Name: preparation of drosophila larval samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms)-based metabolomics
Uploaded: 2018-06-06T15:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics at JoVE.com

وبفضل الأعضاء في مرفق مطيافية الكتلة جامعة إنديانا وجامعة يوتا جميع مرفق الأساسية للمساعدة في الاستفادة المثلى من هذا البروتوكول. J.M.T. معتمد من قبل المعهد الوطني للعلوم الطبية العامة "معاهد الصحة الوطنية في" إطار جائزة رقم R35GM119557.

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O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Metabolic Profiling: Methods and Protocols Vol. 708 Methods in Molecular Biology. , 191-204 (2011).</li><li>Chan, E. C. Y., Pasikanti, K. K., Nicholson, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+urinary+metabolic+profiling+procedures+using+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Global urinary metabolic profiling procedures using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> Nature Protocols. 6 (10), 1483-1499 (2011).</li><li>Dunn, W. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glue+secretion+in+the+Drosophila+salivary+gland:+a+model+for+steroid-regulated+exocytosis.">Glue secretion in the Drosophila salivary gland: a model for steroid-regulated exocytosis.</a> Developmental Biology. 231 (1), 234-251 (2001).</li><li>Lommen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MetAlign:+Interface-driven,+versatile+metabolomics+tool+for+hyphenated+full-scan+mass+spectrometry+data+preprocessing.">MetAlign: Interface-driven, versatile metabolomics tool for hyphenated full-scan mass spectrometry data preprocessing.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 81 (8), 3079-3086 (2009).</li><li>Xia, J., Wishart, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+MetaboAnalyst+3.0+for+comprehensive+metabolomics+data+analysis.">Using MetaboAnalyst 3.0 for comprehensive metabolomics data analysis.</a> Current Protocols in Bioinformatics. 55, (2016).</li><li>Xia, J., Sinelnikov, I. V., Han, B., Wishart, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MetaboAnalyst+3.0-making+metabolomics+more+meaningful.">MetaboAnalyst 3.0-making metabolomics more meaningful.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (W1), W251-W257 (2015).</li><li>Lommen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Data+(pre-)processing+of+nominal+and+accurate+mass+LC-MS+or+GC-MS+data+using+MetAlign.">Data (pre-)processing of nominal and accurate mass LC-MS or GC-MS data using MetAlign.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 860, 229-253 (2012).</li><li>Xia, J., Wishart, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+MetaboAnalyst+3.0+for+comprehensive+metabolomics+data+analysis.">Using MetaboAnalyst 3.0 for comprehensive metabolomics data analysis.</a> Current Protocols in Bioinformatics. 55, (2016).</li><li>Xia, J., Wishart, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Web-based+inference+of+biological+patterns,+functions+and+pathways+from+metabolomic+data+using+MetaboAnalyst.">Web-based inference of biological patterns, functions and pathways from metabolomic data using MetaboAnalyst.</a> Nature Protocols. 6 (6), 743-760 (2011).</li><li>Li, H., Tennessen, J. 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جميع يوفر فرصة لا مثيل لها لدراسة التفاعلات الأيضية التي تؤلف أيض وسيطة. الحساسية لهذه التكنولوجيا، ومع ذلك، يجعل البيانات عرضه للخلفية الوراثية والعظة التنموية، ومجموعة متنوعة من الضغوط البيئية، بما في ذلك درجة الحرارة، والرطوبة، والكثافة السكانية، وتوافر المغذيات. ولذلك، عالية يتطلب...

