠已成功完成遍历高架梁的全长从而结束的全部。如果老鼠中途暂停跨梁，轻轻浮渣老鼠尾巴的基部或轻轻触碰老鼠的尾巴以促进整个束运动。不要推进大鼠以任何方式。 </li><li>重新做临床试验，其中老鼠变成横盘，而在横梁上，多次停止行走或不一致散步。如果一只老鼠下降，并继续挂在横梁，轻轻舀起了老鼠，并把它放回束在秋季的位置，并继续进行审判。 </li><li>移动笼或管梁的另一端，改变审判＃在白板上，记录了随后的审判。 </li><li>重复此过程，直到总共6个试验已经完成，以被记录为每个方向3的试验。所有6个试验的老鼠可以在开始试验下一个老鼠之前被记录。 </li></ol></li><li>视频分析<ol><li>导入摄像机文件到视频编辑软件（ 如 iMovie中）。 </li><li>编译成影片剪辑每次试验和静音视频的音量。通过分析每一帧视频剪辑帧。 </li><li>数数总的步骤的大鼠花费行走梁的全长和左，右后肢和前肢滑倒的总数的总数量。野生型组的效果和无笔划的转基因组相比于共同病态组被认为是评估特有的共同病态条件赤字出现。 </li></ol></li></ol>莫里斯水迷宫海马依赖的空间学习和记忆参考<ol><li>设备安装<ol><li>固定上方的圆形池（149厘米直径的58厘米深）的中心的摄像机。与跟踪软件程序的池的轮廓正确对齐四个指定象限。 </li><li>装满水约36厘米深的圆形水池。水应该通过之前开始实验方案在几天填充池升温至室温。 </li><li>添加黑无毒丙烯酸涂料未直到水使用大白鼠时是不透明的。使用浅色，如白色，对于较深色的老鼠。 </li><li>环绕空白墙面，包括如果需要，房间隔断池。当在游泳池，大鼠不应该能够看到实验者。 </li><li>从不同颜色的海报板的切4大不同形状的空间感和每个指定的北，东，东南和西南地区池墙连接一个形状。这些线索应比池的边缘略高。 </li><li>打开收音机在低音量在西北象限，防止鼠从测试过程中意外大声喧哗而分心。 </li><li>将在目标象限中央的圆形平台（11.5厘米直径，表面2-3厘米水位以下）。 </li><li>关掉主房间的灯和对房间分隔的相反侧开启一个落地灯到池中照亮的区域。 </li></ol></li><li>计算机配置<ol&gt; <li>使用一种专为Morris水迷宫行为的任务，并成立协议实验开始前的跟踪程序。一个可能的方案的一个例子在图4中提供。 </li><li>设置连续4天用4试验各90秒的空间学习实验。 </li><li>设置每个30秒的2个独立的探测实验的第一个探测实验后的最后空间学习试用后24小时，1周。 </li><li>定在每天4个试验为连续2天线索学习试验启动第二探针实验后24小时。每次试验应在60秒的总。 </li><li>每个阶段中，设置检测顺序，使得有各试验对于任何给定的动物之间的20分钟试验间隔。其他动物可以在这个审间的间隔期间，只要每隔动物保持20分钟审间的间隔运行。 </li><li>确保平台位置是由实验者进行定义，而且所有其它区域被去由指定的平台位置处以罚款。 </li><li>设置程序来手动启动和结束每一次试验。 </li></ol></li><li>空间学习实验<ol><li>将在西南象限的圆形平台。它应与圆形指定"平台"上的计算机程序的象限区域对齐。 </li><li>泳池周围起始位置应该是随机的每只大鼠。代表每个治疗组中的所有开始位置。不从老鼠在任何模式空间学习试验提出允许探针测试过程中一个新的开始位置的东北位置开始。 </li><li>按住老鼠在它的尾巴基地，轻轻将其放置在水沿水池壁在指定的起始位置，迅速走出老鼠的视线。 </li><li>具有其它实验者只要老鼠是在水中开始跟踪软件。计时器应该从0开始的跟踪程序计数。 </l我&gt; <li>如果老鼠所处的平台，有其他实验者在计算机上停止审判和检索之前离开老鼠的平台上至少30秒。如果试验被停止在计算机上之前，老鼠跳下平台，庭审仍在继续。 </li><li>如果老鼠没有找到在规定的试用时间的平台，用你的手（或者使得老鼠跟着你的手或尾巴的基地指导鼠）引导老鼠平台。保持在平台上的大鼠30秒。 </li><li>它的尾巴的基地到实验者的手臂被覆盖着毛巾或让老鼠爬上一个便携式表面取下池的老鼠。 </li><li>重复步骤3.3.3-3.3.7总共每只大鼠4试验。应20分钟对各大鼠的试验间隔。 </li><li>返回老鼠他们家笼热灯下至少10分钟后的大鼠的最后空间学习的审判。 </li><li>继续EXA通过空间学习的第4天CT相同的空间学习方案2的一天。 </li><li>在2-4天，就不再持有该平台上的老鼠。允许老鼠坐在平台上无需援助30秒，实验者的视线。这期间有时一天后试验来完成。 </li></ol></li><li>探针实验<ol><li>从池中取出的平台。确保以前的平台位置保持计算机（圆圈在西南象限）上定义。 </li><li>在广场沿水池壁水鼠在东北位置，并迅速走出老鼠的视线。小说采用东北起始位置保证了老鼠召回独立于以前训练的起始位置平台位置。 </li><li>具有其它实验者只要老鼠是在水中开始跟踪软件。计时器应该从0开始对跟踪软件计数。 </li><li>检索来自大鼠它的尾巴根部池西南象限并按住毛巾覆盖手臂或让老鼠爬上一个便携式表面。 </li><li>返回老鼠他们家笼热灯下至少10分钟以下各组大鼠的探测试验。 </li><li> 1周后重复这个实验（步骤3.4.1-3.4.5）。 </li></ol></li><li>线索学习实验<ol><li>用胶带固定在支架上是高大的平台在8.5厘米，直径4厘米的白色球状线索（线索的总高度为12.5厘米）。球形线索的顶部将至少为8.5厘米以上水位。 </li><li>周围池壁删除空间线索。 </li><li>随机化平台位置，并开始位置对每个组中的每个老鼠。所有平台和开始位置应表示为每个处理组。 </li><li>放置平台在指定平台区和在跟踪软件定义。 </li><li>放置老鼠的水一起在t池的壁他指定的开始位置，并迅速走出老鼠的视线。 </li><li>具有其它实验者只要老鼠是在水中开始跟踪软件。计时器应该从0开始对跟踪软件计数。 </li><li>一旦老鼠到达平台，拥有其他实验者停止电脑上试用。如果老鼠跳下平台，庭审仍在继续。检索鼠之前，允许大鼠坐平台上15秒。 </li><li>它的尾巴的基地检索从池中的老鼠并按住毛巾覆盖手臂或让老鼠爬上一个便携式表面。 </li><li>检查下一大鼠平台位置和平台移动到在跟踪软件限定的相应区域。 </li><li>重复步骤3.5.4-3.5.9以下3项试验。应该有15分钟的试验间隔。 </li><li>返回老鼠他们家笼热灯下至少10分钟以下各组大鼠的国际泳联升线索学习的审判。 </li><li>继续为线索学习第2天相同的协议。 </li></ol></li><li>数据分析 注意:在区域中花费时间，距离在区域中，平均车速，经常使用的条目入区和时间来首次进入区段数游历。 <ol><li>分析的时间和距离，到达平台区和每空间天的平均速度和线索分别学习。对于探测实验，分析潜伏期首次进入目标区域作为原始时间或探头1％的变化来探测2。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