ذبابة الفاكهة melanogaster المورفولوجية برز كنظام مثالي لدراسة الآلية الجزيئية التي تنظم الأيض الوسيطة. ليس فقط هي حفظت معظم الأيضية بين البشر و المورفولوجية ، ولكن أجهزة الاستشعار المغذيات الرئيسية ومنظمات النمو، مثل الأنسولين، تور، وحركة، تنشط أيضا في أن يطير1،2. كنتيجة لذلك، يمكن استخدام المورفولوجية لاستكشاف الأساس الأيضي للأمراض البشرية تتراوح بين مرض السكري والسمنة نيوروديجينيريشن والسرطان. وفي هذا الصدد، وضع اليرقات المورفولوجية يوفر الإطار المثالي لدراسة برنامج الاستقلابية المعروفة بتحلل الهوائية، أو تأثير واربورغ. تماما كما استخدم العديد من الأورام تحلل الهوائية لتوليد طاقة الكتلة الأحيائية من الكربوهيدرات، حتى للقيام المورفولوجية اليرقات تنشيط تحلل الهوائية لتعزيز النمو التنموي3،،من45. أوجه التشابه هذه بين اليرقات والتمثيل الغذائي الورم تنشئ المورفولوجية كنموذج رئيسي لفهم كيف الهوائية تحلل التنظيم في فيفو.
وعلى الرغم من حقيقة أن الطاير قد برز كنموذج شعبية لدراسة الأيض، تعتمد معظم الدراسات المورفولوجية على الأساليب التي تم تصميمها لقياس نواتج الأيض الفردية3، مثل تريهالوسي أو الشحوم ATP. منذ بروتوكول معين مطلوب لقياس كل المستقلب، الدراسات على أساس مقايسة كثيفة العمالة ومكلفة، ومنحازة إلى تلك المركبات التي يمكن أن تقاس باستخدام مجموعات تجارية. التوصل إلى حل لهذه القيود برز من الحقل لجميع، الذي يوفر وسيلة أكثر كفاءة وغير متحيزة لدراسة الأيض المورفولوجية . خلافا لدراسة على أساس المقايسة، يمكن إجراء تحليل metabolomic واحد في نفس الوقت قياس المئات من جزيء صغير من الأيض وتوفير فهم شامل للكائن الحي حالة ايضية6،7. هذا الأسلوب اتسع إلى حد كبير نطاق الدراسات المورفولوجية الأيضية ويمثل مستقبل هذا المجال الناشئ8.
وتجري دراسات Metabolomic أساسا باستخدام ثلاث تقنيات: (ط) الرنين المغناطيسي النووي (الرنين المغناطيسي النووي) و (ثانيا) السائل اللوني-الكتلي (LC-MS) (ثالثا) الفصل اللوني للغاز-قياس الطيف الكتلي (GC-MS)9. يقدم كل نهج متميز من مزايا وعيوب، وكل من هذه التقنيات قد استخدمت بنجاح دراسة الأيض المورفولوجية . نظراً للبحث الذي أجرى في المختبر لدينا يركز على نواتج الأيض الصغيرة، والقطبية، نحن نوظف أسلوب GC-MS-تعتمد أساسا. GC-MS ويوفر للمستخدم مع عدد من المزايا، بما في ذلك إمكانية تكرار نتائج عالية، القرار الذروة، والحساسية، وتوفر مكتبة الطيفية الأثر (الصناعات الاستخراجية) إلكترون القياسية التي تسمح التعرف السريع على اكتشاف الأيضية ميزات10،11. ومع ذلك، إعداد العينات ل GC-MS، معقد نوعا ما ويتطلب عناية بالتفاصيل. يجب جمع العينات وغسلها ووزنه والمجمدة بطريقة يروي بسرعة التفاعلات الأيضية. وعلاوة على ذلك، الذبيحة يطير مقاوم للبروتوكولات القياسية التجانس ويتطلب طاحونة حبة لضمان استخراج المستقلب الأمثل. وأخيراً، يجب أن تخضع العينات التي تم تحليلها بواسطة GC-MS derivatization الكيميائية قبل الكشف عن12. بينما تصف الأساليب المنشورة سابقا كل هذه الخطوات3،،من1314، يزال يلزم بروتوكول بصرية التي تسمح للمستخدم المبتدئ بتكاثر توليد بيانات عالية الجودة. هنا نظهر كيفية تحضير عينات اليرقات المورفولوجية لتحليل جميع GC-MS-تعتمد. يسمح هذا البروتوكول المستخدم لقياس العديد من نواتج الأيض القطبية الصغيرة التي تؤلف استقلاب الكربون وسط تكاثر.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Unsulfured blackstrap molasses</td><td>Good Food, INC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drosophila Agar Type II</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>66-103</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pyridine</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>PX2012-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methoxyamine hydrocholoride (MOX)</td><td>MP Biomedicals, LLC</td><td>155405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MSTFA with 1% trimethylchlorosilane</td><td>Sigma</td><td>69478</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fleischmann&amp;rsquo;s Active dry yeast</td><td>AB Mauri Food Inc</td><td>2192</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6oz Drosophila stock bottle</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>32-130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soft tissue homogenizing mix (2 mL tubes)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Omni International</td><td>SKU:19-627</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vial insert, 250 &amp;micro;L deactivated glass with polymer feet</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5181-8872</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Succinic acid-2,2,3,3-d&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>293075</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SpeedVac</td><td>Thermo&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SC210A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>o-Phosphoric acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A242-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propionic acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P5561</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p-Hydroxy benzoic acid methyl ester</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>20-258</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bead Ruptor</td><td>Omni International</td><td>SKU:19-040E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ThermoMixer F1.5</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5384000012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MultiTherm Shaker with a 24 X 12 mm block</td><td>Benchmark Scientific</td><td>H5000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>34860</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL centrifuge tube</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>22364111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon 35 X 10 mm tissue culture dish</td><td>Corning Incorporated</td><td>353001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GC column</td><td>Phenomex</td><td>ZB-5MSi</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of drosophila larval samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms)-based metabolomics

وقد أنشأت التطورات الأخيرة في هذا مجال جميع ذبابة الفاكهة melanogaster المورفولوجية كنموذج وراثية قوية لدراسة الأيض الحيواني. عن طريق الجمع بين مجموعة واسعة من أدوات المورفولوجية الوراثية مع القدرة على مسح مساحات كبيرة من الأيض الوسيطة، يمكن أن تكشف عن نهج جميع التفاعلات المعقدة بين النظام الغذائي والوراثي وتاريخ حياة الأحداث ومنبهات بيئية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمكن اكتشاف الآليات الانزيمية رواية جميع الدراسات وكشف اتصالات مجهولة بين المسارات الأيضية التي تبدو متباينة. من أجل تيسير توسيع نطاق استخدام هذه التكنولوجيا مجتمع المورفولوجية ، هنا نقدم بروتوكول تفصيلية التي توضح هذه المقالة كيفية إعداد عينات اليرقات المورفولوجية للفصل اللوني للغاز-الكتلي (GC-MS)- على أساس تحليل metabolomic. لدينا بروتوكول يتضمن وصفاً لجمع العينات اليرقات واستخراج المستقلب، derivatization الكيميائية وتحليل GC-MS. النجاح في إنجاز هذا البروتوكول سوف تسمح للمستخدمين لقياس الوفرة النسبية لنواتج الأيض القطبية الصغيرة، بما في ذلك الأحماض الأمينية والسكريات والأحماض العضوية تشارك في دورات TCA وتحلل.

لاكتات نازعة المسوخ (دلده)، والتي تفتقر إلى النشاط دلده4، وعناصر مطابقة وراثيا وجمعت يرقات منتصف L2 وتجهيزها وفقا للبروتوكول المذكورة أعلاه. عند مقارنة مع عناصر التحكم، اليرقات متحولة يحمل تغييرات كبيرة في لاكتات، بيروفات ول-2-هيدروكسيجلوتاراتي<sup class="xre...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics at JoVE.com

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics

ويصف هذا البروتوكول كيفية إعداد اليرقات المورفولوجية لتحليل GC-MS-تعتمد metabolomic.

إعداد عينات اليرقات المورفولوجية للفصل اللوني للغاز-الكتلي (GC-MS)-على أساس جميع

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal ...

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Developmental Biology

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based Metabolomics

11.1K Views.  Indiana University. ويصف هذا البروتوكول كيفية إعداد اليرقات المورفولوجية لتحليل GC-MS-تعتمد metabolomic.