中风和阿尔茨海默氏病的结果中很明显的行为的病症可影响这两个马达和根据各状况的严重程度的认知功能的组合。因此，有必要利用各种行为任务，以确定这些条件的个别贡献，以及提供一些洞察在共病态状况合并的和潜在的互动效果。呈现的数据证明三个成本效率，时间效率的和敏感的行为任务，以评估在一个新颖共同病态APP21转基因大鼠中风模型运动功能和海马依赖性空间学习和参考记忆。除了 ​​提出的数据，这些任务已经在更严重的中风模型10,14,18验证，以及在公元8,16的模型，并应广泛适用于这两种疾病的各种型号。 话虽这么说，没有任务无利mitations。用于具体电机的任务，如果大鼠变得习惯于汽缸和束一些故障排除可能是需要的。在气缸任务，可能需要一个动机，以保证鼠达到前肢触点的适当量与气缸的壁。为了达到这个结果，无毒的香味在气缸的穿孔盖或壁的应用可以激励大鼠到后方，并联系其前肢汽缸的壁。例如，花生酱或香草精一点点可以在靠近圆筒的顶部，以进一步鼓励久坐大鼠探索气缸壁的内壁被弄脏。彩色带的环，也可以在气缸¾的内部从圆筒的底部施加。促进饲养的另一种方法包括去除一久坐大鼠和它重新引入到一些时间已经过去后气缸，它已与在该协议的试验间隔来实现的。毛皮thermore，取决于相对于老鼠的长度圆柱体的高度，经过试中途除去多孔盖可以提示饲养并与汽缸壁前肢接触。如果有可能的鼠将能够在测试过程中从气缸逃脱这不应该被完成。这些动机可能有助于提高后轮的数量，但壁接触过程中不应该影响使用左，右前爪。如果仍然有实施这些建议后约一个数量不足前肢接触的一个主要问题，审判可以在老鼠共取得了10个后轮之后，无论时间长短来结束。这将是从恒温5分钟试验在上述协议完成不同，因为每只大鼠将在不同的时间达到总共10后轮。中风和AD共病的典范，它是意识到，在认知能力，焦虑和活动水平的变化可能在这些大鼠开发是非常重要的。 W¯¯往往微不足道这样的变化不会直接影响气缸工作的主要成果（自发前肢使用育成期），录音等观察可能构成可能发展非机动车相关的行为改变有价值的证据。在气缸任务，这些行为可能会被通过分析增加或减少饲养行为观察，因为饲养是积极探索行为的一种形式。此外，其他措施，如花费的时间梳洗，转弯和着陆可分别提供对焦虑等生理缺陷的洞察力。 在问候梁行走任务，采用笼富集管通常是不够的动机大鼠跨梁行走。如果大鼠继续沿着梁中途停止，香食物奖励或治疗，如花生酱或精密糖球，可以在除了富集管在相对端被引入。如果治疗被赋予，确保所有的老鼠接受AB出相同数量的测试天治疗，独立于其性能。此外，而不是运行的所有六项试验用于移动到下一个老鼠之前老鼠，试验可以错开。例如，前两个试验可以完成启动未来两年之前，所有的老鼠。这可能会阻止跨中途可当一些老鼠变得过于舒适的环境光对后来发生的试验梁站数量的增加。如果发生频繁的停止另一种可能的解决办法是减少试验的次数。这可以通过将反射镜的光束的后面中的每个试验来分析左和右肢，从而允许减少试验的次数来实现。此外，可以经过多次测试会话发生习惯的光束，并且可以导致大鼠拒绝越过横梁，并保持在横梁上就座，尽管所有的努力来激励所述动物。由于这个问题，梁评估不适合用于卤味反复测试NG-长期的实验。在利用反复测试协议，赔偿金也可以成为除动机令人担忧。克服的补偿问题，同时横过波束，锥形光束可 ​​以使用，而不是常规的木质梁21。 此外，可以在该动物模型发生认知改变，包括增加焦虑和整体活动水平和动机的变化。因此，要注意关于动物的动机越过横梁，以及它们的速度和非运动行为（停止，坐，颤抖，取向）而横穿光束的实验组之间的任何不规则性是很重要的。 行为阿尔茨海默氏症研究需要短期和长期记忆测试中，已经使用Morris水迷宫在这里实现。许多协议考虑空间学习后24小时，长期记忆21，但该协议在空间学习后24小时的imeline被认为是短期记忆并在一周被认为是长期记忆。在探针试验之间在这一周的时间段，大鼠不应该暴露于其他行为任务或不必要的压力，以避免与Morris水迷宫空间参考存储器的干扰。 在问候空间学习，实验者应该在要求鼠坐平台上没有跳跃了一定量的时间持续。如果大鼠成功坐在平台上，但跳下作为实验者进入视线，大鼠应放置或引导回平台和坐平台上直到实验者检索动物必需的。要执行平台逃脱水的唯一途径的学习，老鼠不应该拿起游泳时，除非在探测试验的设置。如果只从管理平台跳上池的边缘，考虑移动platfor进一步中号朝向池的中心，以阻止逃逸的替代路线的学习。 为了确保有空间和线索学习期间没有空间偏差，用于在治疗组每只大鼠的开始位置和提示的平台的位置应随机化。每个治疗组应该从空间学习，每个发车位置开始或以下为线索学习相同的起点和平台位置范式大鼠的代表数。对于分配起始位置，Vorhees和威廉姆斯提出了非常详细的一套对空间学习和学习线索20随机起点和平台位置随机化的开始位置。这可直接或作为指导用来位置分配之前开始Morris水迷宫测试各大鼠。 对于Morris水迷宫数据的分析，在协议上述建议表示这里给出的数据是如何获得的。该DAT在上述水迷宫协议的​​步骤3.6收集可用于计算各种结果的措施，可能是描述一个认知缺陷是有用的。例如，除了数字数据集，追踪软件还提供实验者机会分析跟踪的地块，可提供额外的见解动物的搜索策略。此外，时间的百分比花费或相对于目标象限内行进到所有象限距离可以被用作参考存储器中的探针试验的量度。重要的是要记住，这些共病态动物模型可显示出一些运动缺陷是重要的。游泳速度的实验组之间的比较可以给出一个指示的潜在运动缺陷是否影响了动物的Morris水迷宫的能力来执行。此外，为从成为水迷宫结果的混杂因素排除电机的性能，建议看路径长度到达平台除了 ​​等待时间和游泳速度如在图5和6证实。如果游泳能力以任何方式损害，路径长度是评估海马功能最精确的测量。 虽然有一些可应用于所有的所述的这些行为任务的各种不同的时间线，运行的每个实验的方法应保持不变。这里介绍的数据，用21天的脑卒中后的恢复时间点，其中中风以及它们与在脑中的Aβ代谢的潜在相互作用之后捕获的早期事件来实现。而这里给出的数据是在中风和阿尔茨海默氏病的共同病态模型，这些任务可以应用到或调整，以适应不同的研究问题和模型。而圆柱体试验是一个修改的少的标准程序，光束步行任务可以有所通过选择合适的波束WIDT调节到预期的运动缺陷的严重程度HS。水迷宫是在此提及的所有范式的最通用的测试。例如，选择采集阶段的结束和空间参考存储器探测试验可以很容易地测试短期和长期记忆之间的各种间隔。工作记忆和策略换档，执行功能的两种成分，也可以使用水迷宫设置测试。为了评估工作记忆中，审间的间隔可以在1分钟一个新的平台位置的获取学习中还原。此外，具有动物学习所述平台的第二，新的位置成功捕获的初始平台位置之后可以测试心理灵活性或策略移位。考虑到所有的这些可能的修改，存在大量的使用这些行为任务，这是在除了所有上述优点的另一个主要好处灵活性。

阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）是老年人人口痴呆和衰弱的神经变性疾病的最普遍的形式。组织病理学上，AD呈现为淀粉样蛋白斑，神经原纤维缠结和神经元的损失。淀粉样蛋白斑由已经通过由β分泌酶和γ分泌酶1,2,3淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）的改变的蛋白水解切割产生的β-淀粉样肽（Aβ）的主要。裂解产物，Aβ，在大脑中沉积产生病理淀粉样蛋白斑和对脑，可导致特性学习障碍和记忆丧失毒性作用。所有的这些步骤一起被称为"淀粉样蛋白级联假说"3,4。当调查广告时这个假设是很重要的，已被发现的其他细胞变化先于从原来的淀粉样蛋白级联途径偏离这些斑块地层。这些其他细胞变化被认为有助于早期记忆丧失，学习障碍和之前斑块形成3,5,6参与AD其它认知功能障碍。 随着AD越来越普遍，为开发AD的危险因素正成为研究的一个非常重要的焦点。虽然年龄是AD的散发性形式的主要危险因素，其他危险因素已被识别，包括中风7,8。中风不仅是一个危险因素，但它也可以加剧已经存在痴呆。例如，临床上，AD的进展已被证明是谁曾经历中风9例差。此外，增加的APP表达和Aβ积聚已Aβ毒性与诱发中风10,11结合的实验动物模型中找到。由于存在中风和AD之间的这种重要的相互作用，这是至关重要的，这两种病症进一步研究在共同病态模式，可以更好地了解病理生理学和行为在这两个条件牵连。 调查共同病态条件下，一个合适的模型，必须开发，其中中风可以与Aβ相互作用以产生AD样病理。对于第一次，使用具有并入其DNA中的突变的人APP基因的APP21转基因大鼠实现AD一种合适的型号。突变是瑞典双错义和印第安纳单错义突变，这都被在公元4,8,12家族形式牵连。在没有额外的侮辱，而不发展特色Aβ斑块或神经原纤维这种大鼠模型的年龄缠结12。因此，在努力以诱导AD样行为病理学，小冲程被引入右纹状体模仿小皮层下笔划常常存在于痴呆病人9。在APP21转基因RA的行程吨体现了共同病态条件，并允许不同类型的两种疾病状况牵连行为变化的研究。特别地，该感应AD样病理和认知缺陷的成年大鼠允许我们调查前述AD的最早的分子和认知改变。 由于该目标是确定的行为的变化的第一个迹象，并且自两冲程和AD具有非常明显的行为病状，研究共同病态模型时，行为任务需要评估各种行为表型。有很多，可以做分析运动和认知行为在涉及各种范例和设备的啮齿动物模型相对敏感测试电池。要具体分析前肢及后肢运动功能，气缸任务和梁步行任务已落实来检测运动障碍，并在这个模型监测运动。专门设计用来评估细FO等敏感任务relimb运动技能（ 即楼梯任务和单颗粒到达任务）要求食物匮乏11,13,14。为了避免任何对疾病的病理15,16,17食物匮乏的已知作用，这些测试已被视为不适合这项研究。气缸任务评估了一个新的环境中饲养过程中自发利用老鼠的前肢，可检测大鼠前肢之间的不对称性单侧中风10,18。这个任务的一个主要的好处是，该装置可用于其他行为任务，如Porsolt强迫游泳任务19。相反在气缸任务，光束步行任务还可以后肢和前肢电机控制的分析，除了locmotion 10,14。平衡木行走包括运动部件，组件平衡和熟练的脚的位置。这两个测试都是成本效益，简单，时间效率和阐明中风和AD对D的影响<html> ifferences肢体功能。 除了运动功能的改变，AD涉及记忆障碍，可以出现在疾病进展的早期阶段。当在啮齿动物模型寻址AD样病理，至关重要的是，海马依赖性学习和记忆的评估，因为海马是一个重要的脑结构很大程度上影响在公元2。海马是空间学习和记忆，其功能的重要脑区能够在啮齿动物使用各种迷宫范式进行测试。其中，针对不同疾病的啮齿动物模型中使用最广泛的迷宫任务是Morris水迷宫20。 Morris水迷宫利用空间线索协助大鼠在定位的静止隐藏平台和当平台被移除测试空间参考存储器。水迷宫设置的一个有价值的好处是，它是高度适应取决于提出研究问题20。 帐篷"&gt;这是第一次，所描述的技术已经被用于评估运动和认知功能的中风和AD的新的共病的大鼠模型。在一个APP21转基因大鼠模型，涉及小笔。共同发病率是通过诱导来实现血管中的纹状体的血管收缩以产生APP21转基因大鼠的小行程，该行程模型已经很好地建立在公元11的可替换的大鼠模型中的共同病态状态。进展到这种新颖的APP21转基因大鼠模型意产生更平移有价值的模型。虽然行为任务使用一个共同病态冲程和AD大鼠模型描述，这些任务可进一步应用于中风的其它模型或其他神经系统疾病的模型（ 即帕金森病）。一般描述的方法将广泛适用于这些其他疾病状态，但行为时间表和范式可能基础上，提出资源需要改动问题操作搜索和型号。除了是适应性强，所描述的任务是有效地展现次要缺陷的同时，还具有成本和时间效率。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Cylinder</td><td>Western University</td><td>Plexiglas Cylinder&lt;br/&gt; Cylinder Diameter: 23 cm&lt;br/&gt; Cylinder Height: 40 cm&lt;br/&gt; Platform Height: 30 cm&lt;br/&gt; Mirror Length: 35 cm&lt;br/&gt; Mirror Width: 26.5 cm</td><td>This was made specifically by Western University Machine Services for our lab. Please contact your own chosen manufacturer to design this product.