Video: Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often compromise the lives of those who suffer from these complex diseases. Detecting mitochondrial metabolic changes is vital to the understanding of mitochondrial disorders and mitochondrial responses to pharmacological agents. Although mitochondrial metabolism is at the core of metabolic regulation, the detection of subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism may be hindered by the overrepresentation of other cytosolic metabolites obtained using whole organism or whole tissue extractions. 
Here we describe an isolation method that detected pronounced mitochondrial metabolic changes in Drosophila that were distinct between whole-fly and mitochondrial enriched preparations. To illustrate the sensitivity of this method, we used a set of Drosophila harboring genetically diverse mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) and exposed them to the drug rapamycin. Using this method we showed that rapamycin modifies mitochondrial metabolism in a mitochondrial-genotype-dependent manner. However, these changes are much more distinct in metabolomics studies when metabolites were extracted from mitochondrial enriched fractions. In contrast, whole tissue extracts only detected metabolic changes mediated by the drug rapamycin independently of mtDNAs.

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster.

إعداد الميتوكوندريا المخصب الكسور لتحليل التمثيل الغذائي في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often ...

Medium-scale Preparation of Drosophila Embryo Extracts for Proteomic Experiments

Analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has become an indispensable approach to study biological processes and mechanisms, such as cell signaling, organism development, and disease. It is often desirable to obtain PPI information using in vivo material, to gain the most natural and unbiased view of the interaction networks. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent platform to study PPIs in vivo, and lends itself to straightforward approaches to isolating material for biochemical experiments. In particular, fruit fly embryos represent a convenient type of tissue to study PPIs, due to the ease of collecting animals at this developmental stage and the fact that the majority of proteins are expressed in embryogenesis, thus providing a relevant environment to reveal most PPIs. Here we present a protocol for collection of Drosophila embryos at medium scale (0.5-1 g), which is an ideal amount for a wide range of proteomic applications, including analysis of PPIs by affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS). We describe our designs for 1 L and 5 L cages for embryo collections that can be easily and inexpensively set up in any laboratory. We also provide a general protocol for embryo collection and protein extraction to generate lysates that can be directly used in downstream applications such as AP-MS. Our goal is to provide an accessible means for all researchers to carry out the analyses of PPIs in vivo.

Medium-scale Preparation of Drosophila Embryo Extracts for Proteomic Experiments

The goal of this protocol is to provide a straightforward and inexpensive approach to collecting Drosophila embryos at medium scale (0.5-1 g) and preparing protein extracts that can be used in downstream proteomic applications, such as affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS).

إعداد على نطاق متوسط ​​من<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; مقتطفات الجنين للتجارب بروتيوميك

Analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has become an indispensable approach to study biological processes and mechanisms, such as cell signaling, ...

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Drosophila flight muscle is a powerful model to study diverse processes such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, metabolism, and mechanobiology, which all influence muscle development and myofibrillogenesis. Omics data, such as those generated by mass spectrometry or deep sequencing, can provide important mechanistic insights into these biological processes. For such approaches, it is beneficial to analyze tissue-specific samples to increase both selectivity and specificity of the omics fingerprints. Here we present a protocol for dissection of fluorescent-labeled flight muscle from live pupae to generate highly enriched muscle samples for omics applications. We first describe how to dissect flight muscles at early pupal stages (&#60;48 h after puparium formation [APF]), when the muscles are discernable by green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeling. We then describe how to dissect muscles from late pupae (&#62;48 h APF) or adults, when muscles are distinguishable under a dissecting microscope. The accompanying video protocol will make these technically demanding dissections more widely accessible to the muscle and Drosophila research communities. For RNA applications, we assay the quantity and quality of RNA that can be isolated at different time points and with different approaches. We further show that Bruno1 (Bru1) is necessary for a temporal shift in myosin heavy chain (Mhc) splicing, demonstrating that dissected muscles can be used for mRNA-Seq, mass spectrometry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) applications. This dissection protocol will help promote tissue-specific omics analyses and can be generally applied to study multiple biological aspects of myogenesis.

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Drosophila flight muscle is a powerful model to study transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, metabolism, and mechanobiology. We present a protocol for dissection of fluorescent-labeled flight muscle from live pupae to generate highly enriched samples ideal for proteomics and deep-sequencing. These samples can offer important mechanistic insights into diverse aspects of muscle development.

تشريح العضلات الطائرة الصباغية لنهج الomics

Drosophila flight muscle is a powerful model to study diverse processes such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, metabolism, and ...