</td></tr><tr><td>Handheld Video Camera</td><td>JVC</td><td>GZ-E200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Video Camera Tripod</td><td>Slik</td><td>F163</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AM/FM Clock Radio</td><td>Sylvania</td><td>SCR1388</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>White Board</td><td>Walmart</td><td>Width: 71.12 cm&lt;br/&gt; Height: 55.88 cm</td><td>These can be purchased at any store (i.e. Walmart, University bookstores)</td></tr><tr><td>Dry-erase Marker</td><td>Expo</td><td>Expo Dry-erase Original Marker</td><td>These can be purchased at any store (i.e. Walmart, University bookstores)</td></tr><tr><td>Wooden Beam</td><td>Rona</td><td>Plywood&lt;br/&gt; Width: 2 cm&lt;br/&gt; Length: 100 cm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VWR General Purpose Laboratory Tape</td><td>VWR Intl.</td><td>89097-920</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iMovie &#039;11</td><td>Apple Inc.</td><td>Version 9.0.9 (1795)</td><td>This is the version used in this manuscript, but any other iMovie version or video editing software could be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Morris Water Maze Pool with Platform</td><td>Stoelting Co.</td><td>60136/60035</td><td>These are not the exact products used in the video, but these are essentially identical.</td></tr><tr><td>Platform Cue</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>The platform cue used was created using a small metal stand and white spherical foam ball. These can likely be purchased at any store with home improvement materials (i.e. Walmart, Rona etc.)</td></tr><tr><td>Mainstays 71&quot; Floor Lamp</td><td>Walmart</td><td>HW-F0377SLV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ANY-Maze Behavioural Tracking Software</td><td>Stoelting Co.</td><td>60000</td><td>There are ANY-maze&amp;reg; bundles that include the camera with or without a computer and accessories.</td></tr><tr><td>Compact Video Camera</td><td>Logitech</td><td>V-U0023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laptop</td><td>Hewlett-Packard</td><td>HP Pavilion dv6 Notebook PC</td><td>Laptop Specifics: AMD A6-3420M APU with Radeon HD Graphics 1.50 GHz, 6.00 GB RAM, 64-bit operating system.</td></tr><tr><td>Americana Non-toxic Acrylic Paint</td><td>DecoArt</td><td>DAO67-9</td><td>This can be ordered on the DecoArt site or purchased in store at DecoArt retailers.</td></tr><tr><td>Poster Board</td><td>Walmart</td><td>PA-1961</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

motor and hippocampal dependent spatial learning and reference memory assessment in a transgenic rat model of alzheimer's disease with stroke

阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）是一种使人衰弱的神经变性疾病，其导致神经变性和记忆丧失。而年龄是AD的主要危险因素，中风也被牵连作为危险因素和一种加剧因素。在恶化卒中相关的电动机控制和AD相关的认知缺陷中风和AD结果的共病时相比单独各条件。为了模拟中风和AD，AD的新的转基因大鼠模型中，与淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白结合到它的DNA（涉及AD的发展的关键蛋白质）的突变形式的组合条件下，被赋予一个小单方面纹状体中风。 对于笔触和AD的组合模式，即评估中风有关的电机控制，运动和AD相关的认知功能行为测试必须执行。气缸任务涉及到评估自发前肢电机使用具有成本效益，多功能设备。在此任务，将大鼠放置在圆筒形装置，其中所述鼠将自发后部和联系其前肢汽缸的壁。这些接触被认为是前肢电机使用，在测试过程中经过视频分析量化。实施另一项经济高效的电机任务是梁行走任务，评估前肢控制，后肢控制和运动。此任务涉及跨木梁允许肢体运动控制的评估，通过前肢单，后肢滑倒分析大鼠行走。学习和记忆的评估完成后用Morris水迷宫这一行为模式。该协议始于空间学习，从而使老鼠找到一个固定的平台隐藏。空间学习后，该平台被去除，短期和长期的空间参考存储器进行评估。所有这三个任务是行为上的差异敏感，在28天内对这一模式完成，使这对digm时间效率和成本效益。