Genetics

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

In the following we describe the methodological details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with genetic interference, provides a handle to analyze the neuronal and molecular fundamentals of specifically associative learning in a simple larval brain.
Organisms can use past experience to adjust present behavior. Such acquisition of behavioral potential can be defined as learning, and the physical bases of these potentials as memory traces1-4. Neuroscientists try to understand how these processes are organized in terms of molecular and neuronal changes in the brain by using a variety of methods in model organisms ranging from insects to vertebrates5,6. For such endeavors it is helpful to use model systems that are simple and experimentally accessible. The Drosophila larva has turned out to satisfy these demands based on the availability of robust behavioral assays, the existence of a variety of transgenic techniques and the elementary organization of the nervous system comprising only about 10,000 neurons (albeit with some concessions: cognitive limitations, few behavioral options, and richness of experience questionable)7-10.
Drosophila larvae can form associations between odors and appetitive gustatory reinforcement like sugar11-14. In a standard assay, established in the lab of B. Gerber, animals receive a two-odor reciprocal training: A first group of larvae is exposed to an odor A together with a gustatory reinforcer (sugar reward) and is subsequently exposed to an odor B without reinforcement 9. Meanwhile a second group of larvae receives reciprocal training while experiencing odor A without reinforcement and subsequently being exposed to odor B with reinforcement (sugar reward). In the following both groups are tested for their preference between the two odors. Relatively higher preferences for the rewarded odor reflect associative learning - presented as a performance index (PI). The conclusion regarding the associative nature of the performance index is compelling, because apart from the contingency between odors and tastants, other parameters, such as odor and reward exposure, passage of time and handling do not differ between the two groups9.

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are able to associate odor stimuli with gustatory reward. Here we describe a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of appetitive associative olfactory learning.

مشهي التعلم النقابي في الشم<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; اليرقات

In the following we describe the methodological  details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with ...

Neuroscience

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and behavioral evolution. Drosophila olfactory tissues house the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that detect volatile chemical cues in addition to hydro- and thermo-sensory neurons. In this protocol, we describe the dissection of developing peripheral olfactory tissue of the adult Drosophila species. We first describe how to stage and age Drosophila larvae, followed by the dissection of the antennal disc from early pupal stages, followed by the dissection of the antennae from mid-pupal stages and adults. We also show methods where preparations can be utilized in molecular techniques, such as the RNA extraction for qRT-PCR, RNAseq, or immunohistochemistry. These methods can also be applied to other Drosophila species after species-specific pupal development times are determined, and respective stages are calculated for appropriate aging.

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

Here, we present a protocol to stage and dissect developing olfactory tissue from Drosophila species. The dissected tissue can later be used for molecular analyses, such as quantitative RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) or RNA sequencing (RNAseq), as well as in vivo analyses such as immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

إعداد وضع الأنسجة حاسة الشم الطرفية الجزيئية والتحليل المناعي في المورفولوجية

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and ...

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

The usefulness of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of human diseases, behaviors and basic biology is unquestionable. Although practical, Drosophila research lacks popularity in developing countries, possibly due to the misinformed idea that establishing a lab and performing relevant experiments with such tiny insects is difficult and requires expensive, specialized apparatuses. Here, we describe how to build an affordable flylab to quantitatively analyze a myriad of behavioral parameters in D. melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We provide protocols to build in-house vial racks, courtship arenas, apparatuses for locomotor assays, etc., to be used for general fly maintenance and to perform behavioral experiments using adult flies and larvae. We also provide protocols on how to use more sophisticated systems, such as a high resolution oxygraph, to measure mitochondrial oxygen consumption in larval samples, and show its association with behavioral changes in the larvae upon the xenotopic expression of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX). AOX increases larval activity and mitochondrial leak respiration, and accelerates development at low temperatures, which is consistent with a thermogenic role for the enzyme. We hope these protocols will inspire researchers, especially from developing countries, to use Drosophila to easily combine behavior and mitochondrial metabolism data, which may lead to information on genes and/or environmental conditions that may also regulate human physiology and disease states.

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

We provide protocols for anyone with a "maker culture" mind to start building a flylab for quantitative analysis of a myriad of behavioral parameters in Drosophila melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We also describe a high resolution respirometry protocol using larvae to combine behavioral and mitochondrial metabolism data.