所描述的行为任务被用来表明笔划的阿尔茨海默氏病的APP21转基因大鼠模型中的作用。行程和APP21转基因的组合，预计将导致患肢更大的运动障碍，以及增加记忆障碍。 气缸任务评估毛前肢运动功能和被表示为使用受影响的前肢的。此外，光束的步行任务用于特异性评估后肢运动功能和运动。由于行程是在右纹状体诱导，左前肢有望显示运动缺陷如果存在。在这两个图2和图3a和3b展示不具有统计学证明共病大鼠中的数据具有前肢或后肢赤字分别。虽然这些动物没有AP梨有前肢后肢或运动障碍，他们也似乎有关于运动运动功能的细微差别。在光束步行任务总步骤是显著在共同病态转基因大鼠中风（P &lt;0.05， 图3c）的增加，这表明光束步行任务是足够敏感拿起在步态和运动小的变化。使用小纹状体中风模型产生小招很可能太小，不足以产生任何重大的运动障碍，但赤字已经在其他中风机型这两项任务10,14之前证明。在这里，调查给出的参数时，这些任务可以简单地监视运动功能和运动。 海马依赖空间学习和参考记忆可以用Morris水迷宫进行有效评估。有两组间无学习明显的差异（ 图5a </strong<html> &gt;， 图5b），因此在学习差异不能解释在存储器性能的任何差异。相比转基因大鼠没有中风和野生型小鼠中风（P &lt;0.05， 图5c）APP21转基因大鼠中风表现出强大的长期参考记忆赤字。 线索学习完毕，以确保老鼠不得不使用视觉空间线索来定位Morris水迷宫平台的同等能力。如在图6a和图6b显示出，在等待时间或路径长度中没有观察到差异组间线索学习期间达到平台。此外，平均游泳速度为基团（ 图6c）之间是一致的，并表明动机逃脱和游泳能力组之间相等。 古尔1"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53089 / 53089fig1.jpg"/&gt; 图 1: 时间轴电机和认知行为评估中风诱导手术当天被分配0天所有的测试天都在引用这一天。 （A）气缸任务（C）和梁步行任务（BM）手术前和手术后的测试。 （B）Morris水迷宫空间学习，探针测试和线索学习。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig2.jpg" /> 图2:气缸任务百分比使用受影响的前肢的是使用在步骤1.3.4等式计算并标准化，以每天-3基线值。红色虚线标注1.0值，表示平等使用各前肢在气缸任务。野生型缩写为WT和转基因缩写为TG。动物编号如下:WT +生理盐水（N = 7），WT +行程（N = 8），TG +生理盐水（N = 8），TG +行程（N = 6）。所有值表示为平均值±SEM表示。 （双向ANOVA，Tukey的事后）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig3.jpg" /> 图 3: 波束步行任务的所有卡瓦与（A）中制成的影响跨越5个试验的总和与（B）的影响后肢呈现为穿过光束所采取的步骤的总数的比率。值进行标准化如下基线值:手术后比 - 手术前的比率。 （ 三 ）总的步骤越过横梁Ø<html>在n天-7天及21野生型简称WT和转基因简称TG。动物编号如下:WT +生理盐水（N = 6），WT +行程（N = 6），TG +生理盐水（N = 6），TG +行程（N = 5）。所有的值都以平均值±SEM和星号表示统计学意义。 （单因素方差分析，Tukey的事后，P &lt;0.05）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig4.jpg" /> 用于设置和运行实验程序视图展示部分有几个重点用于Morris水迷宫跟踪程序的功能:图4。与池的视频设备视图功能上面只会出现在测试选项卡时所提出。3089fig4large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig5.jpg" /> 图5:空间学习和在Morris水迷宫基准存储空间学习用（A）的等待时间和（B）的路径长度测定到达平台。 （℃）参考存储器测量为延迟的百分比变化来首次进入目标区域上的第19天的探针测试相比，第12天的探针测试。野生型缩写为WT和转基因缩写为TG。动物编号如下:WT +生理盐水（N = 8），WT +行程（N = 7），TG +生理盐水（N = 7），TG +行程（N = 8）。所有的值都以平均值±SEM和星号表示统计学意义。 （双向ANOVA用于空间学习和单向方差分析进行探针测试，Tukey的事后，P＆＃60; 0.05） <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig6.jpg" /> 图6:在线索Morris水迷宫学习 （ 一 ）延迟和（B）的路径长度达到平台均表示为平均学习的所有八个试验。 （C）游泳速度是作为一个普通的学习所有八个试验。野生型缩写为WT和转基因缩写为TG。动物编号如下:WT +生理盐水（N = 8），WT +行程（N = 7），TG +生理盐水（N = 7），TG +行程（N = 8）。值被表示为平均值±SEM表示。 （单因素方差分析，Tukey的事后）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53089/53089fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看这个大版本</a>数字。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke at JoVE.com

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

调查在一个新颖模型共同病态阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）和中风的条件，都描述了三种行为任务评估两个电动机控制和认知行为。这些任务包括梁行走任务，气缸任务和Morris水迷宫。

汽车和海马依赖空间学习和记忆参考评估与中风阿尔茨海默氏病的转基因大鼠模型

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk ...

motor-hippocampal-dependent-spatial-learning-reference-memory

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.1K 次观看.  Western University. 调查在一个新颖模型共同病态阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）和中风的条件，都描述了三种行为任务评估两个电动机控制和认知行为。这些任务包括梁行走任务，气缸任务和Morris水迷宫。 

视频: Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

Preparation of Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rats and Transgenic Mice for the Study of Synaptic Alterations during Aging and Amyloid Pathology

The rodent hippocampal slice preparation is perhaps the most broadly used tool for investigating mammalian synaptic function and plasticity. The hippocampus can be extracted quickly and easily from rats and mice and slices remain viable for hours in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, basic electrophysisologic techniques are easily applied to the investigation of synaptic function in hippocampal slices and have provided some of the best biomarkers for cognitive impairments. The hippocampal slice is especially popular for the study of synaptic plasticity mechanisms involved in learning and memory. Changes in the induction of long-term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD) of synaptic efficacy in hippocampal slices (or lack thereof) are frequently used to describe the neurologic phenotype of cognitively-impaired animals and/or to evaluate the mechanism of action of nootropic compounds. This article outlines the procedures we use for preparing hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations associated with brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)1-3. Use of aged rats and AD model mice can present a unique set of challenges to researchers accustomed to using younger rats and/or mice in their research. Aged rats have thicker skulls and tougher connective tissue than younger rats and mice, which can delay brain extraction and/or dissection and consequently negate or exaggerate real age-differences in synaptic function and plasticity. Aging and amyloid pathology may also exacerbate hippocampal damage sustained during the dissection procedure, again complicating any inferences drawn from physiologic assessment. Here, we discuss the steps taken during the dissection procedure to minimize these problems. Examples of synaptic responses acquired in "healthy" and "unhealthy" slices from rats and mice are provided, as well as representative synaptic plasticity experiments. The possible impact of other methodological factors on synaptic function in these animal models (e.g. recording solution components, stimulation parameters) are also discussed. While the focus of this article is on the use of aged rats and transgenic mice, novices to slice physiology should find enough detail here to get started on their own studies, using a variety of rodent models.

This article outlines procedures for preparing hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations associated with brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease.

突触改变老化过程中淀粉样蛋白病理研究从大鼠和转基因小鼠海马急性片的制备

The rodent hippocampal slice preparation is perhaps the most broadly used tool for investigating mammalian synaptic function and plasticity. The ...

科研

神经科学

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

行为学

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

Morris水迷宫实验:优化小鼠品系和测试环境

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including acquisition of spatial memoryand long-term spatial memory 1. The MWM is a relatively simple procedure typically consisting of six day trials, the main advantage being the differentiation between the spatial (hidden-platform) and non-spatial (visible platform) conditions 2-4. In addition, the MWM testing environment reduces odor trail interference 5. This has led the task to be used extensively in the study of the neurobiology and neuropharmacology of spatial learning and memory. The MWM plays an important role in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s Disease 6, 7. In this protocol we discussed the typical procedure of MWM for testing learning and memory and data analysis commonly used in Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease transgenic model mice.

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze is a behavioral task to test hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. It has been widely used in the study of neurobiology, neuropharmacology and neurocognitive disorders in rodent models.

在阿尔茨海默氏病模型小鼠学习和记忆障碍的Morris水迷宫测试

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including ...

Assessing Spatial Memory Impairment in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Radial Water Tread Maze

Despite the recent increase in use of mouse models in scientific research, researchers continue to use cognitive tasks that were originally designed and validated for rat use. The Radial Water Tread (RWT) maze test of spatial memory (designed specifically for mice and requiring no swimming) has been shown previously to successfully distinguish between controlled cortical impact-induced TBI mice and sham controls. Here, a detailed protocol for this task is presented. The RWT maze capitalizes on the natural tendency of mice to avoid open areas in favor of hugging the sides of an apparatus (thigmotaxis). The walls of the maze are lined with nine escape holes placed above the floor of the apparatus, and mice are trained to use visual cues to locate the escape hole that leads out of the maze. The maze is filled with an inch of cold water, sufficient to motivate escape but not deep enough to require that the mouse swim. The acquisition period takes only four training days, with a test of memory retention on day five and a long-term memory test on day 12. The results reported here suggest that the RWT maze is a feasible alternative to rat-validated, swimming-based cognitive tests in the assessment of spatial memory deficits in mouse models of TBI.

Here we present a protocol for a mouse-specific test of cognition that does not require swimming. This test can be used to successfully distinguish controlled cortical impact-induced traumatic brain injury mice from sham controls.

使用径向水痕迷宫评估外伤性脑损伤小鼠模型中的空间记忆障碍

Despite the recent increase in use of mouse models in scientific research, researchers continue to use cognitive tasks that were originally designed and ...

Establishment of a Valuable Mimic of Alzheimer's Disease in Rat Animal Model by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Composited Amyloid Beta Protein

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and is accompanied by neuron loss and structure change. With the increase of AD patients worldwide, the pathology and treatment of the disease has become a focus in the International Pharmaceutical Industry. Thus, the establishment of the animal model to mimic AD in the laboratory is of great importance.
Here, we describe a detailed protocol for establishing a mimic of AD in a rat animal model though intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid beta protein 25-35 (A&#946;25-35) combined with aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) and anterodorsal thalamic nucleus injection of recombinant human transforming growth factor-&#946;1 (RHTGF-&#946;1) to rats. The related markers of AD were measured, including: spatial memory, neuronal structure and substructure, neuronal A&#946;, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) production. This rat model demonstrates spatial memory impairment, neuronal structure and substructure pathological changes, neuron intracellular A&#946; burden, and NFT aggregation, and provides a close mimic of the neuronal structure and function disorder to that of clinical AD patients. Thus, the presented AD rat modelprovides a valuable in vivo tool for exploring neuronal function, neuronal pathology, and drug screening of AD.

This is a protocol to mimic Alzheimer&#39;s Disease in rats by evaluation of spatial memory impairment, neuronal pathological changes, neuronal amyloid beta protein (A&#946;) burden, and neurofibrillary tangles aggregation, induced by the injection of A&#946;25-35 combined with aluminum trichloride and recombinant human transforming growth factor-&#946;1.

脑室注射复合淀粉样蛋白β模型建立大鼠阿尔茨海默病的价值模拟

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and is accompanied by neuron loss and structure ...

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze

A Morris water maze (MWM) experiment forces experimental animals to swim and learn to find a platform hidden in the water. It is widely used in scientific research to assess the learning and memory of animals. Due to the extensive use of the MWM test, visual experimental protocols are essential for researchers. This manuscript uses the latest studies to introduce the protocol of the MWM test. Alzheimer&#8217; Disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive loss of memory and cognitive function. An alternative and complementary treatment used for AD is Manual Acupuncture (MA). To assess the learning and memory ability of AD model mice, the MWM test was conducted. The visible platform trial, hidden platform trial, probe trial, and reversal trial of MWM were used to evaluate spatial learning and memory ability. In the visible platform trial, the swimming speed and escape latency of mice in different groups was not significantly different. In the hidden platform and reversal trials, the AD group showed a long escape latency. The escape latency decreased significantly after the MA treatment. Low platform crossover number and the proportion of time in the SW quadrant in the probe trial increased after the MA treatment (p &#60; 0.05 or p &#60; 0.01). The results of the MWM tests suggest that MA can effectively improve the spatial learning and memory abilities of AD model mice. Rigorous experimental operations provided assurance of the reliability of the results.