The usefulness of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of human diseases, behaviors and basic biology is unquestionable. Although practical, ...

Behavior

Analysis of Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Photoreceptors using Mass Spectrometry

The activation of phospholipase C&#946; (PLC&#946;) is an essential step during sensory transduction in Drosophila photoreceptors. PLC&#946; activity results in the hydrolysis of the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] leading ultimately to the activation of transient receptor potential (TRP) and TRP like (TRPL) channels. The activity of PLC&#946; also leads subsequently to the generation of many lipid species several of which have been proposed to play a role in TRP and TRPL activation. In addition, several classes of lipids have been proposed to play key roles in organizing the cell biology of photoreceptors to optimize signaling reactions for optimal sensory transduction. Historically, these discoveries have been driven by the ability to isolate Drosophila mutants for enzymes that control the levels of specific lipids and perform analysis of photoreceptor physiology in these mutants. More recently, powerful mass spectrometry methods for isolation and quantitative analysis of lipids with high sensitivity and specificity have been developed. These are particularly suited for use in Drosophila where lipid analysis is now possible from photoreceptors without the need for radionuclide labeling. In this article, the conceptual and practical considerations in the use of lipid mass spectrometry for the robust, sensitive, and accurate quantitative assessment of various signaling lipids in Drosophila photoreceptors are covered. Along with existing methods in molecular genetics and physiological analysis such lipid is likely to enhance the power of photoreceptors as a model system for discoveries in biology.

Analysis of Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Photoreceptors using Mass Spectrometry

The manuscript presents versatile, robust, and sensitive mass spectrometry protocols to identify and quantify several classes of lipids from Drosophila photoreceptors.

The activation of phospholipase C&#946; (PLC&#946;) is an essential step during sensory transduction in Drosophila photoreceptors. PLC&#946; activity ...

Biochemistry

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs provides a tissue-level understanding of energy utilization that cannot be captured when analyzing primary cells and cell lines. While this analysis is ex vivo, it allows for the measurement from a number of specialized cells working together to perform a function in one tissue and more closely models the in vivo organ. Metabolic reprogramming has been observed in many neurological diseases, including neoplasia, and neurodegenerative diseases. This protocol was developed to assist the D. melanogaster community&#39;s investigation of metabolism in neurological disease models using a commercially available metabolic analyzer. Measuring metabolism of whole brains in the metabolic analyzer is challenging due to the geometry of the brain. This analyzer requires samples to remain at the bottom of a 96-well plate. Cell samples and tissue punches can adhere to the surface of the cell plate or utilize spheroid plates, respectively. However, the spherical, three-dimensional shape of D. melanogaster brains prevents the tissue from adhering to the plate. This protocol requires a specially designed and manufactured micro-tissue restraint that circumvents this problem by preventing any movement of the brain while still allowing metabolic measurements from the analyzer&#39;s two solid-state sensor probes. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates are reproducible and sensitive to a treatment with metabolic inhibitors. With a minor optimization, this protocol can be adapted for use with any whole tissue and/or model system, provided that the sample size does not exceed the chamber generated by the restraint. While basal metabolic measurements and an analysis after a treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors are described within this protocol, countless experimental conditions, such as energy source preference and rearing environment, could be interrogated.

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

We present a protocol for measuring oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. A metabolic analyzer is utilized with an adapted and optimized protocol. Micro-tissue restraints are a critical component of this protocol and were designed and created specifically for their use in this analysis.

التحليل الأيضي اليرقات melanogaster المورفولوجية و "العقول الكبار"

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs ...