Herein, a protocol to conduct the Morris water maze tests to evaluate the ability of learning and memory of Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease model mice and to assess the effect of manual acupuncture for treating them is described.

使用莫里斯水迷宫对阿尔茨海默氏病小鼠模型学习和记忆能力的分析

A Morris water maze (MWM) experiment forces experimental animals to swim and learn to find a platform hidden in the water. It is widely used in scientific ...

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on animals and humans. Adult neurogenesis mechanism is also linked to memory and learning improvement. Traditionally, researchers used to assess learning and memory parameters in rodent models by behavioral tasks. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of behavioral changes and EEG is particularly interesting in correlating data between brain activity and task-related behaviors. However, most of the equipment required to perform both studies are either complex, expensive, or uses a wired setup network that hinders the natural animals&#8217; movement. In this study, EEG was recorded with a wireless electrophysiology device along with the execution of a novel object recognition task (NORT). The animal&#8217;s behavior was monitored simultaneously by a video tracking system. Both recordings were analyzed offline by their timestamps which were synched to link EEG signals with the animal&#8217;s actions. Subjects consist of adult Wistar rats after medium-term environmental enrichment treatment. Six skull screw electrodes were fixed in pairs on both hemispheres over frontal, central, and parietal regions and were referenced to an electrode located posterior of the nasal bone. NORT protocol consists of exposing the animal to two identical objects for 10 min. After 2 h and 24 h, one of the objects was replaced with a novel one. Exploration time for each object was monitored by a behavioral tracking software (BTS) and EEG data recording. The analysis of the EEG synced with behavioral data consists of estimations of alpha and beta relative band power and comparisons between novel object recognition versus familiar object exploration, between three experimental stages. In this manuscript, we have discussed electrodes manufacturing process, epidural electrodes implantation surgery, environmental enrichment protocol, NORT protocol, BTS setup, EEG &#8211; BTS coupling for simultaneous monitoring in real-time, and EEG data analysis based on automatic events detection.

The protocol presented here provides information on the simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral assessment in real-time. We have discussed all steps involved in this protocol as an attractive solution for researchers in many fields of neuroscience, particularly in learning and memory areas.

同时监测无线电生理学和记忆行为测试作为研究海马神经发生的工具

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on ...

Assessment of Spontaneous Alternation, Novel Object Recognition and Limb Clasping in Transgenic Mouse Models of Amyloid-&#946; and Tau Neuropathology

Here we describe a staged, behavioral testing approach that can be used to screen for compounds that exhibit in vivo efficacy on cognitive and functional motor behaviors in transgenic mouse models of &#946;-amyloidosis and tauopathy. The paradigm includes tests for spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze, novel object recognition, and limb clasping. These tests were selected because they: 1) interrogate function of cognitive or motor domains and the correlate neural circuitry relevant to the human disease state, 2) have clearly defined endpoints, 3) have easily implementable quality control checks, 4) can be run in a moderate throughput format, and 5) require little intervention by the investigator. These methods are designed for investigators looking to screen compounds for activity in short-term and working memory tasks, or functional motor behaviors associated with Alzheimer's disease mouse models. The methods described here use behavioral tests that engage a number of different brain regions including hippocampus and various cortical areas. Investigators that desire cognitive tests that specifically assess cognition mediated by a single brain region could use these techniques to supplement other behavioral tests.

Described here is a staged, behavioral screening approach that can be used to screen for compounds that exhibit in vivo efficacy on cognitive and functional motor behaviors in transgenic mouse models of &#946;-amyloidosis and tauopathy. These methods are optimized to screen compounds for activity in short-term and working memory tasks.

自发交替评估，淀粉样蛋白β和脑神经病理学转基因小鼠模型中的新物体识别和肢体紧扣

Here we describe a staged, behavioral testing approach that can be used to screen for compounds that exhibit in vivo efficacy on cognitive and functional ...

医学

A Preclinical Model to Assess Brain Recovery After Acute Stroke in Rats

The purpose of this study was to establish and validate an animal brain ischemia model in the recovery and sequela stages. A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in male Sprague-Dawley rats was chosen. By changing the rat&#39;s weight (260&#8722;330 g), the thread bolt type (2636/2838/3040/3043) and the brain infarct time (2-3 h), a higher Longa&#39;s score, a larger infarct volume and a greater model success ratio were screened using the Longa&#39;s score and TTC staining. The optimum model condition (300 g, 3040 thread bolt, 3 h brain infarct time) was acquired and used in a 1-90 day observation period after reperfusion via assessment of sensorimotor functions and infarct volume. At these conditions, the bilateral asymmetry test had a significant difference from 1 to 90 days, and the grid-walking test had a significant difference from 1 to 60 days; both differences could be a suitable sensorimotor functional test. Thus, the most appropriate condition of a novel rat model in the recovery and sequela stages of brain ischemia was found: 300 g rats that underwent MCAO with a 3040 thread bolt for a 3 h brain infarct and then reperfused. The appropriate sensorimotor functional tests were a bilateral asymmetry test and a grid-walking test.

The&#160;purpose of this study is to establish and validate an animal model for research in the recovery and sequela stages of brain ischemia by testing brain infarction and sensorimotor function after middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) after 1-90 days in rats.

评估大鼠急性中风后脑恢复的临床前模型

The purpose of this study was to establish and validate an animal brain ischemia model in the recovery and sequela stages. A middle cerebral artery ...