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. Although fruit flies provide obvious experimental advantages, research on neurodegenerative diseases has mostly relied on traditional techniques, including genetic interaction, histology, immunofluorescence, and protein biochemistry. These techniques are effective for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies, which lead to a detailed understanding of the role of single genes in well-defined biological problems. However, neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex and affect multiple cellular organelles and processes over time. The advent of new technologies and the omics age provides a unique opportunity to understand the global cellular perturbations underlying complex diseases. Flexible model organisms such as Drosophila are ideal for adapting these new technologies because of their strong annotation and high tractability. One challenge with these small animals, though, is the purification of enough informational molecules (DNA, mRNA, protein, metabolites) from highly relevant tissues such as fly brains. Other challenges consist of collecting large numbers of flies for experimental replicates (critical for statistical robustness) and developing consistent procedures for the purification of high-quality biological material. Here, we describe the procedures for collecting thousands of fly heads and the extraction of transcripts and metabolites to understand how global changes in gene expression and metabolism contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These procedures are easily scalable and can be applied to the study of proteomic and epigenomic contributions to disease.

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

We describe here the procedures for the extraction and purification of mRNA and metabolites from Drosophila heads. We are applying these techniques to better understand the cellular perturbations underlying neuronal degeneration. These methodologies can be easily scaled and adapted for other "omic" projects.

تنقية النصوص والأيضات من<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; رؤساء

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...

Biology

مراقبة نقل مستقلب الدماغ في ذبابة الفاكهة باستخدام مستشعرات الحنق

Visualizing Monocarboxylates and Other Relevant Metabolites in the Ex Vivo Drosophila Larval Brain Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

The high energy requirements of brains due to electrical activity are one of their most distinguishing features. These requirements are met by the production of ATP from glucose and its metabolites, such as the monocarboxylates lactate and pyruvate. It is still unclear how this process is regulated or who the key players are, particularly in Drosophila.
Using genetically encoded F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer-based sensors, we present a simple method for measuring the transport of monocarboxylates and glucose in glial cells and neurons in an ex-vivo Drosophila larval brain preparation. The protocol describes how to dissect and adhere a larval brain expressing one of the sensors to a glass coverslip. 
We present the results of an entire experiment in which lactate transport was measured in larval brains by knocking down previously identified monocarboxylate transporters in glial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to rapidly increase neuronal activity and track metabolite changes in the active brain. The described method, which provides all necessary information, can be used to analyze other Drosophila living tissues.

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: التقدم في أبحاث استقلاب طاقة الدماغ باستخدام نموذج ذبابة الفاكهة

Here we present a protocol to visualize the transport of monocarboxylates, glucose, and ATP in glial cells and neurons using genetically encoded F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer-based sensors in an ex-vivo Drosophila larval brain preparation.

إعداد عينات اليرقات المورفولوجية للفصل اللوني للغاز-الكتلي (GC-MS)-على أساس جميع

Summary

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إعداد الميتوكوندريا المخصب الكسور لتحليل التمثيل الغذائي في

إعداد على نطاق متوسط من

تشريح العضلات الطائرة الصباغية لنهج الomics

مشهي التعلم النقابي في الشم

إعداد وضع الأنسجة حاسة الشم الطرفية الجزيئية والتحليل المناعي في المورفولوجية

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

Analysis of Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Photoreceptors using Mass Spectrometry

التحليل الأيضي اليرقات melanogaster المورفولوجية و "العقول الكبار"

تنقية النصوص والأيضات من

تصور أحادي الكربوكسيل والمستقلبات الأخرى ذات الصلة في دماغ يرقات ذبابة الفاكهة خارج الجسم الحي باستخدام أجهزة استشعار مشفرة وراثيا

إعداد عينات اليرقات المورفولوجية للفصل اللوني للغاز-الكتلي (GC-MS)-على أساس جميع

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

إعداد الميتوكوندريا المخصب الكسور لتحليل التمثيل الغذائي في

إعداد على نطاق متوسط ​​من

تشريح العضلات الطائرة الصباغية لنهج الomics

مشهي التعلم النقابي في الشم

إعداد وضع الأنسجة حاسة الشم الطرفية الجزيئية والتحليل المناعي في المورفولوجية

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

Analysis of Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Photoreceptors using Mass Spectrometry

التحليل الأيضي اليرقات melanogaster المورفولوجية و "العقول الكبار"

تنقية النصوص والأيضات من

تصور أحادي الكربوكسيل والمستقلبات الأخرى ذات الصلة في دماغ يرقات ذبابة الفاكهة خارج الجسم الحي باستخدام أجهزة استشعار مشفرة وراثيا

إعداد على نطاق متوسط من